needfuladj.1n.
/ˈniːdf(ᵿ)l/, U.S. /ˈnidfəl/ A. adj.1† 3. Of a circumstance, situation, etc.: characterized by need or necessity. Obsolete.
1. Requisite, necessary, indispensable, essential.
a. attributive and in predicative use without complement.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [adjective]
needfulOE
necessaryc1376
needfulc1390
necessairea1393
needfula1402
necessariousc1410
requisite1442
unlackablec1443
unsparablec1449
necessc1475
requise1477
needy1487
exigentc1508
of necessityc1515
essential1526
insacrificablea1603
peremptory1607
unspared1614
sine qua non1615
real1620
necessitous1637
needsomec1650
undispensable1658
vital1659
wanting1671
implemental1676
sine quo non1693
indispensable1696
indispensible1792
vital1822
unmissable1823
of the essence (of)1843
OE Regularis Concordia (Tiber.) (1993) xiv. 21 Humili ac necessario..officio : mid eadmodre & neodfulre..þenunge.
a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily De Initio Creaturae (Vesp. A.xxii) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 217 Heo is hefone liht..richtwisen strenhcþe and niedfulle frouer.
c1330 (?c1300) Speculum Guy (Auch.) (1898) 754 (MED) Of nedful þing i wole ȝou teche.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xlii. 2 Biggeþ to vs nedfull þingez [L. necessaria] þat we mow lyuen.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. i. 21 Heore nomes beþ neodful and nempnen hem I þenke.
?1542 H. Brinkelow Complaynt Roderyck Mors xxiv. sig. G4v We myght doo any nedeful busynesse vpon the sunday.
1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie xxxix. 232 Yet is that lesson needfuller than the former.
c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme cxlvii. 27 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 249 [He who] Fresheth the mountaines with such needfull spring.
1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate 43 It is a needfull Emplaster in the Surgeons Chest.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 110 The Fleece..Is dearly sold; but not for needful use. View more context for this quotation
1745 E. Young Consolation 25 The Winter is as needful as the Spring.
1788 J. Madison in Federalist Papers xliii. 58 The erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings.
1808 W. Scott Marmion i. xxxiii. 44 [He is] The needfullest among us all, When time hangs heavy in the hall.
1868 E. Edwards Life Sir W. Ralegh I. iii. 38 Stern retaliation of this sort was probably seen to be needful.
1981 N. Kea Scorpion ii. iv. 112 This refuge..had been built in secret, stocked with all things needful.
b. In predicative use, with infinitive clause as complement. Now perhaps archaic.Originally with active infinitive; in later use also with passive infinitive.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [adjective]
needfulOE
necessaryc1376
needfulc1390
necessairea1393
needfula1402
necessariousc1410
requisite1442
unlackablec1443
unsparablec1449
necessc1475
requise1477
needy1487
exigentc1508
of necessityc1515
essential1526
insacrificablea1603
peremptory1607
unspared1614
sine qua non1615
real1620
necessitous1637
needsomec1650
undispensable1658
vital1659
wanting1671
implemental1676
sine quo non1693
indispensable1696
indispensible1792
vital1822
unmissable1823
of the essence (of)1843
c1390 W. Hilton Mixed Life (Vernon) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 267 (MED) Þou schalt not vtturli folwe þi desyre for to leue ocupacions..wȝuch are nedeful to vse in rulyng of þi-sel.
c1390 W. Hilton Mixed Life (Vernon) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 267 Ocupacions & bisynes of þe world whuch are nedeful to vse.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. 20 Ergo is no name..so nedeful to nempne by nyȝte ne by daye.
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 111 Ffor thai twa thingis ar bathe nedefull & spedefull to geve bataill.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxi They wold take further aduisement, what were than nedeful to be done.
1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. iii. f. 8v Other things also which were necessarye and needfull to be looked unto.
1635 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Glasgow (1881) II. 31 To observe quhat is..moist neidfull to be helpit.
1723 J. Henley Lett. ii. 263 Some passages are reckoned to be superfluous. Right; yet still it is better for those to be express'd, than such as are needful to be conceal'd.
1850 R. W. Emerson Montaigne in Representative Men iv. 163 Other coincidences, not needful to be mentioned here.
1906 N.E.D. at Necessary a. 4 Of actions: Requiring or needful to be done.
1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 173/1 At times he [sc. Robert Adam] failed in the breadth of grasp needful to carry out such an idea on a large scale.
