morphemen.

Brit.

/ˈmɔːfiːm/, U.S.

/ˈmɔrˌfim/

Forms: 1800s– morpheme, 1900s– morphem.

Origin: A borrowing from Greek, combined with an English element; partly modelled on a German lexical item, and partly modelled on a Russian lexical item. Etymons: Greek μορϕή , -eme suffix.

Etymology: < ancient Greek μορϕή form (see -morph comb. form) + -eme suffix, after German Morphem (J. Baudouin de Courtenay, 1895), Russian morfema (J. Baudouin de Courtenay 1881, in Russkij Filologičeskij Věstnik 5 316). Compare French morphème (1905).The term achieved widespread currency in English through its use by Leonard Bloomfield (1887–1949), American linguist (see e.g. quot. 1926 at main sense).

Linguistics.

(a) A grammatical element such as a prefix, suffix, preposition, conjunction, or stress pattern considered in terms of its functional relations in a linguistic system. Now rare. (b) A minimal and indivisible morphological unit that cannot be analysed into smaller units (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming). Now the usual sense.In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the term had no generally agreed meaning, and was sometimes used idiosyncratically. See also quots. 1953 and 1959.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [noun]

morpheme1896

moneme1953

1896 R. J. Lloyd in Neueren Sprachen 3 615 The phonetic elements of a given word are its phonemes. But its significant elements, be they root, suffix, prefix, inflection or aught else, are morphemes.

1925 P. Radin tr. J. Vendryes Language ii. i. 74 By semantemes we understand the linguistic elements which express the ideas of the concepts..and by morphemes we understand those elements which express the connexions between the ideas.

1926 L. Bloomfield in Language 2 155 A morpheme is a recurrent (meaningful) form which cannot in turn be analyzed into smaller recurrent (meaningful) forms. Hence any unanalyzable word or formative is a morpheme.

1931 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 52 79 Nouns are semantemes susceptible of morphemes of case.

1935 G. K. Zipf Psycho-biol. Lang. (1936) i. 15 One may view the same word [sc. untruthfulness] as a sequence of five units which we shall term morphemes..i.e. un-tru-th-ful-ness.

1948 Word 4 20 If it is a bound form, the element must—in order to be a morpheme—be active.

1953 C. E. Bazell Ling. Form i. 5 As used in Europe, it [sc. morpheme] answers very approximately to one of two other American terms: (i) the morphemic component, including the morpheme with only one component, or (ii) the morphemic segment or ‘morph’.

1959 Archivum Linguisticum 11 93 In the Prolegomena, morphemes (‘inflectional elements’, not, however, to be identified with morphemes in either the Prague or American [sc. Bloomfieldian] sense) are regarded as constituting part of the content form of language.

1960 G. Thomson Greek Lang. 1 The words composing a sentence may be divided into two kinds: those which express concepts (‘full words’ or semantemes) and those which express relationships between concepts (‘empty words’ or morphemes).

1962 E. F. Haden et al. Resonance-theory for Ling. iii. 40 The word is here defined..as a free form comprising one or more morphemes, occurring in a given position relative to other words.

1973 Sci. Amer. Feb. 57/2 Every language has a stock of several thousand morphemes: the bearers of the basic semantic and grammatical content. An expression such as ‘can openers’ comprises four morphemes: ‘can’, ‘open’, ‘-er’ and ‘-s’.

1991 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 36 ii. 117 The minimal meaningful units, for languages which do have words, must be words (i.e., cannot be morphemes).

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

morpheme class n.

ΚΠ

1947 Language 23 81 Morphemes are assigned to morpheme-classes on the basis of the environments in which they occur.

1991 IRAL 29 261 Zamenhof's lexicalist grammar facilitated the discovery of morpheme classes.

morpheme-combination n.

ΚΠ

1953 C. E. Bazell Ling. Form vii. 81 But here it is not simply a matter of sorting out incommutable morphemes, but also a case of including commutable morpheme-combinations.

1998 Linguistics 36 719 I have examined all child utterances in these production samples up through the session in which the first 500 morpheme-combination types occur.

morpheme-configuration n.

