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单词 naked
释义

† nakedn.2

Forms: Old English næced, Old English næcedu, Middle English naked; also Scottish pre-1700 nakit.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Icelandic (archaic) nekt , Old Swedish näkt , Old Danish nækt , Gothic naqadei , ultimately < the Indo-European base of naked adj.
Obsolete. rare.
Nakedness.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [noun]
nakedOE
nakedOE
nakednessOE
nakedheadc1330
nudity1611
the (also a) state of nature1802
nudeness1848
in the nude1856
clotheslessness1883
OE Vercelli Homilies (1992) viii. 147 Þær is hunger & næcedu.
OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Deut. (Claud.) xxviii. 48 Ge ðeowiað eowrum feondum, & Drihten asent hungor on eow & ðurst & næcede & ælce wædle.
c1450 (?c1425) St. Mary of Oignies ii. ii, in Anglia (1885) 8 147 (MED) Oure lorde couerde þe naked of oure firste fader and moder after hir falle.
a1505 R. Henryson Orpheus & Eurydice 529 in Poems (1981) 150 For this dispyte, quhen he was dede, anone Was dampnyt..To suffer hunger, thrist, nakit and cald.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

nakedadj.n.1

Brit. /ˈneɪkᵻd/, U.S. /ˈneɪkᵻd/
Forms: Old English nacud, Old English hnacod (rare), Old English naecad (Mercian), Old English–early Middle English naced, Old English–early Middle English nacod, early Middle English næcod, early Middle English nakod, early Middle English nakedd ( Ormulum), Middle English naaked, Middle English nakede, Middle English naket, Middle English nakeþ, Middle English nakide, Middle English nakit, Middle English nakud, Middle English nakyde, Middle English nekyd, Middle English 1600s–1700s nacked, Middle English–1500s nakid, Middle English–1500s nakyd, Middle English–1600s nakid, Middle English– naked, 1500s naakt, 1500s nakte, 1500s necked, 1500s– nakt, 1600s nak't; English regional (northern and midlands) 1800s nackt, 1800s– naackt, 1800s– naakt, 1800s– naekt, 1800s– nak'd, 1800s– nakt, 1800s– neak'd, 1800s– neakt, 1800s– neak't, 1800s– neeak'd, 1800s– neeak't, 1800s– nek'd, 1800s– nek't; U.S. regional (chiefly southern) 1800s neck'ed, 1800s neckid, 1800s neikid, 1800s– nekid, 1900s– nakid, 1900s– nakit, 1900s– necked, 1900s– nekkid; Scottish pre-1700 naicked, pre-1700 naicket, pre-1700 naickit, pre-1700 naiked, pre-1700 naiket, pre-1700 naikid, pre-1700 naikyt, pre-1700 naikatt, pre-1700 nakeit, pre-1700 naket, pre-1700 nakid, pre-1700 nakitt, pre-1700 nakyd, pre-1700 nakyde, pre-1700 nakyit, pre-1700 nakyt, pre-1700 nakytt, pre-1700 nayket, pre-1700 naykit, pre-1700 naykyt, pre-1700 neakit, pre-1700 1900s– naikit, pre-1700 1900s– nakkit, pre-1700 1900s– nekit, pre-1700 1700s nacked, pre-1700 1700s– naked, pre-1700 1700s– nakit, 1800s naukit (northern), 1800s nyaukit (northern), 1800s nakket (Shetland), 1900s– nyaakit (northern), 1900s– nyakit (northern), 1900s– naeket (Shetland); also Irish English (northern) 1900s– nakit, 1900s– neckit.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian nakad , naked , naket , Middle Dutch naect , nāket (Dutch naakt ), Middle Low German nacket , nackt , nāket , nākt , Old High German nackot , nackut (Middle High German nacket , German nackt ), Old Icelandic nøkviðr , nøkkviðr , Old Swedish nakudher , naqvidher , Gothic naqaþs , a participial derivative of the Indo-European base which is also represented by Sanskrit nagna (see Naga n.2), classical Latin nūdus (see nude adj. and n.), Early Irish nocht (Irish nocht), Welsh noeth, Old Church Slavonic nagŭ, Russian nagoj, Lithuanian nuogas.The West and North Germanic languages also have forms ending in -n , -nd , or -nt (compare Middle English naken (see nake adj.), Old Frisian naken , nakend , Middle Dutch nāken , nākent (Dutch regional nakend ), Middle Low German nāken , nākent , Middle High German nackend , nackent (German (regional) nackend ), Old Icelandic nakinn (Icelandic nakinn ), Norwegian naken , Norwegian (Bokmål) nakent , Old Swedish nakin (Swedish naken ), Old Danish nagen (Danish nøgen )). The explanation of these forms is not clear. N.E.D. (1906) states that Old Icelandic nakinn shows alteration of the original -iðr ending to -inn , after e.g. Old Icelandic vakinn beside vakiðr (also vakðr , vaktr ), representing respectively strong and weak past participles of vaka to be awake (see wake v.). The (chiefly late) rare Old English form hnacod shows the development of an inorganic initial h-, perhaps by association with hnāg poor, abject, humble, or related words.
A. adj.
I. Of the human body, and related uses.
1.
a. Having no clothing on the body, stripped to the skin; unclothed, nude. Formerly also: †wearing only an undergarment (obsolete). Also figurative.bollock-, rollock-naked: see the first element. See also stark naked adj. and n., start naked adj.Naked and nude as applied to the human figure are partly synonymous, but have somewhat different connotations. Naked tends to connote vulnerability and absence of normal clothing; nude tends to be applied to nakedness regarded in positive or aesthetic terms, esp. in artistic contexts.Esp. in Middle English, naked was frequently used in the context of a person's birth, perhaps to connote a newborn child's vulnerability or innocence.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adjective]
nakedOE
bareOE
start nakedc1225
nakec1300
unarrayedc1380
clothelessc1386
mother-nakedc1390
stark nakedc1390
bareda1400
naked as a needlec1400
unattiredc1400
uncladc1400
uncoveredc1400
loose1423
unclothedc1440
belly-nakeda1500
naked as one's nail1563
unabuilyeit1568
sindonlessc1595
leathern1596
disarrayed1611
undressed1613
debaredc1620
unapparelled1622
unaccoutred?1750
stark1762
disrobed1794
ungarmented1798
undraped1814
au naturel1828
nude1830
skyclad1832
garbless1838
kitless1846
spar-naked1849
raimentless1852
undoffed1854
togless1857
garmentless1866
naked as a robin1866
clothesless1868
sky clothed1878
nakedized1885
altogether1896
buck naked1913
raw1916
bollock naked1922
starkers1923
starko1923
stitchless1927
naked as a jaybird1931
bollock1950
rollock naked1962
nekkid1977
kit-off1992
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > [adjective] > wearing underwear
bare1330
naked1490
OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Mark xiv. 52 At ille reiecta sindone nudus profugit ab eis : soð he miððy forwarp uel nacod foreflæh from ðæm.
OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) 21 Jan. 22 Þa het he hi nacode lædan to sumum scandhuse.
OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) iii. 7 Hi oncneowon ða ðæt hi nacode wæron, & sywodon him ficleaf, & worhton him wædbrec.
a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 46 (MED) We sulen farren vt of þisse worlde wid pine & wid care, Al so we hideir comen naket & bare.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 6273 Nakede heo weoren.
c1300 St. Barnabas (Laud) 45 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 27 (MED) Men vrne nakede al a-boute and wummen al-so.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 358 Louerd..ic am naked, and haue me hid.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 69v In tyme of puberte..þaym schameþ noȝt to be sene naked & bare.
a1425 Dialogue Reason & Adversity (Cambr.) (1968) 29 (MED) Whanne nature broughte þe forþ naked in to þis world, dame Fortune lent þe kouerynge.
1439 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 116 My Image to be made all naked, and no thyng on my hede but myn here cast bakwardys.
c1450 ( G. Chaucer Bk. Duchess 125 Hyr women kaught hir up anoon, And broghten hir in bed al naked.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) i. 49 It is rayson that we take of oure goode gownes, and goo to the kynge naked.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. lixv Where they nowe appeare in theyr likenes, and are beholden naked with the eies of all men.
1579 W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye of Loue f. 7 Christ commeth not bare or naked, but clothed and accompanied with all his mercies.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II i. iii. 261 Who can..wallow naked in December snow, By thinking on fantasticke sommers heate? View more context for this quotation
1600 R. Armin Foole vpon Foole sig. C3 To bed hee goes, and Iemy neuer was vsed but to lye naked, for it is the vse of a number.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) v. ii. 34 Why that the naked, poore, and mangled Peace..Should not in this..Our fertile France, put vp her louely Visage? View more context for this quotation
c1675 J. Gordon Hist. Scots Affairs (1841) II. 269 The countrey people [were]..flying out of ther bedds nacked in their shirts.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 235 We advanc'd a little Way farther, and behold, to our Astonishment, three Women naked..come flying.
1761 Brit. Mag. 2 445 The streets were..filled with naked people, some with shirts and shifts on only, and numbers without either.
1822 C. Lamb Compl. Decay of Beggars in Elia 1st Ser. To be naked is to be so much nearer to the being a man, than to go in livery.
1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise: Pt. IV 17 Three damsels stood, naked from head to feet Save for the glory of their hair.
1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love xiv. 180 Ursula had thrown off her clothes and had slipped naked into the water.
1967 A. Djoleto Strange Man v. 72 He was completely naked and had his clothes bundled under his armpit.
1996 H. Fielding Bridget Jones's Diary (1997) 124 If there is a God I would like to humbly ask Him..[to] turn him back into the naked lust-crazed sex beast I used to know and love.
b. naked bed n. one's bed (originally with reference to the practice of sleeping naked); a bed in which a person sleeps naked or (in later use) wearing only undergarments. Frequently in to go (also come) into (or to) one's naked bed. Now archaic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > [noun] > specific practices or customs
naked bed?1504
bundling1807
incubation1871
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [noun] > for sleeping
naked bed1666
?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. aa.iiiiv As I in my naked bedde was leyd.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 13803 Vlixes the lorde lay for to slepe..on a night in his naked bed.
1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages 124 Or I come with him in naikit bed.
1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. ii. sig. D2v What outcries pluck me from my naked bed.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 242 I had never lien in naked bed since I came from Venice,..having alwaies slept..in my doublet, with linnen breeches and stockings.
c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 70 They fand the said Thomas Grant with his bastard brother lying in their naikit bedis in ane freindis houss neir by.
1666 S. Pepys Diary 7 Sept. (1972) VII. 280 I went the first time into a naked bed, only my drawers on—and did sleep pretty well.
1680 R. L'Estrange tr. Erasmus 20 Select Colloquies xii. 179 He would sit in a Chair, but very rarely come into his Naked Bed.
1714 D. Manley Adventures of Rivella 49 She never scrupled to oblige him so far, as to undress and go even into the naked Bed with him once every Week.
1756 T. Amory Life John Buncle I. 89 This young lady went into naked bed in her cabbin.
1870 Mrs. Gordon Life D. Brewster 297 Sir David exclaimed in horror ‘What! go to your naked bed in the middle of the ocean?’
1894 S. R. Crockett Raiders iii. 34 Snoring in their naked beds.
1932 Dial. Notes 6 284 When we first came to Danbury, people always said ‘sick in your naked bed’.
1947 J. K. Baxter Coll. Poems (1980) ii. 58 Yet I go heavy from our naked bed With that quick child fathered by grief and you.
c. Of a quality, action, etc.: involving or constituted by the nakedness of the person or people concerned.
ΚΠ
1649 Mercurius Elencticus No. 25. 196 Yet (hee saith) 'tis hoped none that are modest..will adde to the Musters of those spectators of naked Races.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 290 With native Honour clad In naked Majestie [they] seemd Lords of all. View more context for this quotation
1728 A. Pope Dunciad ii. 259 In naked majesty great D— stands.
1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall IV. xl. 53 The naked scenes which Theodora was not ashamed to exhibit in the theatre.
1821 P. B. Shelley Adonais xxxi. 17 He..Had gazed on Nature's naked loveliness.
1897 Manch. Guardian 9 Aug. 10/4 Say whether this is naked weight or weight in cycling costume.
1968 V. Nabokov King, Queen, Knave vii. 142 She was pleased to note how unresponsive Franz was to the practically naked charms of those two..vulgar young things.
