muraladj.¹

Brit.

/ˈmjʊərəl/,

/ˈmjʊərl̩/,

/ˈmjɔːrəl/,

/ˈmjɔːrl̩/, U.S.

/ˈmjʊr(ə)l/

Forms: late Middle English– mural, 1500s–1600s murall, 1600s murell; also Scottish pre-1700 murall.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin mūrālis.

Etymology: < classical Latin mūrālis of or relating to a wall, growing on a wall < mūrus wall (see mure n.) + -ālis -al suffix¹. Compare Middle French, French mural (15th cent.; earlier in couronne murale (1352–6 as coronne murail)), Italian murale (1667; 14th cent. in corona murale), Spanish mural (1556; 1385 in corona mural), Portuguese mural (16th cent.).In sense 1 after classical Latin mūrālis corōna ; compare also Romance parallels listed above. With specific uses in astronomy (see sense 4) compare French arc mural (1765), cercle mural (1805).

1. Designating a crown or (later also) a garland, wreath, etc., conferred as a mark of honour (originally by the ancient Romans) on the first soldier to scale the walls of a besieged town. In extended use: designating any similar crown, esp. in heraldic depictions or as worn by the goddess Cybele. Frequently in mural crown (also crown mural).The upper circumference of the mural crown was crenellated (embattled) so as to resemble a fortified wall.

ΚΠ

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) iv. 267 Another crowne, that callid was Mural, Was youe and grauntid bi the emperour To hym that firste wan vpon the wal.

1494 Loutfut MS f. 124^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Murall The crowne obsedionall, the crowne murall, the crowne nawall.

1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke ii. xi. 54 The mural or wal croune that was geuen to him that scaled firste the walles.

1572 J. Bossewell Wks. Armorie ii. f. 77^v One is named a Crowne murall.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. vi. 231 Two goodly murall garlands [bestowed upon Manlius] for scaling and entering upon the wals first.

1630 P. Massinger Picture sig. E4 All rewards And signes of honour, as the Ciuicke garland, The murall wreath, the enemies prime horse,..To him alone are proper.

1675 J. Crowne Calisto Prol. sig. B1^v (stage direct.) Enter one Crown'd with a Mural Crown, attended by Warriors.

1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 85. ⁋2 He toils without the hope of mural or civick garlands.

1792 Butler's Diary 137 The future General would have been dispensed with, to have kept her Algernon in safety with her.., in preference to all honours, or the crown mural.

1851 A. Helps Compan. Solitude iv. 61 One in rich vesture, superb, with what seems like a mural crown on her head.

1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. V. xvii. 43 Caesar, him, for Corinium's conquered wall..Gives mural crown, behold, of the fine gold!

1977 O. Neubecker Heraldry Sources, Symbols & Meaning 246 Since the eighteenth century the mural crown has become the heraldic symbol of the self-governing town.

1997 D. Nokes Jane Austen (1998) v. 178 Mr Austen purchased a carriage which had, painted on its panels, the family crest of a stag on a crown mural.

a. That is placed, fixed, or executed on a wall. See also mural painting n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [adjective] > of the nature of a wall > placed on a wall

mural1561

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to medium or technique > [adjective] > mural

mural1916

1561 R. Eden tr. M. Cortés Arte Nauigation ii. xvi. sig. Fiii^v You wyll make a mural dial [Sp. relox mural].

1813 T. J. Dibdin Metrical Hist. Eng. I. i. 29 He chaced Galgacus o'er the Northern plain, And bound his footsteps with a mural chain.

1830 A. Heber Life R. Heber II. 445 The government of Madras also ordered..a mural tablet to be erected to his memory in St. John's Church at Trichinopoly, with the following inscription.

1872 H. I. Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lake District (1879) 186 Isel church is a small, ancient building, containing..some mural inscriptions.

1916 H. F. Osborn Men of Old Stone Age 316 This Art..is also mural or parietal.., consisting of drawings, engravings, paintings and bas-reliefs on the walls of caverns and grottos.