ΚΠ

1935 G. K. Zipf Psycho-biol. Lang. (1936) iv. 154 The crystallization of phonemes in a morpheme-configuration.

morpheme-count n.

ΚΠ

1935 G. K. Zipf Psycho-biol. Lang. (1936) iv. 136 If a morpheme-count reveals..that accent tends to settle on morphemes of the greatest average interval..we shall have reached the very heart of the dynamics of accent.

morpheme-sequence n.

ΚΠ

1953 Language 29 86 The morphophonemics of a language is then a set of rules for transducing morpheme-sequences to phoneme-sequences.

1976 Lang. Learning 26 125 Dulay and Burt..found ‘virtually the same’ order of acquisition of eleven English morphemes by young Chinese and Spanish-speaking ESL students as measured by the children's production of these morphemes in obligatory contexts in elicited speech.

morpheme structure n.

ΚΠ

1955 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. No. 24. 20 All argots spoken in America are obviously patterned on English, though their specialized morpheme structure usually renders them partially or totally unintelligible to those who speak only the language of the dominant culture.

1972 Language 48 372 The asymmetrical vowel-harmony rule [in Turkish] is accompanied by an accidental gap in the inventory of suffixes, and a systematic morpheme-structure constraint on polysyllabic roots.

1991 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 36 398 An English Morpheme Structure Constraint which prohibits identical labial or velar consonants on either side of a vowel in sCVC morphemes tolerates identical coronal consonants.

morpheme theory n.

ΚΠ

1971 D. Crystal Linguistics iv. 197 Proponents of the morpheme theory have been..convinced of its validity..as a general explanation for grammatical phenomena.

morpheme unit n.

ΚΠ

1942 Language 18 171 Am, which occurs only in phrases with I, and are, which never occurs with I, are put into one morpheme unit... A morpheme unit is..a group of one or more alternants which have the same meaning and complementary distribution.

morpheme-word n.

ΚΠ

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xiii. 209 Morpheme-words, consisting of a single (free) morpheme: man, boy, cut, run, red, big.

morpheme-based adj.

ΚΠ

1963 J. Lyons Struct. Semantics ii. 11 A word-based grammar seems to be more satisfactory than a morpheme-based grammar for the description of languages of the ‘inflecting’ type.

2000 Psychologia 43 47 A new framework of lexical representation, which is neither morpheme-based or whole-word based, was proposed.

morpheme-initial adj.

ΚΠ

1964 Language 40 35 Morpheme-initial s is replaced by x if it is preceded by a vowel or a velar and is followed by a vowel.

1999 Folia Linguistica 33 267 The strategy most often adopted by natural languages..consists of protecting morpheme-initial segments from the operation of phonological rules that might alter their identity.

morpheme-medial adj.

ΚΠ

1951 Z. S. Harris Methods in Struct. Ling. x. 129 English has morpheme-medial clusters like /rtr/ (partridge) but never like /trt/.

C2.

morpheme alternant n. = allomorph n.²

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [noun] > morph or allomorph

morpheme alternant1942

allomorph1945

morph1947

allomorphy1955

1942 Language 18 171 We divide each expression in the given language into the smallest sequences of phonemes which have what we consider the same meaning when they occur in other expressions... The resultant minimum parts we call not morphemes, but morpheme alternants.

1947 Language 23 402 Different phonemic shapes of a given base appearing before different suffixes..are morpheme alternants of the same morpheme.

1968 Language 44 508 The most efficient description of morpheme alternants requires the use of morphophonemes, and, moreover, that these morphophonemes do in fact constitute psychologically real units.

Derivatives

ˈmorpheme-like adj.

ΚΠ

1962 H. M. Hoenigswald in F. W. Householder & S. Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 107 There are, in the view of many linguists, morphemes and morpheme-like entities with so-called grammatical meanings.

