morphologyn.

Brit.

/mɔːˈfɒlədʒi/, U.S.

/mɔrˈfɑlədʒi/

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French morphologie.

Etymology: < French morphologie (1809 in sense 1, 1862 in sense 3) < German Morphologie (1790 in Goethe in sense 1, 1859 in a paper by A. Schleicher in sense 3) < ancient Greek μορϕή form (see -morph comb. form) + German -o- -o- connective + -logie -logy comb. form.

1. Biology. The branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms and their parts, and the relationships between their structures. Formerly: spec. the comparison of the forms of organisms and their parts in order to identify homologous structures (cf. quots. 1853, 1859, 1872).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > study > [noun] > morphology

morphology1828

morphography1857

morphoscopy1892

1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 2 Descriptive Anatomy..is itself capable of being divided into the Particular Anatomy of Organs, or Morphology, and the Anatomy of Regions, or Topographical Anatomy, if we may use the expression.

1853 T. H. Huxley in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 143 29 The morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca is a subject which has been greatly neglected. No Savigny has determined the homologies of their different organs, and so furnished the only scientific basis for anatomical and zoological nomenclature.

1859 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom I. Introd. 17 By some the word ‘morphology’ is employed in a restricted sense, to signify the study of homologous organs.

1872 R. G. Latham Dict. Eng. Lang. Morphology, doctrine of the fundamental identity of the parts constituting the flower..and fruit..with the leaf.

1904 W. L. H. Duckworth Morphol. & Anthropol. ii. 14 This application of the principles of Morphology to the special case of Man constitutes the essence of Physical Anthropology.

1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. iii. 20 In both morphology and anatomy the relationships in space of the several parts..are important.

1992 P. J. Bowler Fontana Hist. Environmental Sci. (BNC) 340 Morphology was a laboratory-based subject that did not encourage detailed study of how animals adapted to their local environment.

2. Originally and chiefly Science. Shape, form, external structure or arrangement, esp. as an object of study or classification. Also: a particular shape, form, or external structure, esp. of (a part of) an organism, landform, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > [noun] > as an object of study

morphology1844

1844 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 134 303 The morphology of the thyroid gland.

1894 Jrnl. Physiol. 17 81 (heading) The morphology and distribution of the wandering cells of Mammalia.

1895 N. Story-Maskelyne (title) Crystallography: a treatise on the morphology of crystals.

1921 Geogr. Rev. 11 155 (heading) Morphology of the Altai Mountains.

1937 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 373 (heading) A comparative study of the morphology of the North Downs and the Chiltern Hills.

1950 Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. 33 651 Two separate lines of approach..were required: a study of the functional behavior of the [nerve] fibers, and a study of their morphology.

1954 M. Beresford Lost Villages Eng. 23 In the study of village morphology..an opportunity of seeing a medieval village plan without any of the accretions of later building.

1964 R. C. Evans Introd. Crystal Chem. (ed. 2) xi. 184 Before the discovery of X-ray diffraction, crystals could be classified only on the basis of morphology, and in terms of their symmetry were assigned to one or other of the thirty-two classes.

1965 E. Gurr Rational Use of Dyes in Biol. i. 107 We can refer to the shape and/or size of a molecule as its morphology.

1971 W. A. Pryor in R. E. Carver Procedures Sedimentary Petrol. vii. 142 Quantitative analysis of grain morphology requires measurement of particle radii, diameters, and lengths.

1990 Protein Engin. 4 23/1 Amphioxus, an invertebrate animal with the morphology of a fish.

3. Linguistics. The structure, form, or variation in form (including formation, change, and inflection) of a word or words in a language; the branch of linguistics that deals with this.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > [noun]

etymologyc1475

wordlore1840

morphology1870

morphemics1947

1870 F. W. Farrar Families of Speech iv. 160 By the morphology of a language we mean the general laws of its grammatical structure.