1999 S. F. Badhamt & M. W. Norris Early Incised Slabs xii. 110 Now mural at the west end of the south aisle, it [sc. the cross slab] was previously at the east end of the nave.

†b. Of a fruit tree: growing against and fastened to a wall. Also: designating the fruit of such a tree. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of fruit > [adjective] > trained to wall

mural1664

1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 70 in Sylva Mural-trees.

1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 76 in Sylva Plant dry Trees.., Standard, Mural, or Shrubs.

1710 Philos. Trans. 1708–09 (Royal Soc.) 26 469 The Sap of our finer mural Fruit-Trees, as of Peaches, Nectarines, Apricocks, &c.

1731 Gentleman's Mag. 1 40 The Nectarine and like delicate mural Fruit.

a. Of, relating to, or resembling a wall; consisting of walls.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [adjective] > of the nature of a wall

mural1586

walled1805

1586 W. Warner Albions Eng. ii. viii. 21 Prouiding therefore murall workes, they threaten hot assault.

1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. i. 14 Adding much beautie & strength to the Murall Angles, where they fall gracefully into an indented Worke.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 879 And soon repaird Her mural breach, returning whence it rowld.

1737 R. Glover Leonidas v. 551 Like the mural strength Of some proud city bulwark'd round.

1807 J. Barlow Columbiad ii. 72 Three cities gay their mural towers unfold.

1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss. 1007 An arch inserted into or attached to a wall is called a mural arch; and columns placed within or against a wall are called mural columns.

1871 Proc. Royal Soc. 1870–71 19 268 Medullary rays, having a peculiar mural structure.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 817/1 In the Carib province there are no mural remains, but the pottery..recalls Mexico.

1921 P. S. Allen Let. 21 Sept. (1939) 180 A regular ‘peale tower’..7 ft. thick at the bottom, but with mural chambers and staircases.

1978 P. Johnson National Trust Bk. Castles 46 The principal hall was on the second or third storey, often with an internal mural gallery, and with mural chambers opening off it.

b. Designating a geological formation suggestive of a wall.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > [adjective] > specific shape

mural1774

tooth-like1835

blind1848

teeth-like1884

1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 120 The rocks which on both sides are perfectly mural and equidistant.

1796 A. Seward Llangollen Vale 6 The Vale below..screen'd by mural rocks, with pride displays Beauty's romantic pomp.

1851 G. F. Richardson Introd. Geol. (1855) vi. 153 A mural escarpment is one of a steeper and more perpendicular character.

1860 G. Hartwig tr. Sea & its Living Wonders i. 5 Bold mural coasts, rising precipitously from the deep sea.

1880 S. Haughton Six Lect. Physical Geogr. ii. 71 A margin of lofty unbroken mural precipices nowhere less than 12,000 feet in height.

1908 Missouri Bot. Garden 19th Ann. Rep. 146 [The St Louis limestone]..forms a mural cliff from 60 to 70 feet high.

1983 J. McPhee In Suspect Terrain 92 The formation, known as Shawangunk, that forms the mural cliffs above the Delaware River.

†c. Designating a system of knocks and scratches resembling Morse code, which enables two people to communicate through a wall. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1829 J. Swaim (title) The mural diagraph, or the art of conversing through a wall.

1860 G. B. Prescott Electr. Telegr. xxi. 420 The dots of the Mural alphabet are represented by knocks on the wall, and the lines by scratches.

4. Astronomy. Designating or relating to a wall or walled arch set in the plane of the meridian for the alignment of a large quadrant, telescope, etc.; frequently in mural arc, mural circle. Also: designating an instrument fixed to such a wall. Now historical.Such instruments were superseded by the meridian circle or transit circle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > measuring altitude > [noun] > mural arch

mural arc1786

mural circle1833

1674 R. Hooke Animadversions Machina Cœlestis 32 Let there be made a very large mural Quadrant.

1722 Philos. Trans. 1720–21 (Royal Soc.) 31 2 This Tube he [sc. Cassini] firmly fix'd to the Plain of a Mural Arch, which had been for above 30 Years immoveably cemented to the Wall of the Royal Observatory.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Tycho de Brahe was the first who used a Mural-Arch in his Observations.

