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单词 mund
释义

mundn.

Brit. /mʊnd/, /mʌnd/, U.S. /mʊnd/, /mənd/
Forms: Old English–Middle English (1800s– historical) mund, Middle English mond, Middle English monde, Middle English mounde, Middle English (1900s– historical) munde.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian mund (masculine) guardianship, guardian, Middle Dutch mont , mond (masculine) power, guardian (in Dutch only in compounds, as e.g. mondig independent, responsible, momboor guardian, protector, mondel ward, etc.), Old Saxon mund , munt (feminine) hand (in Middle Low German only in compounds, as e.g. mündich , müntlīk capable, of age, authorized, muntbar guardian, mündel ward, etc.), Old High German munt (feminine) hand, protection, (masculine) protector (Middle High German munt hand, protection, German Mund , Munt power of protection in Germanic law (historical), and also in compounds, as e.g. Vormund guardian, Mündel ward, mündig of age, responsible, etc.), Old Icelandic mund (feminine) hand, mundr (masculine) sum paid by a bridegroom for his bride < an extended form of the Indo-European base of classical Latin manus hand (see manus n.1). Compare post-classical Latin munda protection, fee paid or exacted for protection (from early 12th cent. in British sources; also as monta).In Old English the word is feminine, except in the sense ‘money paid by a bridegroom to the bride's father’, where it is masculine. In Old English (as in other Germanic languages) the word is commonly found as an element in personal names, compare Ēadmund , Gūðmund , Ōsmund , Wermund , etc. Compare also mound n.2 and discussion at that entry.
1. A hand, a palm, esp. used as a measure of length. Obsolete.Quot. c1400 perhaps represents a different sense. G. V. Smithers (1952) glosses as ‘?some part of a knight's armour [perhaps a special application of mound protection]’, though Middle Eng. Dict. places here.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > length or breadth of hand
mundOE
palma1382
OE Beowulf 236 Gewat him þa to waroðe..þegn Hroðgares, þrymmum cwehte mægenwudu mundum.
OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) 27 Mar. 48 Stænen bedd, seofon fota lang, þrym mundum hierra þonne þæs huses flor.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10975 He [sc. the lake] is end-longe feouwer & sixti munden.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 2273 (MED) He smoot Jophas vpon þe mounde, Jn to þe sadel at one wounde.
2. Protection, guardianship; (also) the fine paid for breach of the laws of protection; spec. in Law. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun]
warec893
mundbyrdeOE
mundOE
forhillinga1300
hillinga1300
weringa1300
warranting1303
garrisonc1320
defencec1325
defendingc1350
protectionc1350
garnisonc1386
safe warda1398
warrantise?a1400
safeguard1421
safekeeping1425
defension?a1439
defendancec1450
warisonc1450
propugnation1575
guard1576
fortifying1580
debate1581
shielding1581
shrouda1586
patronage1590
shrouding1615
fortressing?1624
munification1653
fencinga1661
castleward1674
fending1771
safeguardance1897
OE Wulfstan God's Threat to Sinning Israel (Nero) 253 Ge orsorge wuniaþ on lande on griðe & on friðe under minre munde.
lOE Laws of Æðelberht (Rochester) lxxvi. 7 Gif man widuwan unagne genimeþ, ii gelde seo mund sy.
lOE Laws of Wihtræd (Rochester) viii. 13 Gif man his mæn an wiofode freols gefe, se sie folcfry; freolsgefa age his erfe ænde wergeld & munde þare hina.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 10518 Ah ȝif þi wille weore þat þu woldest..senden me twælf scipen & hælden me to munde a þire aȝere hond.
1805 S. Turner Hist. Anglo-Saxons IV. 317 The mund of the widow of the second sort was valued at twenty shillings.
1861 H. S. Maine Anc. Law v. 143 All the Germanic immigrants seem to have recognised a corporate union of the family under the mund, or authority of a patriarchal chief.
1895 F. Pollock & F. W. Maitland Hist. Eng. Law I. ii. ii. 464 Once more we see prerogatival rights growing, while feudal claims fall into the background; and in the case of lunacy we see a guardianship, a mund, which is not profitable to the guardian.
1959 Earl Jowitt & C. Walsh Dict. Eng. Law II. 1200/1 Mund, protection, peace.
3. A protector, a guardian. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > one who looks after > protector or patron
fathereOE
mundOE
governor1340
protectorc1390
feedera1400
patronc1400
taker-upa1425
fautora1464
provisora1475