1999 Blues & Soul 13 July 51/1 Crude was seen attempting a naked rendition of the macarena.
2. Of a part of the body.
a. Not covered or protected by clothing; bare, exposed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adjective] > of parts of the body
nakedOE
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) vi. 230 Hi totæron þa hyrnedan næddran mid heora nacedum handum.
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1900) II. 150 Eode þa mid nacodum fotum.
a1325 St. Patrick (Corpus Cambr.) 250 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 94 (MED) Of men & wymmen þis feld was vol in euerich side, Þe wombe naked toward þe gronde.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 244 Wyþ-oute none nakede uisage onwriȝe.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. 421 (MED) It lay in his nakede arm.
a1425 in R. H. Bowers Three Middle Eng. Relig. Poems (1963) 27 (MED) In Hys nakyd wysage sal al be sene.
c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 918 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 55 Strakis one his nakit flesche with a swerd.
a1500 Legend of Cross in Medium Ævum (1965) 34 221 (MED) That qwene..cast of hir clothis and with hir bare naked feete passed over that brooke.
1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages 297 On Gwydois nek ane nakit place he spyis, Quhair at..he stryks.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) iv. ii. 155 There is my Dagger, And heere my naked Breast. View more context for this quotation
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 772 On thir naked limbs the flourie roof Showrd Roses. View more context for this quotation
1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iv. viii. 118 They [sc. Yahoos] had some Imagination that I was of their own Species, which I often assisted myself, by..shewing my naked Arms and Breast.
1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel v. xxiii. 146 His naked foot was dyed with red.
1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. i. 24 He was..scratching his naked skin.
1904 J. Conrad Nostromo i. i. 5 Where no man would care to venture a naked sole before sunset.
1997 XL for Men Aug. 16/1 Our helmetless hero lunges across the field, naked legs flailing beneath him.
†b. Not covered by hair. Cf. quot. a1382 at sense B. 2. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xxvii. 16 Heo..befeold hys [sc. Jacob's] handa mid þæra ticcena fellum & hys swuran, ðær he nacod wæs.
3.
†a. Of a person: possessing no clothing, esp. through extreme poverty; very poorly or inadequately clothed. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxv. 36 Ic wæs nacud & ge me scryddon.
OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 196) 11 Nov. 250 Sancti Martynes æryste wundor wæs þæt hym com ongean an þearfende man nacod on cealdum wyntra.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 6164 Te birrþ claþenn nakedd mann.
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 853 (MED) Þou art so naked, Of mi seyl y wolde þe were maked A cloth.
c1375 G. Chaucer Monk's Tale 3320 On his bak this sherte he wered al naked.
c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. vii. 209 Alle maner of men..Þat nedy ben or nakid [v.rr. naket, nekyd].
c1434 J. Drury Eng. Writings in Speculum (1934) 9 77 (MED) J was sek, ȝe visitid me; nakid & ȝe clad me.
1514 in J. S. Clouston Rec. Earldom of Orkney (1914) 88 He..maid knawin that he was fameist..in faute of fude, and nakit in faut of clething.
1551 R. Crowley Pleasure & Payne sig. Av Naked and bare Hauynge no clothes my fleshe to hyde.
1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xi. 25 Poore naked wretches..That bide the pelting of this pittiles night. View more context for this quotation
1681 R. Knox Hist. Relation Ceylon i. iv. 15 These leaves make their Tents to ly under in the Night. A marvelous Mercy which Almighty God hath bestowed upon this poor and naked People in this Rainy Country!
b. Destitute of means; without resources. Now literary.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor
havelessOE
unrichOE
waedlec1000
armOE
nakedOE
helplessc1175
wantsomec1175
poora1200
barec1220
needfula1225
misease?c1225
unwealya1300
needyc1325
feeblec1330
poorful1372
mischievousc1390
miseasedc1390
indigentc1400
meanc1400
naughtyc1400
succourless1412
unwealthyc1412
behove1413
misterousa1425
misterfulc1480
miserablec1485
beggarly1545
starved1563
threadbare1577
penurious1590
fortuneless1596
wealthless1605
wantful1607
necessitous1611
inopulent1613
titheless1615
egene1631
starveling1638
necessitated1646
inopious1656
parsimonious1782
unopulent1782
lacking1805
bushed1819
obolary1820
ill-to-do1853
down at heel1856
po'1866
needsome1870
down-at-heeled1884
rocky1921
the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor > very poor or destitute
(as) poor as JobOE
nakedOE
voidc1374
naisa1400
vacant1430
(as) drunk, (also mad, poor, rank, weak, etc.) as a rat?1548
Hungarian1608
pauper1690
destitute1735
farthingless1834
pebble-beached1890
piss-poor1945
OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xxxi. 42 Nu þu me woldest forlætan nacodne, gyf Abrahames God nære mid me, & Isaaces ege.
a1625 J. Fletcher Humorous Lieut. iii. v, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Rrr3v/1 I am a poore man, naked, Yet something for remembrance..Gentlemen.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 245 I had been stripp'd naked in a remote Country, and nothing to help myself.
1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 195 Thus the naked Planter has Credit at his Beginning.
1893 R. L. Stevenson Catriona v. 53 In the meanwhile I am held naked in my prison.
1953 P. Gallico Foolish Immortals xi. 56 She must put aside her gains and depart the world as poor and naked as when she entered it?
II. In extended use: lacking in something, bare, inadequate.
4.
a. Bare, destitute, or devoid of something. Also with †from (obsolete).In Old English with genitive.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > non-possession > [adjective] > devoid of something
nakedeOE
toomOE
windia1225
skerec1250
freea1325
expertc1374
unbeseen1390
vacanta1400
devoidc1400
indigent1490
waste1513
clear1569
divesta1679
viduate1692
innocent1706
divested1742
sincerea1754
virgin1889
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > [adjective] > without natural or usual covering
barec885
nakedeOE
uncovered1565
bald-pated1606
bald-pate1683
eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) lvi. 431 Se lytega feond swa micle ieðelicor ðæt mod gewundað swa he hit ongiet nacodre ðære byrnan wærscipes.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 136 Hu poure þuart & naked of halinesse.
a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 107 Ðanne ðe neddre is of his hid naked.
c1400 Bk. to Mother (Bodl.) 6 (MED) On of myne for brekynge of myn hestes was naked of vertues.
?c1430 (a1400) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 199 (MED) Þouȝ here children ben nakid fro virtues in soule, þei chargen noþing.
a1475 Revelations St. Birgitta (Garrett) (1929) 16 (MED) How naked he shall be frome all thynges in hys deth.
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1901) I. i. xi Mecius..was als nakit of manhede and curage as he was of faith.
1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 149 Freewill is made naked of all maner merite.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. viii. 361 The maritine Townes..being left halfe naked of defence.
1666 S. Pepys Diary 19 Jan. (1972) VII. 18 It is a remarkable thing how infinitely naked all that end of the town, Covent-garden, is..of people.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 2. ⁋3 They thought fit to leave him naked of the proper Means to make those Excellencies useful.
1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxxvii. 629 The monuments of antiquity had been left naked of their precious ornaments.
1889 ‘M. Twain’ Connecticut Yankee xxxvi. 471 I snuggled close among the wallow of snorers, to conceal as nearly as possible that I was naked of irons.
1915 V. Woolf Voy. Out ix. 122 When naked of all but his shirt,..Mr. Hirst no longer impressed one with the majesty of his intellect, but with the pathos of his young yet ugly body.
1969 H. S. Thompson Let. 24 Mar. in Fear & Loathing in Amer. (2000) 164 As always, I am naked of good article ideas—despite my constant involvement with good subjects.
1986 H. S. Thompson Generation of Swine (1988) 167 The past 48 hours had been uncustomarily naked of victory.
†b. Lacking or defective in some quality, skill, etc.; esp. lacking in rhetorical art (cf. sense A. 17a). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > non-possession > [adjective] > devoid of something > lacking or without > poorly supplied or equipped
barec1220
poora1250
leana1340
nakedc1380
indigent1426
wanting1592
slender1722
c1380 G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale 486 If thow speke of mo, Thow lyest, for thy power is ful naked.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 2612 (MED) As Iuno bareyn is of frute, Riȝt so nakid, bare, and destitute Ar þes gredy hertis couetous.
1480 Curia Sapiencie (Caxton) 29 (MED) I knowe my self moost naked in al artes.
1531 J. Bellenden in tr. H. Boece Chron. Scotl. (1938) I. 16 My translatioun..nakit of perfeccioun and rethory.
c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) Prol. 12 To condamp & repreif this raggit naykyt tracteit.
1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII (1876) (modernized text) 37 Concerning which battle the relations that are left unto us are so naked and negligent [etc.].
1692 tr. C. de Saint-Évremond Misc. Ess. 340 The Pleasures of the Senses sometimes render despicable the Satisfactions of the Mind, as too dry, and too naked.
1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. (Bohn) 210 The poem..is..written in language as unraised and naked as any perhaps in the two volumes.
†c. Unfilled, unoccupied, clean. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > absence > fact of being unoccupied > [adjective]
voida1350
unoccupied1560
absent1587
devoid1590
vacant1600
naked1643
vacated1791
untrenched1887
1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. App. 205 Moreover, he hath sold..very many naked and unwritten Parchments.
1679 R. South Serm. Several Occasions 275 It finds the mind Naked, and unprepossessed with any former Notions.
1822 S. Smith Wks. (1859) II. 1/1 It is a great point in any question to clear away encumbrances, and to make a naked circle about the object in dispute.
†5. Of a horse, etc.: without a saddle or harness; barebacked. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [adjective] > having trappings or caparison > not
nakedOE
uncaparisoned1865
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xiv. 293 Cristes leorningcnihtas leidon heora reaf uppon þam assan, for ðan þe he nolde, on nacedum assan ridan.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 312 Bucephalus,..so long as he was naked and without furniture,..would suffer any man to come on his backe.
1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. viii. 168 A naked man, on a naked horse, is a fine spectacle.
1880 Littell's Living Age 145 231/1 The shaggy-headed, short-horned bison passes from the scene, and with it the painted whooping savage, naked himself, and on a naked horse pursuing his natural prey with bow or spear.
6.
a. Having no defence or protection; open or exposed to assault or injury; vulnerable.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > [adjective] > exposed to danger > vulnerable > unprotected
nakedeOE
openeOE
yemelesc897
bare1297
unarmed1297
berghlessa1325
subjectc1384
undefensablec1412
unfencible1513
defenceless1532
wide open?1544
undefended1564
unfended1576
indefensive1586
undefensive1587
fenceless1594
unprotected1597
undefensible1616
unscreened1648
defendless1738
uncovereda1795
screenless1837
undefendable1938
eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xxxviii. 277 Sua nacodne hine selfne eowige to wundigeanne his feondum, forðæmðe he ne bið belocen mid nanum gehieldum nanes fæstenes.
a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 23 (MED) Ðe werewede gastes iseiȝen ðat ðu [sc. the soul] naked ware and helpleas.
1531 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Chron. Scotl. (1938) I. vi. 235 The Romanis..seying thair sydis nakytt, wer astonyst.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cclxv If they should leaue their owne countrey naked,..others would take possession.
1603 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Hist. Descr. Worlde 61 He is forced to keepe the greater part of those troupes at home, vnless he should lay naked his estates to infinite casualties.
1688 S. Penton Guardian's Instr. 19 Left naked to infinite temptations of doing nothing, or worse.
1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 180. ⁋3 As a small garrison must leave one part of an extensive fortress naked when an alarm calls them to another.
1822 P. B. Shelley Lines: When Lamp is Shattered iv Thine eagle home [will] Leave thee naked to laughter.
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. xi. 166 It seemed as if every blow cut into my naked heart.
1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters xv. 373 Gaunt suddenly fell away from him..and left him naked to the tender mercies of his priestly enemies.