1937 Dict. National Biogr. 1922–30 at Haldane, Richard Burdon The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,..he held, was lacking in the attributes of dignity needful to command the respect of the Dominions and Colonies.
c. In predicative use, with to, for, †till, †towards.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [adjective]
needfulOE
necessaryc1376
needfulc1390
necessairea1393
needfula1402
necessariousc1410
requisite1442
unlackablec1443
unsparablec1449
necessc1475
requise1477
needy1487
exigentc1508
of necessityc1515
essential1526
insacrificablea1603
peremptory1607
unspared1614
sine qua non1615
real1620
necessitous1637
needsomec1650
undispensable1658
vital1659
wanting1671
implemental1676
sine quo non1693
indispensable1696
indispensible1792
vital1822
unmissable1823
of the essence (of)1843
a1402 J. Trevisa tr. R. Fitzralph Defensio Curatorum (Harl.) (1925) 47 Ȝeue me noþer beggerie noþer riches, but ȝeue me onliche what is nedeful to my liflode.
1452 in C. Gross Gild Merchant (1890) II. 66 Statutes nedffull & profytabille for þe sayd bretherhed.
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Knychthede (1993) vii. 47 The vertu of temperaunce, and quhat It is nedefull and behovefull till.
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) iv. 8 Whet, wyne, and oile..ere mast nedful til mannys oise.
1624 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) III. 559 All vther thingis neidfull towardis the executioun if this our commissioun to do and vse.
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 278 Excommunication is not needfull for keeping Kings and States asunder.
1733 A. Pope Ess. Man iii. 297 More pow'rful each, as needful to the rest.
1896 C. G. D. Roberts Forge in Forest xix. 243 We must push on to Canseau, for a boat is needful to us.
1920 R. Fry Vision & Design 16 With an admirable economy we learn to see only so much as is needful for our purposes.
1946 Liberty 15 June 30/3 He rounded up three or four items needful to the man hunt and stowed them in his car.
d. In predicative use, with anticipatory it as subject and infinitive or that-clause.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [adjective] > necessary to be done
needfulc1390
necessarya1616
c1390 Pistel of Swete Susan (Vernon) 266 Hit is nedful nou þi names to nempne.
a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 3168 Nedeful it es Þat sorow war als mykel and na les For ilka syn.
a1450 ( tr. Vegetius De Re Militari (Douce) f. 7 Ȝif þe iourney be long..þan is it nedful to occupie hem in feld werkes.
a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 143 Nocht neidfull is men sowld be dum.
1574 G. Baker tr. Composition Oleum Magistrale f. 16v It is needful to know..the difference between the Tendones membranes & ligamentes.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) iv. vii. 53 It is more then needfull, Forthwith that Edward be pronounc'd a Traytor. View more context for this quotation
1657 A. Sparrow Rationale Bk. Common Prayer (1661) 33 Needful it is that the Church should call upon us for this duty.
1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 680 But is it needful to recur to authority when we have that of Nature?
1861 Amer. Agriculturist July 210/1 It will be needful to use the hoe somewhat, but the more the work can be done by horse-power, the cheaper it will be.
1879 S. C. Bartlett Egypt to Palestine xiii. 295 It is needful to be cautious.
1987 J. Uglow George Eliot vi. 90 It is more needful to have a ‘fibre of sympathy’ with the tradesman in the street than with heroes.
2. Of a person: poor, needy; lacking the necessities of life.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor
havelessOE
unrichOE
waedlec1000
armOE
nakedOE
helplessc1175
wantsomec1175
poora1200
barec1220
needfula1225
misease?c1225
unwealya1300
needyc1325
feeblec1330
poorful1372
mischievousc1390
miseasedc1390
indigentc1400
meanc1400
naughtyc1400
succourless1412
unwealthyc1412
behove1413
misterousa1425
misterfulc1480
miserablec1485
beggarly1545
starved1563
threadbare1577
penurious1590
fortuneless1596
wealthless1605
wantful1607
necessitous1611
inopulent1613
titheless1615
egene1631
starveling1638
necessitated1646
inopious1656
parsimonious1782
unopulent1782
lacking1805
bushed1819
obolary1820
ill-to-do1853
down at heel1856
po'1866
needsome1870
down-at-heeled1884
rocky1921
a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 77 Ȝif nedfull mann wile borȝin at te of ðin eihte, lean him bleðeliche.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 23741 Euerech neod-fol [c1275 Calig. ærmen] man þe bet sal iworþe.