1739 Philos. Trans. 1737–8 (Royal Soc.) 40 45 Two mural Quadrants of Mr. Grahams's Make.

1769 Philos. Trans. 1768 (Royal Soc.) 58 54 The surface of the water wherein the ball of the plumb-line hung, for rectifying the position of my mural quadrant, was continually freezing.

1786 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 76 5 In the year 1689, M^r. Flamsteed compleated his mural arc at Greenwich.

1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. vi. 25 When the quadrant is fixed to the side of a vertical wall in the plane of the meridian, it is called a mural quadrant.

1833 Mem. Royal Astron. Soc. 5 325 Not long after the mural circle was fixed at the Cape Observatory it was rumoured that the Astronomer..was dissatisfied with its performance.

1861 G. F. Chambers Handbk. Descr. Astron. viii. v. 356 The Mural Circle consists of a graduated circle furnished with a suitable telescope, and very firmly affixed to a wall (murus) in the plane of the meridian.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 311/2 Troughton was dissatisfied with this form of instrument [sc. the transit circle], which a few years afterwards was brought to great perfection.., and designed the mural circle in its place.

1946 Nature 14 Dec. 858/2 A large mural quadrant, which was his own invention, of 6¾ ft. radius.

1994 J. North Fontana Hist. Astron. & Cosmol. viii. 187 He [sc. al-Battānī] introduced material on instruments—a sundial with seasonal hours, a new type of armillary, a mural quadrant.

a. Zoology and Botany. Of, relating to, associated with, or constituting a septum or partition in an animal or plant body or organ; (also) of or relating to a cell wall.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > specific areas or structures > [adjective] > separation or partition

septal1824

mediastinal1826

mediastinal1828

septate1828

parietal1839

septated1858

mural1872

1872 Philos. Trans. 1871 (Royal Soc.) 161 485 The strong disposition shown by the cells of these structures in the Calamite to assume a mural arrangement confirms..the idea of these organs being medullary rays.

1876 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 166 92 The section [sc. Madreporaria Tabulata] is characterized by having the corallum composed essentially of a much developed mural system, with the visceral chambers divided into a series of stories by complete diaphragms or transverse floors.

1890 Amer. Naturalist 24 434 For a short portion of the body adjoining the terminal tentacles its surface is thrown into folds or ridges, which are possibly due to mural contraction.

1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 108 Favosites... Corallites long and polygonal; the walls are in contact but not fused, and are perforated by pores (‘mural pores’) arranged in rows along each face.

1994 New Phytologist 126 577/1 Specific entities tightly bound into the cell wall..are loosely bound to the mural face of the PM [= plasma membrane].

b. Medicine. Of, relating to, or involving the wall of an organ, cyst, or other structure.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > specific areas or structures > [adjective] > separation or partition

septal1824

mediastinal1826

mediastinal1828

septate1828

parietal1839

septated1858

mural1872

1872 T. G. Thomas Pract. Treat. Dis. Women (ed. 3) 276 Neoplasms, whether they be submucous, subserous or mural, keep up a constant nervous irritation.

1884 R. Barnes & F. Barnes Syst. Obstetr. Med. I. 329 Parietal,..mural, interstitial or tubo-uterine gestation.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 161 A thrombus formed from the circulating blood is at first parietal or mural.

1968 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 7 Mar. 558/1 If embolism occurred, the question is whether the source was..mural thrombus in the heart or a pulmonary vein.

1977 Lancet 28 May 1154/1 Four of them died and, at necropsy, had evidence of transmural infarction and a mural thrombosis.

1987 D. J. Weatherall et al. Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) I. xii. 133/1 They [sc. diverticula] increase in frequency with age and result from a deterioration of mural strength.

2002 Acta Neuropathologica 103 152 The other [tumor] was a cystic lesion with a mural nodule in the left frontal lobe.

6. Zoology and Botany. Of a bird, plant, etc.: inhabiting walls, cliffs, or rock faces.

ΚΠ

1877 R. Ridgway in U.S. Geol. Exped. 40th Parallel IV. iii. 326 Mural Avifauna—This group is a rather heterogenous one, part of the species being saxicoline, while others nest in vertical banks of earth.