1931 V. Woolf Waves 104 You are all protected. I am naked.
1991 M. Binchy Circle of Friends (BNC) 99 Aengus looked naked and defenceless without his spectacles.
†b. Of a person or vessel: without weapons or armour; unarmed. Also figurative. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > arming or equipping with weapons > [adjective] > not
weaponlessa1000
unweaponedc1200
barec1275
unarmed1297
nakedc1300
plaina1400
disarmedc1425
unboden1456
unbarbed1565
unbarded1598
unmunitioned1626
armlessa1640
munitionless1871
barehanded1874
c1300 St. Martin (Laud) 39 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 450 (MED) Ichulle beo Al one bi-fore al þi folk naked to þe bataile.
a1425 (c1333–52) L. Minot Poems (1914) 3 (MED) Þe pride es slaked Of þam þat war so stout on stede And sum of þam es leuid all naked.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) x. 431 He wes armyt and wes vycht, The tothir nakyt wes,..And had nocht for till stynt no strak.
1489 Earl of Oxford in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 460 My seid lord of Northumberland heryng..that they wer but naked men, addressed hym-self towardes theym withoute eny harneys.
a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) iv. l. 2169 In þis were..We sla þaim al anarmyde doun..And nakyt we sla þaim in pesse.
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique i. f. 51v This vilaine was armed, and the other man naked.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 186 Baith the parties war vnarmet, or as we vse to speik, naked men.
1602 Compt Bk. D. Wedderburne (1898) 75 To go with seik ane nayket bark among the Torkis gaylleis.
1644 Prerog. Anatomized 4 It's hard usage,..because in time of peace, I walke unarm'd, to put me naked in the front of a Battell.
1693 A. Wood Life (1895) IV. 49 He disarmes the author, then fights with him naked.
1727 D. Defoe Ess. Hist. Apparitions viii. 142 I..scorn to take up a Sword against a Naked Man.
1787 Minor iii. ix. 186 I could not endure the idea of killing a naked man.
7.
a. Bare of trees or other vegetation; barren, waste. Of water: †clear; without weeds (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [adjective] > lacking
nakedOE
peeled?a1513
unverdanta1657
verdureless1824
plantless1842
vegetationless1846
OE Blickling Homilies 227 Þonne he reste hine, þonne wæs his seo æþeleste ræst on his earan oþþe elles on nacodre eorðan.
c1390 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale 345 Ierom..longe tyme hadde woned in desert, where as he hadde..no bed but the naked erthe.
c1430 (c1395) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Prol. 114 Forgeten hadde the erthe his pore estat Of wynter, that hym naked made and mat.
c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 147 (MED) The preent of the erthe is naked and discoueryd, and the trees and seedys lyke as vnroted.
c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) xi. 73 Ȝe sal be compellit to laubir the naikyt feildis vitht ȝour auen handis to there proffet.
a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) (1946) vi. xiii. f. 212 Ane copios armye..leiffing feildis nakit and bare.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 227 So was I left alone on a naked promontorie right against the Citie.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 117 We see the naked Alps, and thin Remains Of scatter'd Cotts. View more context for this quotation
1721 R. Bradley Philos. Acct. Wks. Nature 180 They are better fed Fish, and much larger in such Ponds, than where they have only a naked Water.
1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 773 Those naked acres.
1791 A. Seward Let. 1 June in Lett. xxii. 63 You teach me to be proud of my life-long aversion to naked waters. I never loved the Trent in Staffordshire, because its banks are bald.
1793 W. Cowper Tale v Sea-beaten rocks and naked shores.
1837 A. Alison Hist. Europe from French Revol. VI. l. 617 No forests clothe their sides; naked they present their arid fronts to the shivering blasts.
a1850 Ld. F. J. Jeffrey Contrib. to Edinb. Rev. (1872) 417/1 He is at the bottom of the sea, under the transparent arches of its naked waters!
1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. v. xvi. 291 The corruption which the ebbing tide..had left upon the naked sands.
1887 W. Phillips Man. Brit. Discomycetes 70 [It grows] on the naked ground in damp and shady woods.
1931 A. Uttley Country Child ix. 114 The country looked naked, and bare, the trees were stripped for the fight.
c1970 G. Roy in R. Sullivan Stories Canad. Women (1984) 90 Most appealing of all to her were the arid knolls and bald hummock of the naked land, between which gleaned the icy water of solitary lakes.
1990 S. King Stand (new ed.) i. xli. 379 He scrambled out of the tent, scraping both knees when they came off the groundsheet and onto the naked earth.
b. Of a tree or branch: bare of leaves or foliage; leafless.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > plant defined by leaves > [adjective] > leafless
nakedc1460
leavelessa1470
unleaved?1553
leafless1578
balda1616
unfurnished1712
unfoliaged1795
aphyllous1830
c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn 687 (MED) Lo! how the trees grenyth, þat nakid wer.
a1500 Legend of Cross in Medium Ævum (1965) 34 214 (MED) Vpon the welle..ther stoode a greate tree gretly braunched, but of bark and levis naked.
a1525 Bk. Sevyne Sagis 340, in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 11 This noble tre stud..Nakit hurt & Ill suprisit.
1591 E. Spenser Daphnaïda xlviii Let birds be silent on the naked spray.
1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge Prol. sig. A2 Snarling gusts nibble the iuyceles leaues, From the nak't shuddring branch.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 88 When Storms have shed From Vines the hairy Honours of their Head;..Ev'n then the naked Vine he persecutes. View more context for this quotation
1785 W. Cowper Task vi. 141 These naked shoots, Barren as lances, among which the wind Makes wintry music.
1841 R. Browning Pippa Passes i, in Bells & Pomegranates No. I 4/2 How these tall Naked geraniums straggle!
1882 Garden 25 Feb. 135/2 Laurels and Hollies that have got naked at bottom should now be headed down.
1927 V. Jacob Northern Lights 38 The nakkit tre-taps sweep the sky.
1991 P. Matthiessen Afr. Silences i. 43 The hot wind of the harmattan blows unimpeded through the naked branches of the flame trees.
c. Of rock, etc.: devoid of any covering of soil; bare, exposed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > [adjective] > uncovered or exposed
openOE
unwrye?c1225
naked1601
unbare1624
exposed1630
detected1654
detect1661
unbareda1665
shelterless1714
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxvii. iii. 271 It groweth naturally vpon bare and naked rocks, which the Greeks cal Aconas: which is the reason (as some haue said) why it was named Aconitum.
a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 3 Vast naked Rocks without the least sign of Mould.
1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 15 The lower Parts, or Basis of the Rock lie intirely naked.
1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 3 The Workmen..built Part of the Piers..on Part of the Foundation..and the rest of them on the naked Bed of the River.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xviii. 191 Huge precipices of naked stone frown on both sides.
1886 R. L. Stevenson Kidnapped xx. 196 We took turn about to lie on the naked rock, which was indeed like the position of that saint that was martyred on a gridiron.
1910 R. Kipling Rewards & Fairies 179 Not only on the Naked Chalk, but also among the Trees.
1984 C. James Flying Visits 5 The occasional clear day over the Alps when there was nothing under you except naked geology.
d. Of the wind: bleak, cold, raw. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [adjective] > cold or keen
keen1340
bleaky1687
scourya1774
naked1822
scything1822
shy1828
1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 16 A flock Of wild swans struggling with the naked storm.
1834 R. Mudie Feathered Tribes Brit. Islands I. 49 The black cock has the shelter of the bush when the naked wind blows.
1970 M. Walker Prophets for New Day 14 I slept outside city limits Under a little hill of butterscotch brown With a dusting of white sugar Where a whistling ghost kept making a threnody Out of a naked wind.
8.
a. Having no protective covering; uncovered.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > [adjective]
bleteOE
openOE
unlapped?c1225
unweveda1250
overtc1330
discovereda1463
uncovered1530
undiscovered1542
debare1567
uncased1598
unmantled1606
naked1607
ungarbed1848
nude1866
uncapped1902
OE Ælfric 2nd Let. to Wulfstan (Corpus Cambr.) in B. Fehr Die Hirtenbriefe Ælfrics (1914) 156 And æfter æfensange ge sculon unscrydan þa weofodu, and standan hi swa nacode oþ þone sæternes-dæge.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 89v If þey [sc. eyes] beþ vnhelid and naked hit semeþ þat þey haueþ no guttis ne gropinge.
?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 230 (MED) Colde noyeth gretly to nakede or to bare synowes.
c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 70v (MED) A nakid senewe schulde be insensible.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 499 Moles want their sight, because they haue not their eies open and naked as other beasts.
1771 E. Burke Corr. (1844) I. 280 I always felt it on the naked nerve, and with the quickest, sorest sensibility.
1861 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom II. 94 In some Plumulariæ the gonophores appear to be naked.
1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 325 These changes are described as occurring..in the ultimate naked fibrils.
1979 J. Harvey Plate Shop xx. 99 What he had thought was a generator was not that, it was a car-engine naked on the chassis.
1986 Times 21 Aug. 16 The system was not packed up or crated; it was moved to Wapping ‘naked’.
b. Esp. of a flame or light: not placed within a protective case or enclosure. Chiefly attributive, now esp. in naked flame.
ΚΠ
a1627 T. Middleton Mayor of Quinborough (1661) i. i. 12 Yes, Sir, in Lanthorns. But I'le never trust candle naked again.
1682 N. Grew Idea Philos. Hist. Plants 19 in Anat. Plants The strongest heat which a naked fire in that Furnace would produce.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Lorication,..in Chymistry, the covering of a Vessel call'd a Retort with Loam or Clay, before it is set over a naked fire.
1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters iii. 68 It requires a naked fire to fuse it.
1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. II. 189 Place the retort on a sand-bath, or a naked fire.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1079 As the naked cage of Davy often gets red-hot with flame [etc.].
1842 E. A. Parnell Elements Chem. Anal. (1845) 13 The crucible..should never be introduced naked into the fire.
1886 R. E. G. Cole Gloss. Words S.-W. Lincs. (at cited word) We don't reckon to take a nak'd light into the yard.
1907 G. M. Norman Systematic Pract. Org. Chem. ii. ii. 53 Distil off the ether on the water-bath, run the water out of the condenser, and heat with a naked flame.
1938 D. Baker Young Man with Horn ii. ii. 104 A naked electric bulb hung from a tannish braided cord in the exact centre of the room.
1992 Woman 7 Dec. 36 Warm brandy..in a ladle over a naked flame.
1995 M. Lawrence et al. Which? Guide Home Safety & Security i. 64 Wear overalls and gloves when inhaling vapours, avoiding naked lights in the vicinity.
9.
†a. Of a ship: having no sails or rigging. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel propelled by sail > [adjective] > without sails
nakeda1393
saillessa1618
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. 709 This Sarazine hath ordeined..A nakid Schip withoute stiere.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 3705 All þere takyll was tynt, tylude ouer borde; The nauy wex nakit; noy was on honde.
1661 P. Jenkyn Amorea 11 Our rigging shatter'd and our sayles are torne The naked mast looks like a man forlorne Nothing but prayer is left, we all implore The God of mercy for a happy shore.
1790 W. Sotheby Poems 54 The sea-mews flutter round the naked mast.
a1822 P. B. Shelley Cyclops in Posthumous Poems (1824) 330 I myself stood on the beaked prow And fixed the naked mast.
1889 ‘M. Twain’ Connecticut Yankee xli. 527 There were ships in the harbor, at Dover, but they were naked as to sails, and there was no sign of life about them.
b. Of a room, wall, or floor: having no carpets, hangings, or similar furnishings; unfurnished, empty.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > [adjective] > furnished > not
naked1508
unfurnished1581
unfurnitured?1879
furnitureless1887
1508 Balade in Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. dvv A gentill horse in till a nakit stable.
1528 S. Gardiner & E. Foxe Let. 23 Mar. in N. Pocock Rec. Reformation (1870) (modernized text) I. 89 We pass three chambers, all naked and unhanged.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 787 Goe with speede To some forlorne and naked Hermytage. View more context for this quotation
1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 386 The spirits of many long before that time will finde but naked habitations. View more context for this quotation
1713 A. Pope Windsor-Forest 4 The hollow Winds thro' naked Temples roar.
1788 F. Burney Diary 1 Dec. (1842) IV. 353 He longed, he said, to cover all the naked, cold boards, to render them [sc. the rooms] more habitable.
1822 J. Galt Steam-boat iv. 74 To cover the naked walls they had brought carpets from home.
a1834 S. T. Coleridge Lit. Remains (1836) II. 77 The stage in Shakspeare's time was a naked room with a blanket for a curtain.