1871 B. H. Kennedy Public School Lat. Gram. 21 Morphology or Wordlore..has three divisions:—I. Flexion. II. Derivation. III. Composition.

1884 J. A. H. Murray in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1882–4 511 The writing of the Morphology, and of the Sematology, must go hand in hand.

1907 Athenæum 2 Mar. 256/1 Two volumes—one dealing with phonology, morphology, and inflexions, and the other with syntax.

1928 C. Bergener Contrib. Study Conversion of Adjs. into Nouns i. 7 We are not only concerned with the semology but also with the morphology of converted adjectives.

1951 Archivum Linguisticum 3 205 The work is a succinct presentation of Protoslavonic morphology.

1972 G. L. Trager Lang. & Languages iii. 49 The diacritic part of morphology, which examines the items of which morphemes are composed, may be called morphophonics.

1990 Lang. in Society Dec. 552 Obsolescent languages can also reveal some striking similarities with child and foreign language,..as is evident from their..reduced morphologies.

4. gen. The history of variation in form.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > [noun] > as an object of study > history of variation in form

morphology1885

1885 Numismatic Chron. 5 165 By the morphology of coins I mean the history of those changes in their form which have resulted..from influences which..are always affecting..the evolution of coins.

1970 I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. i. 25 The rapid spread of a ‘natural history of revolution’ doctrine, of the idea that in the morphology of social change one revolutionary outcome approximates the outcomes of previous upheavals.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

morphology-based adj.

ΚΠ

1965 H. A. Gleason Ling. & Eng. Gram. vi. 118 ‘Preposition’ is available and not needed in the morphology-based system.

1992 Theoret. & Appl. Genetics 84 579 Results generally agreed with previous morphology-based phylogenetic analyses.

C2. Appositive.

morphology-syntax adj.

ΚΠ

1945–9 Acta Linguistica 5 125 A problem in morphology-syntax division.