1900 Bot. Gaz. 30 414 A[splenium] ebenoides..is here strictly a mural fern, and..grows in the narrow chinks of rock where there is a minimum of earth.

1934 Jrnl. Ecol. 22 25 Several of these mural species [of mollusc] often occur together.

1969 Ecology 50 943/1 The plant sociological literature in general and that bearing on mural vegetation specifically is abundant.

1972 Jrnl. Ecol. 60 799 Exposure is clearly of considerable importance with respect to the representation of species in mural communities.

Compounds

mural-crowned adj. wearing a mural crown (sense 1).

ΚΠ

1872 W. D. Howells Their Wedding Journey (1892) 297 The mighty rock, mural-crowned.

mural tower n. rare a tower that projects inwards to strengthen the walls (see quot.).

ΚΠ

1845 G. T. Clark in Archæol. Jrnl. 1 102 The walls [of Edwardian castles] were strengthened by ‘mural’ [towers] , or towers projecting inwards,..and ‘buttress-towers’ projecting outwards.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	mural
释义	† muraln.¹ Forms: late Middle English muraill, late Middle English murayl, late Middle English muraylle, 1500s mural; Scottish pre-1700 muralȝe. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French muraille. Etymology: < Middle French muraille, feminine (c1200 in Old French), probably < classical Latin mūrālia , use as noun of neuter plural of mūrālis mural adj.¹, taken as feminine singular (see -al suffix¹). Compare Old Occitan muralha (c1350; Occitan muralha), Italian muraglia (a1340 or earlier; probably > Spanish muralla (1397), Catalan muralla (c1400), Portuguese muralha (17th cent.)).Old French muraille superseded earlier murail , masculine (1119; > muray n.), probably < mur wall (see mure n.) + -ail , suffix corresponding to classical Latin -āculum (compare attirail n.). Compare Anglo-Norman mural, murail, Old Occitan muralh (end of the 12th cent.). Obsolete. A wall.Pope introduced the word into the text of Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream v. ii. 205 in his edition of 1728, giving the reading ‘Now is the Mural down between the two neighbours’ ( Wks. I. 132), where the Folio has ‘Now is the morall downe betweene the two Neighbors’, and the Quarto (1600) has ‘Now is the Moon vsed between the two neighbors’ (which appears to make little sense). These readings are generally rejected by modern editors as misreadings or bad conjectures: H. F. Brooks (1979) reads ‘Now is the mure rased between the two neighbours’, while S. Wells and G. Taylor (1986) read ‘Now is the wall downe between the two neighbors’. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [noun] > wall wallc900 mureOE mural?1473 ?1473 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Recuyell Hist. Troye (1894) II. lf. 201 ^v He sawe his enemies that hasted hem to come vnto the muraill & wallis with ladders. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Siege & Conqueste Jerusalem (1893) iii. 21 He shewid to hym..a parte of the muraylles whiche were thenne yet apperyng. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. gvij/2 In suche wyse that the grete quarters of the murayl & walles fyl and tombled doun to the erthe. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) x. i. 53 Amyd the clos muralȝeis and paill, And doubill dykis, quhou thai thame assail. 1555 R. Eden tr. V. Biringucci Pyrotechnia in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 336 In folowyng this order of woorke in the pourgynge and diuydynge of golde, it shall not bee requisite as in other maner of practises, to bee at greate charges by reason of many men which shall be needefull, with manye murals [It. di tante muraglie], fornaces, fiers, and dyuers artificers. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online December 2021). muraln.² Brit. /ˈmjʊərəl/, /ˈmjʊərl̩/, /ˈmjɔːrəl/, /ˈmjɔːrl̩/, U.S. /ˈmjʊr(ə)l/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: mural adj.¹ Etymology: < mural adj.¹; in sense 1 probably after classical Latin mūrālis a plant growing on walls, specific use as noun (short for herba mūrālis ) of mūrālis , adjective; in sense 2 short for mural painting n. †1. A fruit tree grown against and fastened to a wall. Cf. mural adj.¹ 2b. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > cultivated or valued > [noun] > fruit-tree > wall-tree or standard standard1625 wall-tree1653 stander1660 espalier1664 wall-fruit1669 mural1684 waller1688 wall1707 cordon1878 spalliard1888 1684 J. Evelyn in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 14 562 Among the fruit Trees, and Murals, none seem to have suffer'd save Figs. 1699 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 9) 30 Now is the best time for pruning young Murals. 2. Originally U.S. A painting executed directly on to a wall or ceiling as part of a scheme of decoration. Also attributive, esp. in mural painter. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to medium or technique > [noun] > a mural painting wall-painting1688 mural painting1850 mural1908 muriel1955 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to medium or technique > [noun] > a mural painting > painter muralist1901 mural painter1908 1908 New Broadway Mag. Apr. 73 (heading) Edwin H. Blashfield: Mural Painter. 1921 Quill Mar. 23 I'm doing big things... ‘They satisfy’ and such outdoor murals. 1936 R. E. Sherwood Idiot's Delight ii. i. 76 He has been out in Australia doing colossal murals for some government building. 1949 F. Maclean Eastern Approaches i. ii. 18 The Customs' building [in the frontier station of Negoreloye]..was a fine big, bright room, decorated with murals depicting scenes from Soviet life. 1973 F. Taubes Painter's Dict. 159 Only a certain portion of a large mural can be completed in one day's work. 1991 Jrnl. Design Hist. 4 221/2 Such a paper..undoubtedly supplanted the role of the mural decorator. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). muraladj.¹ Brit. /ˈmjʊərəl/, /ˈmjʊərl̩/, /ˈmjɔːrəl/, /ˈmjɔːrl̩/, U.S. /ˈmjʊr(ə)l/ Forms: late Middle English– mural, 1500s–1600s murall, 1600s murell; also Scottish pre-1700 murall. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin mūrālis. Etymology: < classical Latin mūrālis of or relating to a wall, growing on a wall < mūrus wall (see mure n.) + -ālis -al suffix¹. Compare Middle French, French mural (15th cent.; earlier in couronne murale (1352–6 as coronne murail)), Italian murale (1667; 14th cent. in corona murale), Spanish mural (1556; 1385 in corona mural), Portuguese mural (16th cent.).In sense 1 after classical Latin mūrālis corōna ; compare also Romance parallels listed above. With specific uses in astronomy (see sense 4) compare French arc mural (1765), cercle mural (1805). 1. Designating a crown or (later also) a garland, wreath, etc., conferred as a mark of honour (originally by the ancient Romans) on the first soldier to scale the walls of a besieged town. In extended use: designating any similar crown, esp. in heraldic depictions or as worn by the goddess Cybele. Frequently in mural crown (also crown mural).The upper circumference of the mural crown was crenellated (embattled) so as to resemble a fortified wall. ΚΠ a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) iv. 267 Another crowne, that callid was Mural, Was youe and grauntid bi the emperour To hym that firste wan vpon the wal. 1494 Loutfut MS f. 124^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Murall The crowne obsedionall, the crowne murall, the crowne nawall. 1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke ii. xi. 54 The mural or wal croune that was geuen to him that scaled firste the walles. 1572 J. Bossewell Wks. Armorie ii. f. 77^v One is named a Crowne murall. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. vi. 231 Two goodly murall garlands [bestowed upon Manlius] for scaling and entering upon the wals first. 1630 P. Massinger Picture sig. E4 All rewards And signes of honour, as the Ciuicke garland, The murall wreath, the enemies prime horse,..To him alone are proper. 1675 J. Crowne Calisto Prol. sig. B1^v (stage direct.) Enter one Crown'd with a Mural Crown, attended by Warriors. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 85. ⁋2 He toils without the hope of mural or civick garlands. 1792 Butler's Diary 137 The future General would have been dispensed with, to have kept her Algernon in safety with her.., in preference to all honours, or the crown mural. 1851 A. Helps Compan. Solitude iv. 61 One in rich vesture, superb, with what seems like a mural crown on her head. 1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. V. xvii. 43 Caesar, him, for Corinium's conquered wall..Gives mural crown, behold, of the fine gold! 1977 O. Neubecker Heraldry Sources, Symbols & Meaning 246 Since the eighteenth century the mural crown has become the heraldic symbol of the self-governing town. 1997 D. Nokes Jane Austen (1998) v. 178 Mr Austen purchased a carriage which had, painted on its panels, the family crest of a stag on a crown mural. 