1872 ‘M. Twain’ Roughing It lxiv. 463 This ancient temple was built of rough blocks of lava, and was simply a roofless inclosure a hundred and thirty feet long..—nothing but naked walls.
1977 O. Manning Danger Tree i. 11 A single lightbulb, grimy and yellow, hung over naked floorboards.
1998 World of Interiors Feb. 3/3 A bold paisley design transformed the naked walls of Idarica Gazzoni's Milanese apartment.
c. Having no ornament or decoration; plain, unadorned.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > [adjective] > ornamented or decorated > not
untiffed?c1225
plainc1330
ungarnishedc1400
undecked1570
dudgeon?1589
stark naked?1594
unbepranked1594
unembellished1630
unadorned1637
unbecomed1646
unfringed1646
unplumed1646
unembroidered1649
unornamented1688
undecorateda1763
naked1850
unveneered1886
no-frill1933
no-frills1948
1850 T. Inkersley Styles Archit. France 313 The enormous projection of the naked buttresses.
1879 R. L. Stevenson Trav. with Donkey 48 Here and there a few naked cottages and bleak fields.
1892 T. B. F. Eminson Epidemic Pneumonia 12 Cesspools of naked brick.
1984 M. Mahy Changeover ii. 15 Laura had never seen her without lipstick, had never seen her naked smile.
†10. Of an animal: deprived of its usual covering of wool, hair, etc.; shorn. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
?a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Sheep & Dog l. 1257 in Poems (1981) 51 The Scheip..sauld the woll, he bure on his bak;..Naikit and bair syne to the feild couth pas.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 116 Short of their Wool, and naked from the Sheer. View more context for this quotation
11. Botany.
a. Not enclosed in a protective envelope; esp. (of a seed) having no pericarp; (of a flower) having no perianth. Also, of the grain in certain varieties of oats or other cereals: separating readily from the husk (cf. sense A. 11b).
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > seed-vessel or pericarp > [adjective] > not having seed-vessel
naked1578
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. viii. 461 The grayne..is naked, bare, and cleane.
1681 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ (ed. 3) iv. 41 There is a new sort of Oats, or Groats growing like unto Oatmeal, without any Hulls... The Grain is small and naked.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Naked Seeds, such Seeds of Plants, as are not included in any Pod or Case.
1776 W. Withering Bot. Arrangem. Veg. Great Brit. I. Introd. p. xxv The four naked Seeds, and the rough leaves, immediately determine him to reject the first sub-division.
1836 M. J. Berkeley in J. E. Smith Eng. Flora V. ii. 328 Hyphomycetes... Sporidiferous flocci naked (not included in a uterus or seated on a proper receptacle).
1857 A. Henfrey Bot. §150 The term naked is occasionally applied to flowers without any floral envelopes.
1904 H. Groves & J. Groves Babington's Man. Bot. (ed. 9) 390 Gymnospermæ... Ovules and seeds apparently naked... No calyx, no corolla.
1936 H. Gilbert-Carter Brit. Trees & Shrubs 62 Hazel... Staminate catkins long, pendulous; each bract supporting 2 bracteoles, each bearing a naked flower.
1975 B. Bender Farming in Prehist. iii. 56 To arrive at the naked form [of Hordeum vulgare] two other mutations are necessary, one to promote the tough rachis and one to engender the naked grains.
1996 New Phytologist 134 11/1 The naked gene does not seem to affect the paleas, which in both naked and husked oats are similar in size and texture.
b. Of a variety of cereal: having a grain that separates readily from the husk, or which lacks a husk; cf. naked oat n. at Compounds 2. Also in the names of plants having leafless stems or pedicels without bracts; cf. naked ladies n. at Compounds 2. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. viii. 461 The naked or hulled Barley groweth in some places of Fraunce.
1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 956 This small or naked Shaue grasse, wherewith Fletchers and Combemakers doe..polish their worke, riseth out of the ground like..Asparagus.
1678 W. Salmon tr. Pharmacopœia Londinensis i. iv. 117 Zeopyrum, Naked Barley.
1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III. 576 Iberis nudicaulis,..Rock cress. Naked Candytuft.
1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 291/1 Naked Barley, a species but little cultivated now, is of unknown origin.
1848 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. 290 Aphyllon, Mitchell. Naked Broom-rape.
1969 G. E. Evans Farm & Village ii. 19 The barley he [sc. Neolithic man] used was of the type with six rows, usually known as ‘naked barley’.
c. Of a plant organ or part: not provided with leaves, bracts, branches, etc.; having no hairs, bristles, scales, etc.
ΚΠ
1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iii. iv. 105 Capsulate Herbs not Campanulate; having their leaves divided into several segments, may be distinguished into such as have Naked stalks.
1721 R. Bradley Philos. Acct. Wks. Nature 34 Plants, whose..whole Foliate or naked Roots put forth every Spring their fresh Flower-Stalks.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Leaf Naked Leaf expresses a leaf whose surface is smooth and equal, without any particular marks.
1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 320 The barren branches naked and bent backwards.
1829 J. Lindley Syn. Brit. Flora 159 Receptacle naked, or with a few short hairs.
1848 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. 290 Flowers perfect, solitary or long naked scapes.
1880 T. R. A. Briggs Flora of Plymouth 136 The fruit..sometimes is sparingly setose, though usually naked.
1905 C. S. Sargent Man. Trees N. Amer. 329 Aromatic trees and shrubs, with slender terete branchlets, naked or scaly buds, and alternate punctate leaves.
1908 B. L. Robinson & M. L. Fernald Gray's New Man. Bot. (ed. 7) 685 Throat of corolla naked, or with a..scale-like appendage opposite each lobe.
1974 T. E. Weier et al. Introd. Plant Biol. (ed. 5) vii. 104 In a few instances, protective scales are lacking and the unprotected dormant apex is a naked bud.
1992 BBC Wildlife Jan. 6/4 The buds are naked, without the usual covering of scales, and consist of miniature, developed leaves.
12. Zoology.
a. Of an animal, or a breed or type of animal: lacking hair, scales, a shell, etc., present in related breeds, species, etc. Cf. naked bat n. at Compounds 2.
ΚΠ
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxix. vi. 365 Naked snails (I meane those that bee found without shells.)
1693 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 17 672 I hitherto observed very little variety of naked snails.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth VII. 112 Klein gives them a class..under the name of Naked Quadrupedes.
1828 J. Stark Elements Nat. Hist. I. 364 Family III. Naked Serpents.
1840 E. Blyth et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 336 We call those Mollusca naked in which the cloak is simply membranous or fleshy.
1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 62 The rest are termed ‘naked cephalopods’, because the shell is internal.
1967 D. Morris Naked Ape (1969) viii. 192 The hairless dog of the ancient New World Indians, a genetically naked breed with an abnormally high skin temperature that was used as a primitive form of hot water-bottle in their sleeping quarters.
1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes xiv. 231/1 Most catfishes are naked, lacking true scales.
b. Of part of an animal: lacking hair, scales, a shell, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [adjective] > having a coat > hairy, furry, or woolly > without hair
balda1400
depilous1646
naked1681
pelon1882
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [adjective] > having a hard protective covering > having scales > not having scales
unscaled1562
scaleless1611
unscaly1716
naked1844
1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis i. vii. i. 154 (heading) Of Insects with Naked-Wings.
1769 E. Bancroft Ess. Nat. Hist. Guiana 134 A long tail, which is almost naked towards the end.
1828 J. Stark Elements Nat. Hist. I. 364 Skin naked, with longitudinal folds.
1844 W. B. Carpenter Pop. Cycl. Nat. Sci.: Zool.: Pt. III §573 The Cod tribe..have a long body..covered with soft scales,—the head, however, being naked.
1897 H. O. Forbes Hand-bk. Primates II. 199 The front, top, and sides of the head and face are nearly naked.
1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) xvi. 432 At the base of the beak is a naked swollen patch of skin, the cere.
1962 R. M. Gordon & M. M. J. Lavoipierre Entomol. for Students of Med. xiii. 80 At pupation dipterous larvae may..discard the last larval skin in which case they are known as ‘naked’ pupae.
1987 E. W. Burr Compan. Bird Med. i. 4/2 They [sc. conures] have..prominent naked or partly feathered periophthalmic rings.
†13. Of a spirit, thought, etc.: unembodied, unencumbered, free. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > state or quality of being simple, unmixed, or uncompounded > [adjective] > specifically of immaterial or abstract things
entire1600
naked1673
1673 J. Milton At Vacation Exercise in Poems (new ed.) 65 I have some naked thoughts that rove about.
1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 346 Pan being used not so much for the naked and abstract Deity, as the Deity as it were embodied in this Visible Corporeal World.
1722 W. Wollaston Relig. of Nature ix. 212 When the soul shall be disengaged from the gross matter..and..become naked spirit.
1816 P. B. Shelley Dæmon of World in Alastor ii. 242 Before the naked powers that thro' the world Wander like winds have found a human home.
1842 Ld. Tennyson Two Voices in Poems (new ed.) II. 141 If first I floated free, As naked essence, must I be Incompetent of memory.
14.
a. Virology. Of a virion or nucleocapsid: not enclosed in an envelope.
ΚΠ
1962 Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantitative Biol. 27 51/2 The structure composed of the capsid with the enclosed viral nucleic acid is the nucleocapsid, which may be naked or surrounded by an envelope.
1985 Jrnl. Gen. Virol. 66 283 The inhibition of viral growth being far more drastic for enveloped FV 3 than for naked virus implies that a lysosomal step is required for the multiplication of enveloped viral particles.
1994 Jrnl. Virol. 68 1935/1 Intracellular naked virions (INV)..remain cell associated and may be recovered after experimental cell lysis.
b. Molecular Biology and Virology. Of nucleic acid: not associated with protein. Of a viral genome: not contained in a capsid.
ΚΠ
1973 Jrnl. Virol. 12 229/1 Thus, the naked DNA can enter the host cells without additional requirements to those of the DNA rolled in its capsid.
1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) iv. 64 The exchange of genetic information by the transfer of naked DNA from one cell to another is called transformation.
1995 Appl. & Environmental Microbiol. 61 363 The detection of virus..was mainly due to the presence of well-protected viral particles and not due to the presence of naked viral RNA.
15. Astronomy. Designating a hypothetical space–time singularity in the form of a collapsed material body not surrounded by an event horizon, and therefore visible to an external observer. Usually attributive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > star > kind of star > black hole > [noun] > naked singularity
naked1969
1969 R. Penrose in Rivista Nuovo Cimento I. Numero Speciale. 273 (caption) A ‘naked singularity’ (Kerr–Newman solution with m2 < a2 + e2).
1969 R. Penrose in Rivista Nuovo Cimento I. Numero Speciale. 274 If in fact naked singularities do arise, then there is a whole new realm opened up for wild speculations!
1981 P. Davies Edge of Infinity v. 92 A great deal of investigation has been undertaken to determine whether singularities can ever occur naked, or whether they will always be safely hidden inside black holes.
1990 Sciences July 36/2 Some collapsing configuration of gravitational waves or matter could create a naked singularity—a point of infinite space-time curvature that was not hidden from the rest of the universe in a black hole.
III. Unconcealed, exposed to view.
16.
a. Of a sword or similar weapon: not covered by a sheath; unsheathed.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > cut of sharp weapon > cut or thrust with sword > [adjective] > drawn
nakedeOE
drawnc1175
streitc1386
unscauberkedc1430
unsheathedc1430
bare1483
unscabbarded1562
eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) xxix. 65 Hwæt ðæt bið gesælig mon þe him ealne weg ne hangað nacod sweor[d o]fer ðæm heafde be smale þræde.
OE Beowulf 539 Hæfdon swurd nacod, þa wit on sund reon, heard on handa.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 686 Bi þone toppe he hine nom..& his nakede sweord leide on his necke.
c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) 3648 Þai..bete hire wiþ swerdes naked.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iii. 1429 (MED) His swerd al nakid out he breide.
1467 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 27 That the said Thomas sal take the nakit knyff that he hurt the said William with in his hand and opynly knaw [etc.]