vower1488
presidenta1522
parent1526
guardiant1618
big brother1837
avoué1851
fanger-
OE Royal Charter: Edward the Confessor to Christ Church, Canterbury (Sawyer 1047) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 180 Ic eom þæs mynstres mund & upheald.
OE Will of Wulfric (Sawyer 1536) in P. H. Sawyer Charters of Burton Abbey (1979) 54 Ic wille þæt Ælfhelm si hire mund, & þæs landes.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11600 Al þas kineriche. of me þu scalt halden, and habben me to munde.
1310–11 ( Writ of Edward the Confessor, Beverley (Sawyer 1067) in F. E. Harmer Anglo-Saxon Writs (1952) 137 Ðat he beo þær to geheald & mund under me.
2006 S. Wood Proprietary Church in Medieval West xvi. 552 Siflaed made St Edmund mund—protector or guardian—over the church (by implication).
4. Power, strength; force. Also: excellence, value, importance, dignity. Usually in of (great, much, etc.) mund. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun]
mund?c1250
steemc1330
greatnessc1410
substancec1425
importance1485
weight1521
moment1522
weightiness1530
importancy1531
importunance1546
import1548
reckoning1582
sequel1588
ponderosity1589
valure1594
consequence1597
significance1597
circumstance1599
consequent1599
eminency1622
importmenta1625
concernment1626
consideration1634
telling1636
signification1645
considerableness1647
concerningness1657
nearness1679
significancy1679
respectability1769
interest1809
noteworthiness1852
portee1893
valency1897
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > excellence > [noun]
goodnessOE
mund?c1250
daintethc1290
bountyc1300
daintyc1300
excellencec1384
virtuea1393
excellency?a1400
nobilitya1400
meritc1425
singularity?c1450
fineness1523
admirationa1533
rareness1545
rightness1561
rariety1566
rarity1566
excellentness1569
beautya1586
admirableness1607
primeness1611
gallantry1650
eximiety1656
optimity1656
altesse1660
unexceptionableness1669
excellingness1701
quality1803
sterlingness1815
stupendosity1828
goodliness1832
superbness1832
unexceptionability1837
sweetness and light1867
class1884
rortiness1885
rippingness1903
superstardom1928
motherfucker1977
awesomeness1998
the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > good repute > reputability or honourableness > [noun]
worshipeOE
worthOE
dignity?c1225
worthsc1225
mund?c1250
pricea1325
worthfulheada1325
valourc1330
dignesse1399
value?a1400
honesty1418
worthiheadc1425
honourabilityc1426
worthihood?1457
sadnessa1513
honourableness1553
respect1567
worshipfulty1589
ingenuity1598
creditableness1647
honorificabilitudinity1656
worshipfulness1663
reputability1792
creditability1805
?c1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 109 (MED) Þat child..is so milde & wlong, & eke of grete munde.
c1330 Gregorius (Auch.) (1914) 645 (MED) Gregori was muchel of mounde, Bot he was wonderliche pouer.
c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) 176 (MED) Michel he couþe of hauk & hounde, Of estriche faucouns of gret mounde.
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 3354 Doun fel Yder, bi Godes mounde.
a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 10 (MED) He wende toward bruges..wiþ swiþe grete mounde [rhyme grounde].
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 2203 Ȝif ȝee willeþ listnen to, Ȝee shullen yhere geste of mounde.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 2651 An heiȝe strate, Also noble of riche mounde As is Chepe þat is in Lounde.
a1450–1509 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (A-version) (1913) 2328 (MED) Suche at Acrys was there none founde, Pauylyoun of so moche mounde.
c1450 (?a1400) T. Chestre Sir Launfal (1930) 597 A knyȝt of mochell mounde.

Compounds

mundbyrd n. (also mundeburde) [ < mund n. + Old English byrd burden] now historical = sense 2.
ΚΠ
eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 917 Þæt folc eal þæt þær to lafe wæs þara landleoda beag to Eadwearde cyninge, & sohton his friþ & his mundbyrde.
lOE Laws of Æðelberht (Rochester) xv. 4 Ceorles mundbyrd: vi scillingas.
1805 S. Turner Hist. Anglo-Saxons IV. 317 The Mundbyrd was a right of protection or patronage which individuals possessed for their own benefit or that of others.
1999 P. Wormald Making of Eng. Law I. i. ii. 103 Wihtræd revealed the Church's tightening grip on Anglo-Saxon society..when..equating its ‘protection value (mundbyrd)’ with his own.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.eOE
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