2. a. That is placed, fixed, or executed on a wall. See also mural painting n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [adjective] > of the nature of a wall > placed on a wall mural1561 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to medium or technique > [adjective] > mural mural1916 1561 R. Eden tr. M. Cortés Arte Nauigation ii. xvi. sig. Fiii^v You wyll make a mural dial [Sp. relox mural]. 1813 T. J. Dibdin Metrical Hist. Eng. I. i. 29 He chaced Galgacus o'er the Northern plain, And bound his footsteps with a mural chain. 1830 A. Heber Life R. Heber II. 445 The government of Madras also ordered..a mural tablet to be erected to his memory in St. John's Church at Trichinopoly, with the following inscription. 1872 H. I. Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lake District (1879) 186 Isel church is a small, ancient building, containing..some mural inscriptions. 1916 H. F. Osborn Men of Old Stone Age 316 This Art..is also mural or parietal.., consisting of drawings, engravings, paintings and bas-reliefs on the walls of caverns and grottos. 1999 S. F. Badhamt & M. W. Norris Early Incised Slabs xii. 110 Now mural at the west end of the south aisle, it [sc. the cross slab] was previously at the east end of the nave. †b. Of a fruit tree: growing against and fastened to a wall. Also: designating the fruit of such a tree. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of fruit > [adjective] > trained to wall mural1664 1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 70 in Sylva Mural-trees. 1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 76 in Sylva Plant dry Trees.., Standard, Mural, or Shrubs. 1710 Philos. Trans. 1708–09 (Royal Soc.) 26 469 The Sap of our finer mural Fruit-Trees, as of Peaches, Nectarines, Apricocks, &c. 1731 Gentleman's Mag. 1 40 The Nectarine and like delicate mural Fruit. 3. a. Of, relating to, or resembling a wall; consisting of walls. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [adjective] > of the nature of a wall mural1586 walled1805 1586 W. Warner Albions Eng. ii. viii. 21 Prouiding therefore murall workes, they threaten hot assault. 1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. i. 14 Adding much beautie & strength to the Murall Angles, where they fall gracefully into an indented Worke. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 879 And soon repaird Her mural breach, returning whence it rowld. View more context for this quotation 1737 R. Glover Leonidas v. 551 Like the mural strength Of some proud city bulwark'd round. 1807 J. Barlow Columbiad ii. 72 Three cities gay their mural towers unfold. 1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss. 1007 An arch inserted into or attached to a wall is called a mural arch; and columns placed within or against a wall are called mural columns. 1871 Proc. Royal Soc. 1870–71 19 268 Medullary rays, having a peculiar mural structure. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 817/1 In the Carib province there are no mural remains, but the pottery..recalls Mexico. 1921 P. S. Allen Let. 21 Sept. (1939) 180 A regular ‘peale tower’..7 ft. thick at the bottom, but with mural chambers and staircases. 1978 P. Johnson National Trust Bk. Castles 46 The principal hall was on the second or third storey, often with an internal mural gallery, and with mural chambers opening off it. b. Designating a geological formation suggestive of a wall. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > [adjective] > specific shape mural1774 tooth-like1835 blind1848 teeth-like1884 1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 120 The rocks which on both sides are perfectly mural and equidistant. 1796 A. Seward Llangollen Vale 6 The Vale below..screen'd by mural rocks, with pride displays Beauty's romantic pomp. 1851 G. F. Richardson Introd. Geol. (1855) vi. 153 A mural escarpment is one of a steeper and more perpendicular character. 1860 G. Hartwig tr. Sea & its Living Wonders i. 5 Bold mural coasts, rising precipitously from the deep sea. 1880 S. Haughton Six Lect. Physical Geogr. ii. 71 A margin of lofty unbroken mural precipices nowhere less than 12,000 feet in height. 