neumen.

Brit.

/njuːm/, U.S.

/n(j)um/

Forms: Middle English neme, Middle English nevme, Middle English newme, 1800s– neum, 1800s– neume, 1900s nume (irregular); Scottish pre-1700 newme.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French neume.

Etymology: < Middle French, French neume (c1250 in sense 1, 1840 in sense 2) < post-classical Latin neuma (neuter and feminine) melody (6th cent. in a British source), melisma, part of a plainsong melody (10th cent.; from 12th cent. in British sources), sign in musical notation (9th cent., rare, the more usual term being nota : see note n.²), also pneuma (neuter) melody, melisma (11th cent.; from 13th cent. in British sources), either < ancient Greek πνεῦμα pneuma n. or < ancient Greek νεῦμα sign < νεύειν nod, cognate with classical Latin -nuere (see numen n.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form). Compare neuma n.Post-classical Latin neuma , pneuma are also used to denote a musical sound (10th cent.; 14th cent. in a British source), and the breath of God or Holy Spirit (9th cent.). It has been suggested that sense 1 and sense 2 derive independently < ancient Greek πνεῦμα ‘breath’ and ancient Greek νεῦμα ‘sign’ respectively, and this view might be supported by the fact that the form post-classical Latin pneuma is not found in sense 2, but in Byzantine notation (for which there is evidence from the 10th cent.) πνεῦμα is used to denote a sign in musical notation, indicating a leap, as contrasted with σώμα ‘body’, indicating conjunct movement. A possible earlier borrowing of post-classical Latin neuma into Old English has been suggested (see E. G. Stanley Notes & Queries (2003) 248 265–8), and may perhaps be represented by Old English nēoma (or nēome) sound, song, melody (one isolated and disputed occurrence: see below; compare Old High German niumo sound, song, rejoicing, and the corresponding verb Old High German niumōn to sing praises, rejoice):OE Fortunes of Men 84 Sum sceal mid hearpan æt his hlafordes fotum sittan..nægl [i.e. plectrum] neome [perh. read neoman] cende.

Music.

1. In plainsong: a prolonged phrase or group of notes sung to a single syllable, esp. at the end of a melody.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > church music > plainchant > [noun] > group of notes

pneumaa1398

neume1440

neuma1776

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > chanted > plainchant > part of plainchant

pneumaa1398

neume1440

intonation1620

antiphony1753

mediation1776

neuma1776

antiphon1778

recitation note1844

initial1880

punctum1882

mediant1930

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 355 Newme [v.rr. nevme, neme] of a songe, Neupma.

a1500 Rule Minoresses in W. W. Seton Two 15th Cent. Franciscan Rules (1914) 110 (MED) Whan þey syngiþ Alleluia in Feriallis dayes at þe first tyme wiþ owte endynge of þe newme after þe verse, be it songyn til þe ful ende of þe newme.

c1570 Art of Music (BL Add. 4911) f. 34^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Newme Putand our newmes and tenouris and utheris kindis of sangis in pacis of the feit of versis.

1879 T. Helmore Plain Song i. 3 Neumes, i.e. certain rhythmical expansions of the melodies, occur on the stronger accents of the poetry.

1884 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. 720/1 Sometimes these neumes or breathings are hung to the last syllable.

1884 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. 721/2 The descending series of short notes, called passing notes, which bind together the different limbs of the prolonged breathings or neumes.

1912 N.E.D. at Sequence In this use sequentia was a transl. of eccl[esiastical] Gr. ακολουθια, which denoted a neume or prolonged succession of notes sung on the last syllable of the Alleluia.

1949 R. Blesh Shining Trumpets (new ed.) iii. 53 Although the harmony is clearly European, its whole character is greatly modified in an African way by the..incessant numes or downward figures.

1992 In Tune with Heaven (Rep. Archbishops' Comm. on Church Music) (BNC) 121 Chanting can be made immensely complex, with syllables expanded in long neums and a substantial ‘jubilus’ element.

2. Each of a set of signs employed in western and eastern plainsong to indicate the course of the melody, originally without (but later, in the west, with) the aid of a staff to regulate the pitch.In the latter case sometimes restricted to groups of notes.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > written or printed music > notation > [noun] > character in notation > note > plain-song notes

pneumaa1398

virgula1786

neume1843

neuma1848

pneum1879

virga1908

1843–5 J. O. Westwood Palæogr. Sacra at Lombardic MSS Here the simple neume consists of short oblong dash; but sometimes it is merely a round dot.