1387 Will in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 209 Y be-quethe xs. to the most nedful men & women that ben in the parche.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 12852 A nedful wreche here am i hidd.
a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 15 He departyd his good yn þre partyes: on to wydows..; anoþyr to þo þat wern pore and nedfull.
1523 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1884) V. 166 The most nedfull poore people in the said townnes.
1589 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. (ed. 2) I. 305 After he understood that the saide Nicanor was a needfull [(ed. 1) needy] fellow..he sent him a rich present.
1631 R. Brathwait Whimzies v. 38 Our nicer Dames bestow that upon trifles, which might support a needfull family.
1777 Whole Proc. Jockey & Maggy (rev. ed.) iv. 27 There's ay some body wandering to scar poor needfu' persons.
1822 J. Galt Provost xxx. 233 [To] distribute it in the winter to needful families.
1849 Tait's Edinb. Mag. 16 170/1 Go hire the needful workmen.
1920 J. L. Waugh Heroes 11 Mindfu' o' the needfu' fouk he was reared amang.
1994 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) June 108/2 E.R. gave virtually all her money away to needful people and helpful causes.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > [adjective] > relating to or characterized by emergency
needfula1325
emergent1706
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2130 And .vij. oðere [ger] sulen after ben, Sori and nedful men sulen is sen.
c1485 (?a1400) Child Bristow 153 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 317 Thu so sone failest me At my nedeful day.
a1500 (a1450) Generides (Trin. Cambr.) 60 (MED) His goodis [he] is redy to purvaye ffor good people in euery nedefull case.
1540 Bible (Great) Psalms x. 1 Why..hydest [thou] thy face in that neadefull tyme of trouble?
1585–6 Earl of Leicester Corr. (1844) 190 To recommend to your lordships the nedefull estate of the captains and souldiers here.
c1630 W. Scot Apol. Narration Kirk of Scotl. (1846) 176 In so needfull and dangerous a time.
1680 J. Chamberlaine Sacred Poem 124 But when Death comes (in that same needful day).
1725 M. Davys Reform'd Coquet 87 He came into that Wood, which is no road, and at such a needful time.
1747 W. Collins Odes in Poems (1969) 514 With sparing temperance, at the needful time, They drain the sainted spring.
1815 W. Wordsworth White Doe of Rylstone iii. 57 A Cause, which on a needful day Would breed us thousands brave as they.
1845 F. Douglass Narr. Life F. Douglass viii. 49 This most needful time.
4.
a. Standing in need of something. Formerly also (occasionally): †needing to do something (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > need or want > [adjective]
needful1432
suffretous1481
needing1569
indigent1589
wantful1840
1432 Rolls of Parl. IV. 405/1 A place..full nedefull of grete reparation.
a1450 Pater Noster Richard Ermyte (Westm. Sch. 3) (1967) 4 (MED) Þenke þat þou stondist bifore þi myȝtful Lord of heuene..synful & nedeful of his grace to haue.
1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer i. sig. C.iii A man woulde weene he were more meete to teache, then nedefull to learne.
1597 T. Middleton Wisdome of Solomon Paraphr. ii Decaying thinges be needfull of repaire.
1635 T. Heywood Hierarchie Blessed Angells ii. 73 This shew'd him Man, as needfull of repose.
1661 Princess Cloria 81 To necessitate my fortunes to such a condition, as to render me needful of an enemies favour?
1738 H. Jacob Happy Constancy i. 27 Such as might have tempted those less needful of my Protection and Authority.
1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe I. iv. 76 I have..found myself, with the assistance of my..faithful followers, in no respect needful of other aid.
1844 R. W. Emerson Ess. 2nd Ser. ii. 81 The spirit is not helpless or needful of mediate organs.
1974 Country Life 21 Mar. 682/3 Needful of more rhubarb for forcing, I am sowing a boxful.
1991 Q. Rev. Wines Autumn 52/1 Deep, purply color;..quite tannic overall, with a long, nutty finish;..needful of long cellaring.
b. Standing in need of something; expressing or exhibiting a need for help, etc. rare.
ΚΠ
1606 in Quarter Sessions Rec. (N. Riding Rec. Soc.) (1884) I. 52 The highway to be amended and repayred in all places needfull.