1908 Missouri Bot. Garden 19th Ann. Rep. 146 [The St Louis limestone]..forms a mural cliff from 60 to 70 feet high. 1983 J. McPhee In Suspect Terrain 92 The formation, known as Shawangunk, that forms the mural cliffs above the Delaware River. †c. Designating a system of knocks and scratches resembling Morse code, which enables two people to communicate through a wall. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1829 J. Swaim (title) The mural diagraph, or the art of conversing through a wall. 1860 G. B. Prescott Electr. Telegr. xxi. 420 The dots of the Mural alphabet are represented by knocks on the wall, and the lines by scratches. 4. Astronomy. Designating or relating to a wall or walled arch set in the plane of the meridian for the alignment of a large quadrant, telescope, etc.; frequently in mural arc, mural circle. Also: designating an instrument fixed to such a wall. Now historical.Such instruments were superseded by the meridian circle or transit circle. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > measuring altitude > [noun] > mural arch mural arc1786 mural circle1833 1674 R. Hooke Animadversions Machina Cœlestis 32 Let there be made a very large mural Quadrant. 1722 Philos. Trans. 1720–21 (Royal Soc.) 31 2 This Tube he [sc. Cassini] firmly fix'd to the Plain of a Mural Arch, which had been for above 30 Years immoveably cemented to the Wall of the Royal Observatory. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Tycho de Brahe was the first who used a Mural-Arch in his Observations. 1739 Philos. Trans. 1737–8 (Royal Soc.) 40 45 Two mural Quadrants of Mr. Grahams's Make. 1769 Philos. Trans. 1768 (Royal Soc.) 58 54 The surface of the water wherein the ball of the plumb-line hung, for rectifying the position of my mural quadrant, was continually freezing. 1786 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 76 5 In the year 1689, M^r. Flamsteed compleated his mural arc at Greenwich. 1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. vi. 25 When the quadrant is fixed to the side of a vertical wall in the plane of the meridian, it is called a mural quadrant. 1833 Mem. Royal Astron. Soc. 5 325 Not long after the mural circle was fixed at the Cape Observatory it was rumoured that the Astronomer..was dissatisfied with its performance. 1861 G. F. Chambers Handbk. Descr. Astron. viii. v. 356 The Mural Circle consists of a graduated circle furnished with a suitable telescope, and very firmly affixed to a wall (murus) in the plane of the meridian. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 311/2 Troughton was dissatisfied with this form of instrument [sc. the transit circle], which a few years afterwards was brought to great perfection.., and designed the mural circle in its place. 1946 Nature 14 Dec. 858/2 A large mural quadrant, which was his own invention, of 6¾ ft. radius. 1994 J. North Fontana Hist. Astron. & Cosmol. viii. 187 He [sc. al-Battānī] introduced material on instruments—a sundial with seasonal hours, a new type of armillary, a mural quadrant. 5. a. Zoology and Botany. Of, relating to, associated with, or constituting a septum or partition in an animal or plant body or organ; (also) of or relating to a cell wall. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > specific areas or structures > [adjective] > separation or partition septal1824 mediastinal1826 mediastinal1828 septate1828 parietal1839 septated1858 mural1872 mural1872 1872 Philos. Trans. 1871 (Royal Soc.) 161 485 The strong disposition shown by the cells of these structures in the Calamite to assume a mural arrangement confirms..the idea of these organs being medullary rays. 1876 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 166 92 The section [sc. Madreporaria Tabulata] is characterized by having the corallum composed essentially of a much developed mural system, with the visceral chambers divided into a series of stories by complete diaphragms or transverse floors. 1890 Amer. Naturalist 24 434 For a short portion of the body adjoining the terminal tentacles its surface is thrown into folds or ridges, which are possibly due to mural contraction. 