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 409 The Ban and the kynge Bohors com on with swerdes naked in her handes.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Micah v. 6 These shal subdue..the londe of Nymrod with their naked weapens.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 9 Thay ansueret, na rycht or chartour, bot naket swordis, thay wald haue.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. ii. 21 Scarce blood enough..To giue each naked Curtleax a stayne. View more context for this quotation
1634 H. Peacham Gentlemans Exercise (new ed.) ii. v. 118 In her right hand a naked poniard.
1696 Alcander & Philocrates i. 27 I made them both Depose, that they had seen him with his naked Sword against me.
1717 A. Pope Epil. Jane Shore in Wks. 413 Many an honest man may copy Cato, Who ne'er saw naked Sword.
1762 T. Smollett Adventures Sir Launcelot Greaves II. xiii. 18 The naked sword of Sir Launcelot glanced before his eyes.
1802 Naval Chron. 7 83 Was not your sword naked?
1887 C. Bowen tr. Virgil Æneid ii, in tr. Virgil in Eng. Verse 124 Naked steel and glittering blade Ready, and ranged for slaughter.
1938 G. Greene in Spectator 19 Aug. 299/2 The executioner stands by with naked blade.
1991 S. Winchester Pacific (1992) 71 There stood Balboa,.., the brilliant new banner in one hand and his naked sword in the other.
†b. Of the tongue: thrust out. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 52/1 Exerta, lingua, naec [a] d tunge.
17.
a. Of words, language, etc.: free from concealment or reserve; plain, straightforward; outspoken. Now rare except in the naked truth at sense A. 17b.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > plainness > [adjective] > straightforward or direct
naked?c1225
platc1385
plaina1393
light?a1400
rounda1450
direct1530
frank1548
evena1573
handsmooth1612
point-blank1648
crude1650
plain-spoken1658
plain-spoke1706
unambiguous1751
plump1789
straightforward1806
plain-said1867
pine-blank1883
straight1894
point-to-point1905
non-ambiguous1924
Wife of Bath1926
simpliste1973
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 234 Schrift ȝet schal beon Naked. þet is nakedliche imaked.
a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 143 Þis nis nout naked schrift.
a1400 Clensyng Mannes Sowle in Eng. Misc. presented to Dr. Furnivall (1901) 271 (MED) Confessioun also most be naked.
a1440 in G. G. Perry Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse (1914) 87 (MED) Gyffe vs..full remyssione thurgh verray contrission, nakede confessione, and worthi satisfaccione.
1602 2nd Pt. Returne fr. Parnassus i. ii. 281 What cares he for modest close coucht termes... Giue him plaine naked words stript from their shirts.
a1609 A. Hume Afold Admon. Ministrie in Hymns & Sacred Songs (1872) 18 Making my self odious..to the Prince also, give perhappes my naked narratives,..cum to his long eares.
1652 C. Cotterell tr. G. de Costes de La Calprenède Cassandra (1676) iii. iv. 296 By this naked confession of my life.
1679 J. Somerville Memorie Somervilles (1815) II. 76 This letter was naked enough and..might have sufficiently manifested the outmost of Marre's intentione.
1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall IV. xl. 53 (note) A fragment of the Anecdotes, somewhat too naked, was suppressed by Alemannus.
c1789 E. Gibbon Mem. (1857) 122 The most naked tale in my history is told by the Rev. Mr. Joseph Warton.
1853 Southern Q. Rev. Jan. 239 His style is clear, simple, logical, direct; stript of all redundancy, and impressive in the naked strength of argument.
1886 R. L. Stevenson Kidnapped xxvi. 271 What other place there is for us except the chains of a gibbet—I give you my naked word, I kenna!
b. the naked truth [compare classical Latin nūda vēritās, Horace Odes 1. 24. 7] : the plain truth, without concealment or addition; cf. sense A. 19b.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [noun] > the plain truth
the naked truth1436
the plainness1477
the even of ita1616
even downa1679
fact1680
1436 Rolls of Parl. IV. 502/1 If..ye naked trouth sholde be effectuelly founden, hit sholde cause sesyng of gret part of the commune perjurie.
1568 in J. Anderson Coll. Mary Queen of Scotl. (1728) IV. ii. 120 We are compellit for justifying of our cause to manifest the nakit trewth.
1636 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae (new ed.) 1141 I..truely told the naked trueth To men that meld with me.
1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. ii. 74 We shall tell The naked Truth of what befell.
1709 G. Berkeley Ess. New Theory of Vision §120. 138 It is scarce possible to deliver the naked and precise Truth.
1785 L. MacNally Fashionable Levities iv. ii. 48 Sir, that is the naked truth.
1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xiv. 181 I have not deviated in the slightest degree from the strict and naked truth.
1888 A. Jessopp Coming of Friars v. 242 An unmarried woman was a chattel... That is the naked truth.
1904 J. Conrad Nostromo ii. iv. 142 Here we have the naked truth from the mouth of that child.
1987 R. Lomas Limits of Interpr. iii. 27 Can either of the participants bear the naked truth or do they collude and agree upon a mutually acceptable formula?
1995 Afr. Amer. Rev. 29 651/1 Instances of radical revelation expose the text's simultaneous claim to utter falsity and the naked truth.
18.
a. Plain, obvious, clear. Also (esp. of an emotion, characteristic, etc.): blatant, unashamed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > visibility > [adjective] > clearly visible
senec1175
well seenc1175
naked?c1225
well isenec1275
bremec1340
evidenta1382
apparent1393
palpable?1435
open1478
pointablea1555
faira1568
full-eyed1581
unmasked1590
eyeful?1611
plain1613
prospecta1640
unovercloudeda1658
intuitive1801
unmystified1822
shroudless1841
unforeshortened1846
trenchant1849
focusable1889
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 92 Handlung..bi tweone mon & ancre is..naked sunne.
1589 T. Cooper Admon. People of Eng. 192 That considering the proofe to be naked in it selfe, thou mayest the better iudge of the strength thereof.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xx. 496 Chamberlayne laid his plan, in all its naked absurdity, before the Commons.
1884 St. James's Gaz. 12 Aug. 3/1 People..shut their eyes in the face of staring, naked, palpable facts.
1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism i. 57 The very essence of feudal property was exploitation in its most naked and shameless form.
1969 J. Gross Rise & Fall Man of Lett. i. 11 With Arnold or Eliot the underlying assumptions are naturally far more complex; here the snobbishness is naked and unashamed.
1978 S. Biko I write what I Like xii. 76 Beneath it lies naked hatred for a group that deserves absolutely no respect.
b. Of an object, action, etc.: exposed to view or examination; stripped of all disguise or concealment.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > manifestation > manifestness > openness or unconcealedness > [adjective]
openlyeOE
underna900
openeOE
utterly12..
unhida1300
perta1325
apert1330
nakeda1382
public1394
patenta1398
foreign?c1400
overtc1400
unrecovered1433
publicalc1450
open-visageda1513
bare1526
uncloaked1539
subject1556
uncovered1577
unmasked1590
facely1593
undisguised1598
female1602
unveiled1606
unshrouded1610
barefaceda1616
disclouded1615
unhiddena1616
broad-faced1643
with full miena1657
undissembled1671
frank1752
bald-faced1761
unconfidential1772
ostensible1782
unglossed1802
undisguising1813
unvisored1827
unconcealed1839
disprivacied1848
disguiseless1850
bald1854
unobscured1879
visible1885
open door1898
above ground1976
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Job xxvi. 6 Nakid is helle beforn hym.
c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 104 (MED) If thou couere and hyd here thyn synnes, thei schal be made nakede and opyn to thyn confusion.
a1535 J. Fisher Serm. Good Friday in Spirituall Consol. (?1578) sig. F.vij All thinges be naked and open before his eyes.
1563 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1890) II. 64 For thai knaw thair stink to na man almaist haistelie to be plesand, gif it stewit and reikit out naikit and plane.
1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 129 With a naked soule, and pure minde you beholde those thinges that are in heauen.
1611 Bible (King James) Micah i. 11 Passe yee away thou inhabitant of Saphir, hauing thy shame naked . View more context for this quotation
1672 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 96 I shall without Art write down his own Words..as they ly naked to the view of every Reader.
1706 N. Rowe Ulysses ii. i My Friends, who view my naked Soul.
1781 W. Cowper Expostulation 339 Darkness itself before His eye is light, And hell's close mischief naked in His sight.
1819 Lady Charleville in Lady Morgan Passages from Autobiogr. (1859) 272 I show you this to read my naked heart.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 9 Shall we ask him..to show us..his soul, naked and undisguised?
1969 H. Brodkey in New Yorker 25 Jan. 32/3 I had ought to love this girl..because her soul was so naked, her kisses so alive, unconcealed, unself-protective.
1993 K. McCallum Driven by Love (BNC) ‘Take care,’ she whispered back, frightened by the sheer naked will to succeed that she surprised on his face.
IV. Not added to.
19.
a. Left without any addition; not strengthened or increased in any way; bare, mere; (also) †absolute (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > state or quality of being simple, unmixed, or uncompounded > [adjective] > without addition or qualification > bare or mere
mereeOE
nakedOE
barec1200
purec1325
singlec1421
very1548
nude1551
absolute?1570
blank1596
female1602
clear1606
OE Ælfric tr. Basil Admonitio ad Filium Spiritualem 40 God nele þæt þu hine lufie mid nacodum wordum ac mid hluttre heortan and mid rihtwisum dædum.
OE Ælfric Let. to Sigeweard (De Veteri et Novo Test.) (Laud) 74 Nu miht þu wel witan, þæt weorc sprecað swiþor þonne þa nacodan word, þe nabbað nane fremminge.
c1390 W. Hilton Mixed Life (Vernon) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 289 (MED) Only a naked desyre & a weyk wille, þat þou wolde fayn þenke on god but þou can nouȝt.
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 35 Whi schulde curatis pronounsen here breþeren a cursed for nakid lettris of syche coueitous prelatis.
1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell 1205 Harde to make ought of that is nakid nought.
1552 Abp. J. Hamilton Catech. i. viii. f. 20v Yai yat presumis owyr mekil of thair awin nakit frewill and gud deidis.
1628 in J. D. Marwick Rec. Convent. Royal Burghs Scotl. (1878) III. 262 Nather is this ane naikit feare or presumptioun for we know by experience that [etc.].
a1652 J. Smith Select Disc. (1660) iv. vi. 96 A naked perception of Sensible impressions, without any work of Reason.
1700 C. Ness Antidote against Arminianism 11 The Lutherans grant..to the Non Elect only a Præscience or Naked Fore-sight.
1785 E. Burke Speech Nabob Arcot's Debts in Wks. (1842) I. 319/2 On these principles he chooses to suppose..a naked possibility.
1837 T. Jones Christian Warrior iii. xv. 77 He would make him believe that a naked Christ and a naked faith is quite enough.
1876 J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms 299/1 Naked fourth, the interval of a fourth without the addition of any other interval.
1916 A. Huxley Let. 30 June (1969) 103 The innocent examiners have given me the pot, which, regrettably, has to be got in books..one would have preferred the naked cash.
1983 P. Benford Against Infinity i. i. 6 They invented a theory that it was a mindless marauding thing,..ulfilling no function beyond naked existence.
b. Of a statement, fact, etc.: not accompanied by or overlain with remarks or comments; expressed in plain unadorned language. Cf. sense A. 17.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > plainness > [adjective]
nakedOE
simplea1382
meanc1450
rural1488
misorned1512
inornate?1518
barec1540
broad1588
bald1589
kersey1598
russet1598
unvarnisheda1616
unembellished1630
illaborate1631
severe1665
renable1674
small1678
unadorned1692
inelaborate1747
unlarded1748
chaste1753
uncoloured1845
minimalist1929
spare1965
OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 359 We habbað nu gesæd sceortlice on Englisc þis halige godspell, swa swa ge gehyrdon nu, þa nacedan word ana.
OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Laud) Pref. 77 Seo boc is swiþe deop gastlice to understandenne, & we ne writaþ na mare buton þa nacedan gerecednisse.
a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) vii. 157 Þe actez of þe apostlez forsoþe þe nakid story semen to sowne.
a1400 Cato's Distichs (Fairf.) 345 in R. Morris Cursor Mundi (1878) III. App. iv. 1673 (MED) Þou wondris in þi witte þat I wrate þis writte in twa versis nakid.
c1430 (c1395) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Prol. 86 Myn entent is..The naked text in English to declare Of many a story.