1964 P. L. Garvin On Linguistic Method 157 Morphemic analysis [is]..primarily syntactic for those languages to which the morphology-syntax division applies.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	morphology
释义	morphologyn. Brit. /mɔːˈfɒlədʒi/, U.S. /mɔrˈfɑlədʒi/ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French morphologie. Etymology: < French morphologie (1809 in sense 1, 1862 in sense 3) < German Morphologie (1790 in Goethe in sense 1, 1859 in a paper by A. Schleicher in sense 3) < ancient Greek μορϕή form (see -morph comb. form) + German -o- -o- connective + -logie -logy comb. form. 1. Biology. The branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms and their parts, and the relationships between their structures. Formerly: spec. the comparison of the forms of organisms and their parts in order to identify homologous structures (cf. quots. 1853, 1859, 1872). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > study > [noun] > morphology morphology1828 morphography1857 morphoscopy1892 1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 2 Descriptive Anatomy..is itself capable of being divided into the Particular Anatomy of Organs, or Morphology, and the Anatomy of Regions, or Topographical Anatomy, if we may use the expression. 1853 T. H. Huxley in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 143 29 The morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca is a subject which has been greatly neglected. No Savigny has determined the homologies of their different organs, and so furnished the only scientific basis for anatomical and zoological nomenclature. 1859 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom I. Introd. 17 By some the word ‘morphology’ is employed in a restricted sense, to signify the study of homologous organs. 1872 R. G. Latham Dict. Eng. Lang. Morphology, doctrine of the fundamental identity of the parts constituting the flower..and fruit..with the leaf. 1904 W. L. H. Duckworth Morphol. & Anthropol. ii. 14 This application of the principles of Morphology to the special case of Man constitutes the essence of Physical Anthropology. 1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. iii. 20 In both morphology and anatomy the relationships in space of the several parts..are important. 1992 P. J. Bowler Fontana Hist. Environmental Sci. (BNC) 340 Morphology was a laboratory-based subject that did not encourage detailed study of how animals adapted to their local environment. 2. Originally and chiefly Science. Shape, form, external structure or arrangement, esp. as an object of study or classification. Also: a particular shape, form, or external structure, esp. of (a part of) an organism, landform, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > [noun] > as an object of study morphology1844 1844 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 134 303 The morphology of the thyroid gland. 1894 Jrnl. Physiol. 17 81 (heading) The morphology and distribution of the wandering cells of Mammalia. 1895 N. Story-Maskelyne (title) Crystallography: a treatise on the morphology of crystals. 1921 Geogr. Rev. 11 155 (heading) Morphology of the Altai Mountains. 1937 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 373 (heading) A comparative study of the morphology of the North Downs and the Chiltern Hills. 1950 Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. 33 651 Two separate lines of approach..were required: a study of the functional behavior of the [nerve] fibers, and a study of their morphology. 1954 M. Beresford Lost Villages Eng. 23 In the study of village morphology..an opportunity of seeing a medieval village plan without any of the accretions of later building. 1964 R. C. Evans Introd. Crystal Chem. (ed. 2) xi. 184 Before the discovery of X-ray diffraction, crystals could be classified only on the basis of morphology, and in terms of their symmetry were assigned to one or other of the thirty-two classes. 1965 E. Gurr Rational Use of Dyes in Biol. i. 107 We can refer to the shape and/or size of a molecule as its morphology. 1971 W. A. Pryor in R. E. Carver Procedures Sedimentary Petrol. vii. 142 Quantitative analysis of grain morphology requires measurement of particle radii, diameters, and lengths. 1990 Protein Engin. 4 23/1 Amphioxus, an invertebrate animal with the morphology of a fish. 3. Linguistics. The structure, form, or variation in form (including formation, change, and inflection) of a word or words in a language; the branch of linguistics that deals with this. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > [noun] etymologyc1475 wordlore1840 morphology1870 morphemics1947 1870 F. W. Farrar Families of Speech iv. 160 By the morphology of a language we mean the general laws of its grammatical structure. 1871 B. H. Kennedy Public School Lat. Gram. 21 Morphology or Wordlore..has three divisions:—I. Flexion. II. Derivation. III. Composition. 1884 J. A. H. Murray in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1882–4 511 The writing of the Morphology, and of the Sematology, must go hand in hand. 1907 Athenæum 2 Mar. 256/1 Two volumes—one dealing with phonology, morphology, and inflexions, and the other with syntax. 1928 C. Bergener Contrib. Study Conversion of Adjs. into Nouns i. 7 We are not only concerned with the semology but also with the morphology of converted adjectives. 1951 Archivum Linguisticum 3 205 The work is a succinct presentation of Protoslavonic morphology. 1972 G. L. Trager Lang. & Languages iii. 49 The diacritic part of morphology, which examines the items of which morphemes are composed, may be called morphophonics. 1990 Lang. in Society Dec. 552 Obsolescent languages can also reveal some striking similarities with child and foreign language,..as is evident from their..reduced morphologies. 4. gen. The history of variation in form. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > [noun] > as an object of study > history of variation in form morphology1885 1885 Numismatic Chron. 5 165 By the morphology of coins I mean the history of those changes in their form which have resulted..from influences which..are always affecting..the evolution of coins. 1970 I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. i. 25 The rapid spread of a ‘natural history of revolution’ doctrine, of the idea that in the morphology of social change one revolutionary outcome approximates the outcomes of previous upheavals. Compounds C1. General attributive. morphology-based adj. ΚΠ 1965 H. A. Gleason Ling. & Eng. Gram. vi. 118 ‘Preposition’ is available and not needed in the morphology-based system. 1992 Theoret. & Appl. Genetics 84 579 Results generally agreed with previous morphology-based phylogenetic analyses. C2. Appositive. morphology-syntax adj. ΚΠ 1945–9 Acta Linguistica 5 125 A problem in morphology-syntax division. 1964 P. L. Garvin On Linguistic Method 157 Morphemic analysis [is]..primarily syntactic for those languages to which the morphology-syntax division applies. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1828
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