1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 108 Favosites... Corallites long and polygonal; the walls are in contact but not fused, and are perforated by pores (‘mural pores’) arranged in rows along each face. 1994 New Phytologist 126 577/1 Specific entities tightly bound into the cell wall..are loosely bound to the mural face of the PM [= plasma membrane]. b. Medicine. Of, relating to, or involving the wall of an organ, cyst, or other structure. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > specific areas or structures > [adjective] > separation or partition septal1824 mediastinal1826 mediastinal1828 septate1828 parietal1839 septated1858 mural1872 mural1872 1872 T. G. Thomas Pract. Treat. Dis. Women (ed. 3) 276 Neoplasms, whether they be submucous, subserous or mural, keep up a constant nervous irritation. 1884 R. Barnes & F. Barnes Syst. Obstetr. Med. I. 329 Parietal,..mural, interstitial or tubo-uterine gestation. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 161 A thrombus formed from the circulating blood is at first parietal or mural. 1968 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 7 Mar. 558/1 If embolism occurred, the question is whether the source was..mural thrombus in the heart or a pulmonary vein. 1977 Lancet 28 May 1154/1 Four of them died and, at necropsy, had evidence of transmural infarction and a mural thrombosis. 1987 D. J. Weatherall et al. Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) I. xii. 133/1 They [sc. diverticula] increase in frequency with age and result from a deterioration of mural strength. 2002 Acta Neuropathologica 103 152 The other [tumor] was a cystic lesion with a mural nodule in the left frontal lobe. 6. Zoology and Botany. Of a bird, plant, etc.: inhabiting walls, cliffs, or rock faces. ΚΠ 1877 R. Ridgway in U.S. Geol. Exped. 40th Parallel IV. iii. 326 Mural Avifauna—This group is a rather heterogenous one, part of the species being saxicoline, while others nest in vertical banks of earth. 1900 Bot. Gaz. 30 414 A[splenium] ebenoides..is here strictly a mural fern, and..grows in the narrow chinks of rock where there is a minimum of earth. 1934 Jrnl. Ecol. 22 25 Several of these mural species [of mollusc] often occur together. 1969 Ecology 50 943/1 The plant sociological literature in general and that bearing on mural vegetation specifically is abundant. 1972 Jrnl. Ecol. 60 799 Exposure is clearly of considerable importance with respect to the representation of species in mural communities. Compounds mural-crowned adj. wearing a mural crown (sense 1). ΚΠ 1872 W. D. Howells Their Wedding Journey (1892) 297 The mighty rock, mural-crowned. mural tower n. rare a tower that projects inwards to strengthen the walls (see quot.). ΚΠ 1845 G. T. Clark in Archæol. Jrnl. 1 102 The walls [of Edwardian castles] were strengthened by ‘mural’ [towers] , or towers projecting inwards,..and ‘buttress-towers’ projecting outwards. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † muraladj.² Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin muria , -al suffix¹. Etymology: Irregularly < classical Latin muria brine (see muriatic adj.) + -al suffix¹. Chemistry. Obsolete. rare. = muriatic adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > [adjective] > obtained from sea marine1605 muriatic1676 mural1742 the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [adjective] > named salts > haloid > of or relating to chlorides muriatic1676 mural1742 sal-ammoniacal1760 1742 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 42 51 This [hot spring] Water..contains..a mural Salt of a limy Quality. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2021). † muraladj.³ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French mural. Etymology: < French mural (1799 or earlier) < mûre mulberry (see mulberry n.) + -al -al suffix¹. Compare later moriform adj. Medicine. Obsolete. rare. Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. Designating a type of urinary calculus with a rough, nodular surface.The more usual designation of such a calculus is mulberry. ΚΠ 1833 R. Dunglison New Dict. Med. Sci. II. 54/1 Mural, vesical calculi are so called when rugous and covered with tubercles or asperities. They are composed of oxalate of lime. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < n.¹?1473n.²1684adj.¹?a1439adj.²1742adj.³1833
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† muraln.1

muraln.2

muraladj.1

Compounds

† muraladj.2

† muraladj.3

† muraln.¹

muraln.²

muraladj.¹

† muraladj.²

† muraladj.³