1983 P. Marshall Praisesong for Widow II. i. 95 And affectionate: his arms folding around her from behind when she least expected them, the needful way he spoke her name even when they quarrelled.
1992 Matrix Summer 21/1 Is there something too needful about her, somehow?
B. n.
1. Usually with the: needful people as a class; the needy. In Middle English also (rare): †a needful person (obsolete). rare after 16th cent. exc. Scottish. Sc. National Dict. (1965) records as still in general Scottish use in 1963.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > poor people or the poor
waedlec888
needfula1200
needya1225
poorc1225
God's poorc1230
porailc1325
porailsa1425
povertya1450
poorality1536
God's poverty1563
miserable1582
necessitous1622
necessitated1638
ptochocracy1831
fallen1878
worse off1890
po'1945
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 9 Gief þe nedfulle; help þe hauelease.
a1250 Lofsong Louerde in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 213 (MED) Ase þu ert neodfulles help, bi-hold, heie louerd, hu monnes help trukeð me.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3507 Help de nedful, ðat he ne be dead For truke of ðin helpe an read.
?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 91 (MED) Hit nis ilend him bot alone Fort to..help þe nedful þat naþ non.
c1390 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale 1032 If thow mayst nat visite the nedeful with thy persone; visite hym by thy message and thy yiftes.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 103 (MED) Lady scho is of ledes all..To nedefull [a1400 Vesp. nedi] neist on to call.
c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 252 (MED) Forȝyue þine enemyis, & haue pyte on þe nedefull.
?1518 A. Barclay tr. D. Mancinus Myrrour Good Maners sig. Dviv If he haue plente, of ryches and treasour He parteth it a brode to nedefull with honour.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ecclus. xxxiv. 21 The bred of the nedefull is the life of the poore.
1822 J. Galt Provost xxxv. 254 She has been a most excellent wife..and had aye a ruth and ready hand for the needful.
2. In plural. Necessary things, necessities. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1614 W. Edwards Let. 20 Dec. in Voy. Downton (1939) 173 The cuntry people are constrayned to sell to ingrocers at very low prizes, for want of monyes to supply the needfulls.
1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherd MS 127 A' that life needs, ye's hae at your command And a' your needfulls laid into your hand.
1856 H. Conant Eng. Bible ii. 33 Should the worthy friends..replenish his empty wallet with such needfuls as they could spare.
1865 A. D. Whitney Gayworthys xxviii. 281 Landy came over early with..a parcel. Say's dress for the Sunday and other needfuls.
1891 R. Kerr Maggie o' Moss 32 Scanty needfu's vex'd his noddle.
1914 E. P. Stewart Lett. Woman Homesteader xix. 200 He suspected they were short of ‘needfuls,’ so he had filled his pockets with coffee and sugar.
3. With the.
a. That which is necessary or requisite. Chiefly in to do the needful.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [noun] > that which is necessary
needc1230
necessityc1390
necessary?a1425
exigence1446
requisitec1487
exigency1588
exigents1588
sine qua non1602
essentiala1620
implement1632
indispensable1681
needful1681
simple1858
the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > be necessary [verb (intransitive)] > do what is necessary
to do the needful1681
to do the necessary1935
1681 W. Freeman Let. 10 Dec. (2002) 241 My last to you was by Mr. Clayton in which I writt you the needfull.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 78. ⁋7 If you want any further Particulars..let me know, and per first will advise the needful.
1710 J. Lovett Let. 1 Apr. in M. M. Verney Verney Lett. (1930) I. xii. 210 Waiting on proper persons and doing the needful in all places.
c1771 S. Foote Maid of Bath ii. 39 Lady Cath:..Prepare the minister and aw the rest of the taickle... Flint:..I may directly set about getting the needful.
1822 M. Edgeworth Let. 27 Jan. (1971) 338 I resolved to write..only 3 or 4 lines just to say the needful.
1831 W. Scott Jrnl. 24 Apr. (1946) 164 Young Clarkson had already done the needful—that is, had bled & blisterd severely, and placed me on a very restrictd [sic] diet.