1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) 1st Prol. 3 In many places..the nakyd letter..ys not easy for some symple soulles to vnderstonde.
1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie ii. vii. 116 To drawe all things vnto the determination of bare and naked scripture.
1655 S. Ashe Funeral Serm. Gataker 25 This I enlarge not by specifying instances, because the naked quotations may be sufficient.
a1674 J. Vaughan Rep. & Arguments (1677) 149 In special Verdicts the Jury inform the naked Facit.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 39. ¶ 6 The naked Thought of every Speech..divested of all its Tragick Ornaments.
1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 377 Herein they state the naked facts, as they find them to be proved.
1835 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece I. iii. 65 This is the naked abstract of the tradition.
1878 O. W. Holmes John Lothrop Motley: Mem. xxiv. 226 No one who conceives himself to have been wronged and insulted must be expected to reason in naked syllogisms.
1906 J. Davidson Holiday & Other Poems 83 The naked facts; the truth; The power, the poetry!
1967 G. Steiner Lang. & Silence 421 The latter is a fascinating instance of the way in which even the most ‘naked’ of reportage—a series of tape-recordings—is implicitly shaped by the conventions and possibilties of the novel.
1985 D. Lucie Progress ii. iii, in Fashion, Progress, Hard Feelings, Doing the Business (1991) 166 After everything, after all the disillusion, the naked facts of life, the ugliness... You..still want love.
†c. Chiefly Law. Not otherwise supported, assured, or confirmed. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > rule of law > illegality > [adjective] > legally invalid or faulty > of limited legal validity > not specially supported or confirmed
simple1340
nakedc1400
nude1493
illiquid1694
the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > insecure knowledge, uncertainty > questionable state or quality > state of being unprovable > [adjective] > lacking confirmation
nakedc1400
unratified1565
unsubscribed1571
unsealeda1616
unavouched1629
intestate1656
unattested1665
unconfirmed1671
uncertified1681
unvouched1775
incorroborated1784
unauthenticated1787
unvalued1807
unchartered1812
unaccredited1828
unfathered1830
unguaranteed1855
misvouched1876
uncorroborated1911
c1400 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 420 (MED) Þei supposen þat hor naked graunte is als myche worthe as graunte wiþ hor lettres.
1410–11 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Brechinensis (1856) I. 30 Thir aw na man..clamand for nane naykit wourd haiff pastour in our propir muyr.
?c1450 (?a1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 382 (MED) Nakid argumentis, þat ben not cloþid wiþ cristis lyuynge or his techynge, ben riȝt nouȝt worþe.
1490 in T. Thomson Acts Lords Auditors (1839) 145/2 For a nakit and simple promitt maid be the said erle..to the said Issobell to gif hir the said landis.
1570–1 Court Bk. Broughton & Canongate (1937) 302 The said Alexander..onlie maid ane nakit allegeance without ony verificatioun.
a1575 N. Harpsfield Treat. Divorce Henry VIII (1878) (modernized text) 45 If the parties make but a naked and bare promise of affiance.
1625 T. Godwin Moses & Aaron vi. viii. 315 The making of peace was a naked stipulation..for the laying aside of all hostile affections.
1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. 116 Whether it be a naked Paction or Promise, or a Mutual Contract.
1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 195 The lowest and most imperfect degree of title consists in the mere naked possession, or actual occupation of the estate.
1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Nude contract, a bare naked contract, without a consideration, which is void in law.
1871 M. S. De Vere Americanisms 509 Naked possessor, is the odd title by which, in Texas and the Southwestern States, the occupant of a farm is known, who can show no title to his land.
1876 Ld. Tennyson Harold ii. ii. 67 Thou art perfect in all honour! Thy naked word thy bond!
†d. Not supported by proof or evidence. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1558 Inverness Sheriff Court f. 38, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Nakit Thair was na thing producit nor schawin for the verificatioun of the said..allegatioun bot onlye nakit wordis.
1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius f. 43v Unlesse you suppose, that with your naked clamorous affirmatives ye may expell them out of the Church.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. x. 457 Onely for a naked suspition, mistaking the honorable intention of the English.
1673 W. Cave Primitive Christianity i. iv. 81 None were ever greater Enemies to a naked profession.
1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India II. v. vii. 603 For the evidence of these designs, Mr. Hastings presents his own naked assertion.
20. Of a drink: undiluted, neat. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > distilled drink > [adjective] > neat
neat1578
naked1824
straight1856
1824 W. Scott Redgauntlet I. xiii. 315 I am drinking naked spirits, I think.
1829 W. N. Glascock Sailors & Saints III. viii. 137 Archly winking with his one eye at the girl, while he said, in a half whisper—‘Naked for me, Ma'am. You needn't be shy o' the bottle wi' me.’
1968 I. C. Taylor Highland Whisky (An Comunn Gaidhealach) 12 There are two things a Highlander likes naked and one is whisky.
B. n.1
1.
a. With plural agreement. People who are destitute of clothing, as a class. In later use usually with the. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [noun]
nakedOE
nakedOE
nakednessOE
nakedheadc1330
nudity1611
the (also a) state of nature1802
nudeness1848
in the nude1856
clotheslessness1883
OE Crist III 1354 Þonne ge hyra hulpon ond him hleoð gefon, hingrendum hlaf ond hrægl nacedum.
OE Blickling Homilies 213 He wolde þæm winnendum fultmian, & earme frefran, & hingrigendum mete syllan, & nacode scrydan.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) 102 (MED) Ha..spende al þet oðer in neodfule & in nakede.
a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 2 Ȝieue þe hungrie mete & te nakede iwede.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 20121 (MED) Naked and hungri sco cled & fede.
a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) 582 (MED) Cleth þe naked þat hase nede.
a1513 W. Dunbar Tabill of Confessioun in Poems (1998) I. 268 I..haue..nor..Herbreit the wilsum, nor nakit cled at all.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Job xxii. 6 Thou hast..robbed the naked of their clothinge.
1692 J. Dryden Eleonora 4 Th' Afflicted came; The Hunger-starv'd, the Naked, and the Lame.
1784 B. Franklin Let. in Writings (1987) 1392 The..Man of verbal Charity, who only, without showing to the Naked & the Hungry how or where they might get Cloaths or Victuals, exhorted them to be fed & clothed.
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. ix. 121 I must feed the hungry, clothe the naked, and comfort the desolate.
1992 Voice 22 Dec. 13/3 We make hope a reality if we feed the hungry, clothe the naked, give shelter to the homeless.
b. A naked person. Now rare.
ΚΠ
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1900) II. 224 He nyste swaþeah hwæt he sealde þam nacodan forþan þe he sylf næfde naht butan his gewædum.
lOE tr. R. d'Escures Sermo in Festis Sancte Marie Virginis in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 136 Oðre bescrydeð sumne hnacodne mid ateorigendlicen reafe.
a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 145 He fleð fro ðe, so neddre fro [ð]e nakede.
a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 1713 (MED) A naked me think I se; Wit I wil what it may be.
1664 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders (new ed.) i. sig. d3v The Inhabitants..affecting no other livery then that of the first naked.
1977 Zigzag Aug. 10/2 We still had to guarantee that there would be no flag burning, no nakeds on the stage, and so on.
†2. With the. The bare skin (of a part of the body). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > skin > [noun] > bare
nakeda1382
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xxvii. 16 With þe cloþez of Esau..sche cloþide hym..& sche forcouerde þe nakid of þe nekke.
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 423 (MED) The grene knyȝt..Let þe naked nec to þe note schewe. Gauan gripped to his ax..Let hit doun lyȝtly lyȝt on þe naked.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 4182 Quare it neȝes on þe nakid it noyis for euire.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 6403 He shot þrough the shild & the shene maile..Hit neghit to þe nakid.
3.
a. A nude figure as an artistic subject. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > [noun] > an artistic representation > of living thing > of human figure > nude or the nude
naked1622
nudity1662
nude1708
naked1744
nude1760
1622 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman xii. 132 He excelled in Perspectiue, and aboue all other masters laboured in Nakeds.
1675 A. Browne Ars Pictoria (ed. 2) App. 21 To understand how to make choice of a good Naked, and to draw it well.
1695 R. Graham Short Acct. Eminent Painters in J. Dryden tr. C. A. Dufresnoy Art of Painting 260 Luca Signorelli..was..so excellent at designing nakeds.
1952 K. Rexroth Dragon & Unicorn 85 ‘Too many nakeds for a chapel,’ said Evelyn.
†b. With the. The nude, as a genre in Art. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > [noun] > an artistic representation > of living thing > of human figure > nude or the nude
naked1622
nudity1662
nude1708
naked1744
nude1760
1744 A. Pope Epist. to Several Persons ii. 34 Artists! who can paint or write, To draw the Naked is your true delight.
1753 W. Hogarth Anal. Beauty xi. 91 The drapery..helps to satisfy the eye,..without depriving the beholder of any part of the beauties of the naked.
1816 tr. A. Canova in Analectic Mag. Aug. 188 The naked [sc. in the Elgin marbles] is perfect flesh, and most beautiful in its kind.
1887 F. M. Crawford Saracinesca i The French school had not [yet] demonstrated the startling distinction between the nude and the naked.
†4. The face or flat surface of a wall, etc. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > wall > surface of a wall
naked1676
wall-face1839
1676 in Proc. Soc. Antiquaries Scotl. (1880) 14 336 The portch thrie or ffour foott off the naiked of the wall of the ffront.
1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 66 Angles jutting out from the naked of the Wall.
1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 13 The Cutwaters..extend 12 Feet each beyond the naked of the Bridge.
1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 339 Naked of a Wall, the vertical or battering surface, whence all projectures arise.
1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. 1007 Naked, a term applied either to a column or wall to denote the face or plain surface from which the projections rise.

Phrases

P1. naked as a needle.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adjective]
nakedOE
bareOE
start nakedc1225
nakec1300
unarrayedc1380
clothelessc1386
mother-nakedc1390
stark nakedc1390
bareda1400
naked as a needlec1400
unattiredc1400
uncladc1400
uncoveredc1400
loose1423
unclothedc1440
belly-nakeda1500
naked as one's nail1563
unabuilyeit1568
sindonlessc1595
leathern1596
disarrayed1611
undressed1613
debaredc1620
unapparelled1622
unaccoutred?1750
stark1762
disrobed1794
ungarmented1798
undraped1814
au naturel1828
nude1830
skyclad1832
garbless1838
kitless1846
spar-naked1849
raimentless1852
undoffed1854
togless1857
garmentless1866
naked as a robin1866
clothesless1868
sky clothed1878
nakedized1885
altogether1896
buck naked1913
raw1916
bollock naked1922
starkers1923
starko1923
stitchless1927
naked as a jaybird1931
bollock1950
rollock naked1962
nekkid1977
kit-off1992
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. 162 (MED) Take two stronge men and in themese caste hem..bothe naked as a nedle.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 792 The fayrest lady..that ever he sawe, and she was as naked as a nedyll.
1845 J. H. Ingraham Forrestal x. 129 The rock looks inaccessible and as naked as a needle.
1919 H. Trench Napoleon ii. i. 35 We're naked as in the day of judgement! God's eyes!—Naked as a needle!
1939 Notes & Queries 15 July 42/1 As naked as a needle.
P2. naked as a worm.
ΚΠ
a1425 (a1349) R. Rolle Meditations on Passion (Uppsala) (1917) 47 (MED) Me þinkeþ, lord, I se how þei ledde þe forþ naked as a worme.
a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) 454 Nakid as a worme was she.
c1475 Gregory's Chron. in J. Gairdner Hist. Coll. Citizen London (1876) 211 The Lorde Schalys..was slayne at Synt Mary Overeyes.., and laye there dyspoyly nakyd as a worme.
a1963 T. Roethke Far Field (1964) 14 I'd be beyond the moon, Bare as a bud, and naked as a worm.
P3. naked as a stone (also rock). Now rare.
ΚΠ
c1450 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 230 (MED) Quan Adam hadde that appil ete..He stod as nakyd as a ston.
1762 J. Hall-Stevenson Crazy Tales xi. 109 Both male and female, saint and sinner, Strip themselves naked as a stone.
1837 W. Wordsworth Mem. Tour Italy iv Those old credulities,..Shall they no longer bloom upon the stock Of History, stript naked as a rock?