1984 CLS 20: Papers from 20th Regional Meeting Chicago Ling. Soc. 20 122 At least some of the deaf children's signs are decomposable into smaller morpheme-like components.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	morpheme
释义	morphemen. Brit. /ˈmɔːfiːm/, U.S. /ˈmɔrˌfim/ Forms: 1800s– morpheme, 1900s– morphem. Origin: A borrowing from Greek, combined with an English element; partly modelled on a German lexical item, and partly modelled on a Russian lexical item. Etymons: Greek μορϕή , -eme suffix. Etymology: < ancient Greek μορϕή form (see -morph comb. form) + -eme suffix, after German Morphem (J. Baudouin de Courtenay, 1895), Russian morfema (J. Baudouin de Courtenay 1881, in Russkij Filologičeskij Věstnik 5 316). Compare French morphème (1905).The term achieved widespread currency in English through its use by Leonard Bloomfield (1887–1949), American linguist (see e.g. quot. 1926 at main sense). Linguistics. (a) A grammatical element such as a prefix, suffix, preposition, conjunction, or stress pattern considered in terms of its functional relations in a linguistic system. Now rare. (b) A minimal and indivisible morphological unit that cannot be analysed into smaller units (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming). Now the usual sense.In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the term had no generally agreed meaning, and was sometimes used idiosyncratically. See also quots. 1953 and 1959. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [noun] morpheme1896 moneme1953 1896 R. J. Lloyd in Neueren Sprachen 3 615 The phonetic elements of a given word are its phonemes. But its significant elements, be they root, suffix, prefix, inflection or aught else, are morphemes. 1925 P. Radin tr. J. Vendryes Language ii. i. 74 By semantemes we understand the linguistic elements which express the ideas of the concepts..and by morphemes we understand those elements which express the connexions between the ideas. 1926 L. Bloomfield in Language 2 155 A morpheme is a recurrent (meaningful) form which cannot in turn be analyzed into smaller recurrent (meaningful) forms. Hence any unanalyzable word or formative is a morpheme. 1931 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 52 79 Nouns are semantemes susceptible of morphemes of case. 1935 G. K. Zipf Psycho-biol. Lang. (1936) i. 15 One may view the same word [sc. untruthfulness] as a sequence of five units which we shall term morphemes..i.e. un-tru-th-ful-ness. 1948 Word 4 20 If it is a bound form, the element must—in order to be a morpheme—be active. 1953 C. E. Bazell Ling. Form i. 5 As used in Europe, it [sc. morpheme] answers very approximately to one of two other American terms: (i) the morphemic component, including the morpheme with only one component, or (ii) the morphemic segment or ‘morph’. 1959 Archivum Linguisticum 11 93 In the Prolegomena, morphemes (‘inflectional elements’, not, however, to be identified with morphemes in either the Prague or American [sc. Bloomfieldian] sense) are regarded as constituting part of the content form of language. 1960 G. Thomson Greek Lang. 1 The words composing a sentence may be divided into two kinds: those which express concepts (‘full words’ or semantemes) and those which express relationships between concepts (‘empty words’ or morphemes). 1962 E. F. Haden et al. Resonance-theory for Ling. iii. 40 The word is here defined..as a free form comprising one or more morphemes, occurring in a given position relative to other words. 1973 Sci. Amer. Feb. 57/2 Every language has a stock of several thousand morphemes: the bearers of the basic semantic and grammatical content. An expression such as ‘can openers’ comprises four morphemes: ‘can’, ‘open’, ‘-er’ and ‘-s’. 1991 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 36 ii. 117 The minimal meaningful units, for languages which do have words, must be words (i.e., cannot be morphemes). Compounds C1. General attributive. a. morpheme class n. ΚΠ 1947 Language 23 81 Morphemes are assigned to morpheme-classes on the basis of the environments in which they occur. 1991 IRAL 29 261 Zamenhof's lexicalist grammar facilitated the discovery of morpheme classes. morpheme-combination n. ΚΠ 1953 C. E. Bazell Ling. Form vii. 81 But here it is not simply a matter of sorting out incommutable morphemes, but also a case of including commutable morpheme-combinations. 