1865 F. Locker-Lampson Select. from Wks. 155 This cloth will dip, And make a famous pair—get Snip To do the needful.
1929 I. Colvin Life of Dyer xvii. 167 The conspirators at Delhi..sent orders..‘to look out and do the needful at once’.
1992 J. Torrington Swing Hammer Swing! xiii. 118 I went over to the drinks cabinet to do the needful.
b. colloquial. The necessary funds; money, cash.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > [noun]
silverc825
feec870
pennieseOE
wortheOE
mintOE
scata1122
spense?c1225
spendinga1290
sumc1300
gooda1325
moneya1325
cattlec1330
muckc1330
reasona1382
pecunyc1400
gilt1497
argentc1500
gelta1529
Mammon1539
ale silver1541
scruff1559
the sinews of war1560
sterling1565
lour1567
will-do-all1583
shell1591
trasha1592
quinyie1596
brass1597
pecuniary1604
dust1607
nomisma1614
countera1616
cross and pilea1625
gingerbreada1625
rhinoa1628
cash1646
grig1657
spanker1663
cole1673
goree1699
mopus1699
quid1699
ribbin1699
bustle1763
necessary1772
stuff1775
needfula1777
iron1785
(the) Spanish1788
pecuniar1793
kelter1807
dibs1812
steven1812
pewter1814
brad1819
pogue1819
rent1823
stumpy1828
posh1830
L. S. D.1835
rivetc1835
tin1836
mint sauce1839
nobbins1846
ochre1846
dingbat1848
dough1848
cheese1850
California1851
mali1851
ducat1853
pay dirt1853
boodle?1856
dinero1856
scad1856
the shiny1856
spondulicks1857
rust1858
soap1860
sugar1862
coin1874
filthy1876
wampum1876
ooftish1877
shekel1883
oil1885
oof1885
mon1888
Jack1890
sploshc1890
bees and honey1892
spending-brass1896
stiff1897
mazuma1900
mazoom1901
cabbage1903
lettuce1903
Oscar Asche1905
jingle1906
doubloons1908
kale1912
scratch1914
green1917
oscar1917
snow1925
poke1926
oodle1930
potatos1931
bread1935
moolah1936
acker1939
moo1941
lolly1943
loot1943
poppy1943
mazoola1944
dosh1953
bickies1966
lovely jubbly1990
scrilla1994
a1777 S. Foote Cozeners (1778) iii. ii. 76 Mrs. Air:... You have the needful? Air: All but five hundred pounds.
1794 G. Washington in Bull. N.Y. Public Libr. 1 209 As you had acknowledged the receipt of the needful for purchasing the Buck Wh[eat].
1822 W. Scott in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Sir W. Scott (1837) V. 236 I will send the needful when you apprise me of the amount total.
a1855 C. Brontë Professor (1857) I. vi. 93 To live I must have..‘the needful’, which I can only get by working.
1891 Daily News 28 Oct. 5/7 A few friends supply the needful, which is about a hundred a year.
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvi. [Eumaeus] 573 He was living in affluence and hadn't a thing to do but hand out the needful.
1951 Sunday Pict. 21 Jan. 5/2 They have been getting the ‘needful’ from their quick-turnover, ready-cash friends—the cinemas and the hotels.
1981 L. R. Banks Writing on Wall ix. 78 I was doing some odd jobs. Picked up a bit of the needful.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
† needfuladj.2
Obsolete. rare.
Earnest, eager.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > zeal or enthusiasm > [adjective]
needfulOE
anguishous?c1225
eager?a1300
throc1330
fierce1377
desirousc1386
affectuousa1400
yeverousa1400
inwardc1402
earnestful?1406
rathe?c1450
zealing1459
increc1480
affectual1483
zealous1526
affectioneda1533
jealous1535
heartyc1540
affectivec1550
earnest1563
pricking1575
forward1587
affectionate1598
passiveless1602
zealful1602
full-hearteda1616
wholehearted1644
intense1645
high1649
covetous1652
thorough-hearted1656
keen as mustard1659
fell1667
fervent1673
smirk1674
zealed1679
prest1697
strenuous1713
enthusiastic1741
enthusiastical1755
whole-souled1821
con amore1828
lyrical1875
mustard1919
gung ho1942
OE Cynewulf Juliana 718 Bidde ic monna gehwone gumena cynnes, þe þis gied wræce, þæt he mec neodful bi noman minum gemyne modig.
OE Writ of Cnut in F. Liebermann Gesetze der Angelsachsen (1903) I. 273 Nu bidde ic mine arcebiscopas & ealle mine leodbiscopas, þæt hy ealle neodfulle beon ymbe Godes gerihta.
c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 204 Þus neodful he wes & is aþet tes dei, to ontenden his luue, & his leoues heorte.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
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adj.1n.OE
adj.2OE