1913 J. Stephens Here are Ladies 139 He was as naked as a stone, or an eel, or a pot, or a new-born babe. He was very naked.
P4. naked as the day one was born and variants.
ΚΠ
a1300 Serm. (Trin. Cambr.) in Bull. Mod. Humanities Res. Assoc. (1928) 2 105 To bedde gon so nakid so þu were (borin).
a1475 Friar & Boy (Brogyntyn) in J. O. Halliwell Early Eng. Misc. (1855) 61 (MED) Ynto the strete to the play Anone they toke the ryȝt way, As nakyd as they wer bore.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) l. 169 As naked as ever he was borne.
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 53v Either of them as naked as ever they wer born.
1619 Two Wise Men & All Rest Fooles i. i. 8 I can be content to come to him as naked as ever I was born.
1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. i. xi. 65 There was a Man sitting upright as naked as ever he was born . View more context for this quotation
1776 W. J. Mickle tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad ix. 397 As fair Diana and her virgin train Some gayly ramble o'er the flowery plain,..And gliding through the distant glades display Each limb, each movement, naked as the day.
1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans II. vii. 120 They departed without food, without guns or knives, without moccasins, naked and poor, as they were born.
1872 ‘M. Twain’ Roughing It lxvii. 480 This man, naked as the day he was born, and war-club and spear in hand.
1900 J. Conrad Lord Jim xiv. 173 A boat..found him kneeling on the kelp, naked as the day he was born, and chanting some psalm-tune.
1975 T. Callender It so Happen 22 When after a coupla hours Joe wake up he find heself down there in that dark cold alley naked as he born.
1999 ‘Ai’ Vice 251 She runs down the road, throwing off her ragged clothes, as she goes, until she's as naked as the day she was born.
†P5. naked as one's nail. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adjective]
nakedOE
bareOE
start nakedc1225
nakec1300
unarrayedc1380
clothelessc1386
mother-nakedc1390
stark nakedc1390
bareda1400
naked as a needlec1400
unattiredc1400
uncladc1400
uncoveredc1400
loose1423
unclothedc1440
belly-nakeda1500
naked as one's nail1563
unabuilyeit1568
sindonlessc1595
leathern1596
disarrayed1611
undressed1613
debaredc1620
unapparelled1622
unaccoutred?1750
stark1762
disrobed1794
ungarmented1798
undraped1814
au naturel1828
nude1830
skyclad1832
garbless1838
kitless1846
spar-naked1849
raimentless1852
undoffed1854
togless1857
garmentless1866
naked as a robin1866
clothesless1868
sky clothed1878
nakedized1885
altogether1896
buck naked1913
raw1916
bollock naked1922
starkers1923
starko1923
stitchless1927
naked as a jaybird1931
bollock1950
rollock naked1962
nekkid1977
kit-off1992
1563 W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Blacke Smyth sig. Bb.viiv We..Were led in prysoners naked as my nayle.
1633 T. Heywood Eng. Traveller ii. i. sig. Ciijv He..did..so Plucke them and Pull them till hee left them as naked as my Naile.
c1650 (a1450) Death & Life l. 159 in I. Gollancz Sel. Early Eng. Poems (1930) V. 6 Shee was naked as my nayle, both aboue & belowe.
1675 C. Cotton Burlesque upon Burlesque 151 And ev'ry Goddess lay her tail As bare, and naked as my nail.
†P6. naked as a robin. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adjective]
nakedOE
bareOE
start nakedc1225
nakec1300
unarrayedc1380
clothelessc1386
mother-nakedc1390
stark nakedc1390
bareda1400
naked as a needlec1400
unattiredc1400
uncladc1400
uncoveredc1400
loose1423
unclothedc1440
belly-nakeda1500
naked as one's nail1563
unabuilyeit1568
sindonlessc1595
leathern1596
disarrayed1611
undressed1613
debaredc1620
unapparelled1622
unaccoutred?1750
stark1762
disrobed1794
ungarmented1798
undraped1814
au naturel1828
nude1830
skyclad1832
garbless1838
kitless1846
spar-naked1849
raimentless1852
undoffed1854
togless1857
garmentless1866
naked as a robin1866
clothesless1868
sky clothed1878
nakedized1885
altogether1896
buck naked1913
raw1916
bollock naked1922
starkers1923
starko1923
stitchless1927
naked as a jaybird1931
bollock1950
rollock naked1962
nekkid1977
kit-off1992
1866 D. Livingstone 30 June in Last Jrnls. (1874) I. 65 He told the havildar that he would sit down only for a little while; and, I suppose, fell asleep, for he came up to us in the evening as naked as a robin.
1882 G. F. Jackson Shropshire Word-bk. (at cited word) W'y yo' bin as naked as a robin.
1890 D. C. Murray John Vale's Guardian III. xxxviii. 215 Time was I wouldn't ha' married her..without her lands. You can send her now as naked as a robin, if you like.
P7. U.S. naked as a jaybird.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adjective]
nakedOE
bareOE
start nakedc1225
nakec1300
unarrayedc1380
clothelessc1386
mother-nakedc1390
stark nakedc1390
bareda1400
naked as a needlec1400
unattiredc1400
uncladc1400
uncoveredc1400
loose1423
unclothedc1440
belly-nakeda1500
naked as one's nail1563
unabuilyeit1568
sindonlessc1595
leathern1596
disarrayed1611
undressed1613
debaredc1620
unapparelled1622
unaccoutred?1750
stark1762
disrobed1794
ungarmented1798
undraped1814
au naturel1828
nude1830
skyclad1832
garbless1838
kitless1846
spar-naked1849
raimentless1852
undoffed1854
togless1857
garmentless1866
naked as a robin1866
clothesless1868
sky clothed1878
nakedized1885
altogether1896
buck naked1913
raw1916
bollock naked1922
starkers1923
starko1923
stitchless1927
naked as a jaybird1931
bollock1950
rollock naked1962
nekkid1977
kit-off1992
1931 Amer. Mercury Feb. 232/2 Vance..sternly put them through the manual of drill, with the unfortunate private as naked as a jaybird and unable even to clothe himself with a sweet-gum leaf.
1963 J. T. Rowland North to Adventure xi. 160 Tell us what you were doing, standing naked as a jaybird.
1972 D. Delman Sudden Death (1973) iii. 74 The corpus was naked as a jaybird.
1997 E. White Farewell Symphony (1998) ii. 76 I cast my clothes aside and mounted the examining table, ‘as naked as a jaybird’, as my mother would have said.

Compounds

C1.
naked-armed adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adjective] > having specific part of body uncovered > limbs > arms
naked-armed1609
1609 B. Jonson Masque of Qveenes iii. f. B2 At this, the Dame enter'd to them, naked-arm'd, bare-footed, her frock tuck'd, her hair knotted, and folded with Vipers.
1891 T. Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles II. xxix. 110 Tess had come out..naked-armed and jacketless.
naked-bladed adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > sense organ > sight organ > types of sight organ > [adjective]
piercinga1400
piercive1567
narrow1587
lynceous1592
lyncean1622
telescopic1749
ferrety1801
pee pee1804
falcon-eyed1847
peepy1847
naked-bladed1856
gimlety1899
night-adapted1961
1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh i. 12 And with two grey-steel naked-bladed eyes Searched through my face.
naked-breasted adj.
ΚΠ
1608 B. Jonson Characters Two Royall Masques sig. D2 In a robe of flame colour, naked brested; her bright hayre loose flowing.
1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure II. 222 He unadvisedly ran to the window..and stood there naked-breasted, and expos'd to the fatal impressions of a damp night-air.
1874 Scribner's Monthly Feb. 430/2 Groups of naked-breasted negro men at the corners of the streets.
naked-flowered adj.
ΚΠ
1853 R. Tyas Pop. Flowers 3rd Ser. 2 The Naked-flowered Crocus (C. nudiflorus) adorns the meadows..in the fall of the year.
1902 T. W. Sanders Encycl. Gardening (ed. 5) 248 Naked-flowered Azalea (Azalea nudiflora).
1957 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 84 207 D[esmodium] nudiflorum... Naked-flowered Tick Trefoil. Ramapo.
naked-flowering adj.
ΚΠ
1798 J. E. Smith Eng. Bot. VII. 491 Crocus nudiflorus. Naked-flowering crocus.
1855 A. Pratt Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. V. 233 Naked-flowering Saffron.
1951 Brittonia 7 220 The dense tangle of naked flowering panicles, arising above the nearly solid carpet of clustered leaves, extended in every direction.
naked-footed adj.
ΚΠ
1846 Hood's Mag. July 92 Lo! on a lesser scale, 'tis still the theme,—Spangling in dewdrops o'er the bladed grass; Bright'ning the shallows of the pebbled stream, Thro' which the naked-footed urchins pass.
1853 W. M. Thomas in Househ. Words 28 May 290/2 A copper-plate engraving of Paul, naked-footed, carrying Virginia over the brook.
1923 D. H. Lawrence Birds, Beasts & Flowers (N.Y. ed.) 11 And yet the soul continuing, naked-footed, ever more vividly embodied.
1992 R. Kelly Strange Market 89 I sit here baffled by the name of purple flowers, remembering all the girls in my life as they step naked-footed lewdly up the chill sedate corridors of the marble museum of my heart.
naked-handed adj.
ΚΠ
1848 Sporting Life 1 July 210/2 The savage..does not fear to encounter the dangers of his chase naked-handed.
1869 J. G. Whittier in Poet. Wks. (1898) 380/2 And he who, lone and naked-handed, tore Those jaws of death apart.
1938–62 R. Jeffers Coll. Poetry (1991) III. 142 I know that Jason would have been wiser to tempt a lionness, or naked-handed Steal the whelps of a tiger.
naked-legged adj.
ΚΠ
1823 W. Faux Mem. Days Amer. 302 I crossed the Big Wabash..at La Valette's ferry, where is beautiful land, fine young orchards, and two lonely families of naked-legged French settlers.
1887 T. Hardy Woodlanders II. iii. 43 If a fine product of vegetable nature could ever be said to look ridiculous it was the case now, when the oak stood naked-legged..till the axe-man came.
1891 Littell's Living Age 191 748/1 For the naked-legged children the sea of mud is a paradise.
naked-limbed adj.
ΚΠ
1851 Amer. Whig Rev. 14 227/1 Brontes and Steropes and the naked-limbed Pyracmon.
a1930 D. H. Lawrence Phoenix (1936) iii. 164 There the painted women dance..opposite the naked-limbed men.
naked-looking adj.
ΚΠ
1844 J. C. Frémont 3 Mar. in Life & Narr. Explor. & Adventures (1856) 412 The naked-looking shrub already mentioned continued characteristic.
1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love xiv. 201 They came to the landing-stage. Wet and naked-looking, Gerald climbed up the few steps.
2000 Horn Bk. Mag. (Nexis) 1 Sept. 561 The shorn sheep are comically scrawny and naked-looking.
naked-nerved adj.
ΚΠ
1933 D. Thomas Let. Nov. in Sel. Lett. (1966) 48 It is typical of the physically weak to emphasise the strength of life;..of the naked-nerved and blood-timid to emphasise its brutality.
naked-seeded adj.
ΚΠ
1776 J. Lee Introd. Bot. (ed. 3) 415 Gymnospermia, naked-seeded.
1852 D. T. Ansted Man. Geogr. Sci. 320 Phanerogamous plants are therefore either Gymnosperms (naked seeded) or Angiosperms (covered-seeded).
1910 Encycl. Brit. XII. 754/1 These naked-seeded plants [sc. the Gymnosperms] are of special interest on account of their great antiquity, which far exceeds that of the Angiosperms.
1992 Canad. Jrnl. Plant Sci. 72 439 AC Hill oat (Avena sativa L.) is a..naked-seeded cultivar suitable for the feed and food industries in eastern Canada.
naked-tailed adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > rump and tail > [adjective] > relating to the tail > having a tail > having a tail without hair
naked-tailed1827
1827 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom V. 189 Naked-tailed Opossum.
1983 R. M. Nowak & J. L. Paradiso Walker's Mammals of World (ed. 4) II. 751/1 Naked-tailed rats inhabit thick woods and are apparently arboreal.
1997 Conservation Biol. 11 94/2 (caption) The naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous centralis) occurs in Central and South America but is known in only one site in Mexico.