1998 Linguistics 36 719 I have examined all child utterances in these production samples up through the session in which the first 500 morpheme-combination types occur. morpheme-configuration n. ΚΠ 1935 G. K. Zipf Psycho-biol. Lang. (1936) iv. 154 The crystallization of phonemes in a morpheme-configuration. morpheme-count n. ΚΠ 1935 G. K. Zipf Psycho-biol. Lang. (1936) iv. 136 If a morpheme-count reveals..that accent tends to settle on morphemes of the greatest average interval..we shall have reached the very heart of the dynamics of accent. morpheme-sequence n. ΚΠ 1953 Language 29 86 The morphophonemics of a language is then a set of rules for transducing morpheme-sequences to phoneme-sequences. 1976 Lang. Learning 26 125 Dulay and Burt..found ‘virtually the same’ order of acquisition of eleven English morphemes by young Chinese and Spanish-speaking ESL students as measured by the children's production of these morphemes in obligatory contexts in elicited speech. morpheme structure n. ΚΠ 1955 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. No. 24. 20 All argots spoken in America are obviously patterned on English, though their specialized morpheme structure usually renders them partially or totally unintelligible to those who speak only the language of the dominant culture. 1972 Language 48 372 The asymmetrical vowel-harmony rule [in Turkish] is accompanied by an accidental gap in the inventory of suffixes, and a systematic morpheme-structure constraint on polysyllabic roots. 1991 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 36 398 An English Morpheme Structure Constraint which prohibits identical labial or velar consonants on either side of a vowel in sCVC morphemes tolerates identical coronal consonants. morpheme theory n. ΚΠ 1971 D. Crystal Linguistics iv. 197 Proponents of the morpheme theory have been..convinced of its validity..as a general explanation for grammatical phenomena. morpheme unit n. ΚΠ 1942 Language 18 171 Am, which occurs only in phrases with I, and are, which never occurs with I, are put into one morpheme unit... A morpheme unit is..a group of one or more alternants which have the same meaning and complementary distribution. morpheme-word n. ΚΠ 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xiii. 209 Morpheme-words, consisting of a single (free) morpheme: man, boy, cut, run, red, big. b. morpheme-based adj. ΚΠ 1963 J. Lyons Struct. Semantics ii. 11 A word-based grammar seems to be more satisfactory than a morpheme-based grammar for the description of languages of the ‘inflecting’ type. 2000 Psychologia 43 47 A new framework of lexical representation, which is neither morpheme-based or whole-word based, was proposed. morpheme-initial adj. ΚΠ 1964 Language 40 35 Morpheme-initial s is replaced by x if it is preceded by a vowel or a velar and is followed by a vowel. 1999 Folia Linguistica 33 267 The strategy most often adopted by natural languages..consists of protecting morpheme-initial segments from the operation of phonological rules that might alter their identity. morpheme-medial adj. ΚΠ 1951 Z. S. Harris Methods in Struct. Ling. x. 129 English has morpheme-medial clusters like /rtr/ (partridge) but never like /trt/. C2. morpheme alternant n. = allomorph n.² ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [noun] > morph or allomorph morpheme alternant1942 allomorph1945 morph1947 allomorphy1955 1942 Language 18 171 We divide each expression in the given language into the smallest sequences of phonemes which have what we consider the same meaning when they occur in other expressions... The resultant minimum parts we call not morphemes, but morpheme alternants. 1947 Language 23 402 Different phonemic shapes of a given base appearing before different suffixes..are morpheme alternants of the same morpheme. 1968 Language 44 508 The most efficient description of morpheme alternants requires the use of morphophonemes, and, moreover, that these morphophonemes do in fact constitute psychologically real units. Derivatives ˈmorpheme-like adj. ΚΠ 1962 H. M. Hoenigswald in F. W. Householder & S. Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 107 There are, in the view of many linguists, morphemes and morpheme-like entities with so-called grammatical meanings. 1984 CLS 20: Papers from 20th Regional Meeting Chicago Ling. Soc. 20 122 At least some of the deaf children's signs are decomposable into smaller morpheme-like components. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1896
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