C2.
naked bat n. either of two South-East Asian bats constituting the genus Cheiromeles (family Molossidae), with thick skin and very little hair; also called hairless bat.
ΚΠ
1898 Guide Galleries Mammalia Dept. Zool. Brit. Mus. (ed. 6) 24 Of the Insectivorous Bats exhibited, the following may be noted:..the peculiar-looking Naked Bat [printed Rat] (Chiromeles torquatus) of the east Indies.
1984 D. Macdonald Encycl. Mammals II. 789 Some of the long-winged bats fold the wing tips when at rest. Most extreme in this respect is the Naked bat of Southeast Asia.
1992 G. B. Corbet & J. E. Hill Mammals Indomalayan Region 160/2 Cheiromeles Hairless bats, Naked bats... Cheiromeles torquatus Hairless bat, Naked bat.
† naked-beard grass n. U.S. Obsolete rare a grass of the genus Gymnopogon, of the southern United States, having an abortive floret which is reduced to a bare awn.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > non-British grasses > [noun] > North American
salt grass1704
wiregrass1751
Indian grass1765
buffalo grass1784
blue-eyed grass1785
mountain rice1790
nimble Will1816
yard-grass1822
mesquite1831
poverty-grass1832
tickle-moth1833
bunch-grass1837
naked-beard grass1848
needle grass1848
Means grass1858
toothache-grass1860
Johnson grass1873
Indian rice grass1893
nigger babies1897
St. Augustine grass1905
pinyon ricegrass1935
1848 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. 587 Gymnopogon, Beauv. Naked-beard Grass.
naked boys n. English regional (a) = naked ladies n.; (b) the autumn crocus, Crocus nudiflorus.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > lily and allied flowers > bluebell and allied flowers > autumn crocus
wood-lilya1400
saffron of the spring1548
meadow saffron1551
hermodactyl1578
Mercury's finger1589
colchicum1597
autumn crocus1629
naked ladies1668
naked boysa1697
upstart1852
a1697 J. Aubrey Nat. Hist. Wilts. (1847) i. ix. 51 Naked-boys (q. if not wild saffron) about Stocton.
1789 G. White Jrnl. 28 Aug. (1931) 343 Colchicum autumnale, naked boys, blows.
1886 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester 236 Naked Boys, the plant Crocus nudiflorus. Gatley, where it is plentiful in the meadows bordering the Mersey.
1919 W. Graveson Brit. Wild Flowers (pocket ed.) xxviii. 275 This Meadow Saffron blooms before the leaves show themselves; and this together with its blanched stalks account for its country name of Naked Boys.
† naked-eyed medusa n. Zoology Obsolete the gonophore of a colonial hydrozoan, formerly thought to be a distinct species.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Diploblastica > phylum Coelenterata > [noun] > class Acalepha > member of (jelly-fish)
nettle1601
sea-nettle1601
blubber1602
nettlefish1611
red nettle1611
squalder1659
sea-jellya1682
urticaa1682
carvel1688
sea-qualm1694
sea-bleb1700
acaleph1706
sea-blubber1717
Medusa1752
quarla1820
acalephan1834
medusite1838
jellyfish1841
naked-eyed medusa1848
slobber1849
sea-cross1850
sea-danger1850
sun squall1853
discophore1856
medusoid1856
starch1860
Discophoran1876
jelly1882
sea-blub1885
1848 E. Forbes (title) A monograph of the British naked-eyed Medusæ.
1870 H. A. Nicholson Man. Zool. (ed. 2) x. 98 The ‘naked-eyed’ Medusæ..are exceedingly elegant..when examined in a living condition.
1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals iii. 129 The great majority of what were formerly termed the naked-eyed Medusæ..are merely the free swimming gonophores of the Hydrophora.
1880 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 171 189 The lithocysts of the covered-eyed Medusæ resemble the marginal bodies of the naked-eyed medusæ in being rudimentary organs of vision.
naked fallow n. now rare a fallow on which no crop is grown, as opposed to one from which a green crop is taken.
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the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [noun] > fallow land
faugha1325
lea-landc1325
crestc1440
white land1459
fallow1523
hade?1523
rest-field1578
brise1600
summertilth1622
ardera1642
naked fallow1684
soil bank1955
1684 J. Banks Island Queens ii. i. 5 Sorrow has plaid the Tyrant, Plow'd up this lovely Field where Beauties grew, And quite transform'd it to a naked Fallow.
1729 R. Savage Wanderer v. 115 In dark'ning Spots, mid Fields of various Dies, Tilth new-manur'd, or naked Fallow lies.
1808 J. C. Curwen Hints Econ. Feeding Stock 234 Though no friend to naked fallows, I was obliged [etc.].
1889 J. Wrightson Fallow & Fodder Crops 5 The superiority of cropped over naked fallows.
1960 G. E. Evans Horse in Furrow x. 128 This rotation of crops did not abolish the clean (dead or naked) fallow entirely.
naked fallowing n. the practice of leaving land as a naked fallow.
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1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 364 Such soils as may..require the aid of naked or summer fallowing.
1855 G. Emerson Farmer's & Planter's Encycl. Rural Affairs (new ed.) 581/1 Green fallow, such land as is rendered clean by means of green crops, without having recourse to naked fallowing.
naked flooring n. now rare timbers that support flooring and ceiling.
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society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > joist > collectively
joisting1651
floor1679
naked flooring1819
1797 Encycl. Brit. II. 248/1 Whether we take this method or begin upon the naked floor [of the foundation].]
1819 P. Nicholson Archit. Dict. II. 386/2 Naked flooring, the whole assemblage, or contignation of timber-work. for supporting the boarding of a floor on which to walk. Naked flooring consists of a row of parallel joists.
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 569 Naked flooring, for ball-rooms, should be framed very strong.
1847 A. C. Smeaton Builder's Pocket Man. (new ed.) 74 There are three kinds of naked flooring: single, double, and framed.
1871 L. Colange Zell's Pop. Encycl. II. 436 Naked flooring consists of a row of parallel joists, called floor-joists.
naked force n. unconcealed, ruthless force.
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the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > violent treatment or force > ruthless
naked force1725
society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun] > physical coercion > unconcealed or ruthless
naked force1725
1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey II. vi. 361 Soon as their rage subsides, the seas I brave With naked force [Gk. αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γε νηχόμενος τόδε λαῖτμα διέτμαγον], and shoot along the wave, To reach this Isle.
1855 A. Potter Lect. Evid. Christianity 67 A system of thought or discipline might by authority, or tradition, or naked force, deeply affect the character of man, and yet be unable to retain him permanently in its grasp.
1897 Harper's Mag. Feb. 363/1 But the brief, tremendous duel in which soul grappled with soul in naked force, and in which the woman's won, had been glory enough.
1963 New Statesman 6 Dec. 847/2 According to the United States State Department, Fidel Castro uses naked force in Cuba.
a1994 W. Everson Integral Years in Poems 1966–94 (1999) II. 29 There is no truth to trust. That power they hold is subject to our lust; Their naked force subserves our fury for the dust.
naked forme n. Printing a forme without its furniture.
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society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > composed type > [noun] > forme > without furniture
naked forme1683
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. Dict. 385 Naked Form,..is when the Furniture is taken from about all sides of the Form.
1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 86 Naked forme, a forme of type waiting for—or stripped of—furniture.
1960 G. A. Glaister Gloss. Bk. 144/1 A ‘naked forme’ consists of pages of type secured by page-cord; a ‘dressed forme’ is one of pages of type with furniture between and around them and the page-cord removed.
naked ladies n. (also in singular naked lady) (a) British (chiefly regional), the meadow saffron, Colchicum autumnale, which bears flowers on leafless stems in early autumn, the leaves appearing the following spring; (b) U.S. the belladonna lily, Amaryllis belladonna, which has a similar manner of growth.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > lily and allied flowers > bluebell and allied flowers > autumn crocus
wood-lilya1400
saffron of the spring1548
meadow saffron1551
hermodactyl1578
Mercury's finger1589
colchicum1597
autumn crocus1629
naked ladies1668
naked boysa1697
upstart1852
1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. ii. iv. 74 Having naked flowers without any stem;... Medow Saffron, Naked Lady.
1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. I. at Colchicum The Flowers come up and are blown some Time before the green Leaves appear, and are therefore by some call'd Naked Ladies.
1853 R. Tyas Pop. Flowers 3rd Ser. 2 The Autumnal Crocus, or Meadow Saffron..bears also the name of Naked Lady, from the fact of its pretty flowers presenting themselves without leaves.
1960 S. Ary & M. Gregory Oxf. Bk. Wild Flowers 162/1 Meadow Saffron... This perennial plant flowers in the autumn, after all the leaves have withered—hence its country name, Naked Ladies.
1986 New Yorker 17 Nov. 48/1 The bleached hot earth exploded with amaryllis. Naked ladies, the local people called them.
naked mole-rat n. a blind, almost hairless mole-rat of East Africa, Heterocephalus glaber (family Bathyergidae), which lives in underground colonies in which only one pair breeds, most other individuals acting as workers.
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1879 Cassell's Nat. Hist. III. iii. 121 The Naked Mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), which has no external ears and a short tail, has the body almost entirely naked.
1931 Proc. Zool. Soc. 2 961 Cheek-teeth..; mandible hystricine in form. (Mole-Rats and Naked Mole-Rats.)
1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VI. 978/3 The fur is short and soft except in one unusual form, the naked mole rat.
1996 Times 18 Apr. 11/1 Naked mole-rats—which are neither moles nor rats—dig out complex burrows where they establish colonies in which only the queen bears young.
naked oat n. (also naked oats) the oat Avena nuda, in which the grain lacks the fibrous outer husk; cf. sense A. 11b, pilcorn n.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > oats > oat plants
pilcorn1283
aveyn1475
pillotes1551
pilled oats1578
naked oat1597
groats1669
pillez1764
oat1790
Scotch grey1798
turnip-oatsc1800
1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 68 Auena Nuda..in Northfolke and Southfolke..are called vnhulled and naked Otes.
1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 93 And so of Oats, as the common Black, Blue, Naked, Bearded in North-wales.
1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1721) I. 136 In Staffordshire..is a sort of red or naked Oats.
1808 J. Walker Econ. Hist. Hebrides I. 229 The naked oat..is so called, because the grain..falls naked from the head, like a grain of wheat.
1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. i. vii. 174 In some peculiar varieties of oat the fruit escapes naturally from the leaves, and these kinds are known as naked oats or huskless oats.
1990 Food FIPP Apr. 29/2 The company uses a ‘naked’ oat without a husk so that the grain can be malted.
naked sight n. = naked eye n.
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the world > life > the body > sense organ > sight organ > [noun]
eyeeOE
eilthirlc1225
windowc1230
naked eye1651
bare eye1664
naked sight1698
1698 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 394 The great Eyes of our large Libellæ, or Adderbolts, which to the naked Sight are plainly perceived to be composed of innumerable Globuli.
1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. xxiii. 240 To the naked sight, or to unassisted vision.
1905 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 35 144 I could also follow with my naked sight the path of my own or other people's bullets through the air.
1964 ELH 31 38 The poetry of divestment and naked sight even takes on a collective significance when both Stevens and Mallarmé envisage a ‘supreme fiction’.
† naked-tail n. Obsolete rare the brown four-eyed opossum, Metachirus nudicaudatus, of South America.
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a1823 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) XIV. 495/1 In Guaiana is found the rabo pelado, or naked-tail, a ravenous animal, of the vulpine species.
naked trust n. Law a trust that imposes no active duties on the trustee, other than that of conveying the property to the beneficiary when required; a bare trust.bare trust is now the more common term.
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1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. iii. iii. f. 181v A diversitie betweene a naked Trust or an Authoritie, and a Trust or Authoritie ioyned to an estate or interest.
1761 H. Bathurst Theory Evid. (Dublin ed.) 95 A naked Trust does not exclude a Man from being a Witness.
1906 Washington Post 19 July 11/1 The court holds that the position occupied by Rogers was not that of a trustee holding a mere naked trust, but that he had full control.
2015 tr. M. Papchenkova in What Papers Say (Nexis) 9 July Most CFCs are held by Russian residents via a ‘naked’ trust.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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n.2OEadj.n.1eOE
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