1874 W. Chappell Hist. Mus. I. 382 Neumes did not originally designate any definite notes or pitch, because musical intervals were not required in recitation.

1897 Dublin Rev. Oct. 334 From the eighth to the eleventh centuries the chant was noted by means of certain signs called neums.

1897 Dublin Rev. Oct. 339 The chant is written in neum-accents.

1908 R. Dunstan Cycl. Dict. Music 439/2 Virga, one of the signs of Neum notation.

1935 H. W. Tillyard Handbk. Middle Byzantine Notation 14 But they [sc. recitation marks] are of great historical value, both as affording a clue to the nature of the accent in later classical Greek and as the parent of the Byzantine neumes.

1955 Times 2 July 8/5 This morning, of eight papers assigned to the early period there were two of outstanding interest that dealt with newly discovered manuscripts in which neume notation is employed.

1985 Daily Tel. 26 Oct. 9/1 To have deciphered these enigmatic neumes was the monumental achievement in 1918 of the Austrian composer and musicologist Egon Wellesz.

1998 Renaissance No. 12. 53/2 Although 2,500 were written down, they are all undecipherable because the choirmasters used ‘neumes’, a kind of personal shorthand based on regional symbols or on Greek or Roman letters.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	neume
释义	neumen. Brit. /njuːm/, U.S. /n(j)um/ Forms: Middle English neme, Middle English nevme, Middle English newme, 1800s– neum, 1800s– neume, 1900s nume (irregular); Scottish pre-1700 newme. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French neume. Etymology: < Middle French, French neume (c1250 in sense 1, 1840 in sense 2) < post-classical Latin neuma (neuter and feminine) melody (6th cent. in a British source), melisma, part of a plainsong melody (10th cent.; from 12th cent. in British sources), sign in musical notation (9th cent., rare, the more usual term being nota : see note n.²), also pneuma (neuter) melody, melisma (11th cent.; from 13th cent. in British sources), either < ancient Greek πνεῦμα pneuma n. or < ancient Greek νεῦμα sign < νεύειν nod, cognate with classical Latin -nuere (see numen n.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form). Compare neuma n.Post-classical Latin neuma , pneuma are also used to denote a musical sound (10th cent.; 14th cent. in a British source), and the breath of God or Holy Spirit (9th cent.). It has been suggested that sense 1 and sense 2 derive independently < ancient Greek πνεῦμα ‘breath’ and ancient Greek νεῦμα ‘sign’ respectively, and this view might be supported by the fact that the form post-classical Latin pneuma is not found in sense 2, but in Byzantine notation (for which there is evidence from the 10th cent.) πνεῦμα is used to denote a sign in musical notation, indicating a leap, as contrasted with σώμα ‘body’, indicating conjunct movement. A possible earlier borrowing of post-classical Latin neuma into Old English has been suggested (see E. G. Stanley Notes & Queries (2003) 248 265–8), and may perhaps be represented by Old English nēoma (or nēome) sound, song, melody (one isolated and disputed occurrence: see below; compare Old High German niumo sound, song, rejoicing, and the corresponding verb Old High German niumōn to sing praises, rejoice):OE Fortunes of Men 84 Sum sceal mid hearpan æt his hlafordes fotum sittan..nægl [i.e. plectrum] neome [perh. read neoman] cende. Music. 1. In plainsong: a prolonged phrase or group of notes sung to a single syllable, esp. at the end of a melody. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > church music > plainchant > [noun] > group of notes pneumaa1398 neume1440 neuma1776 society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > chanted > plainchant > part of plainchant pneumaa1398 neume1440 intonation1620 antiphony1753 mediation1776 neuma1776 antiphon1778 recitation note1844 initial1880 punctum1882 mediant1930 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 355 Newme [v.rr. nevme, neme] of a songe, Neupma. a1500 Rule Minoresses in W. W. Seton Two 15th Cent. Franciscan Rules (1914) 110 (MED) Whan þey syngiþ Alleluia in Feriallis dayes at þe first tyme wiþ owte endynge of þe newme after þe verse, be it songyn til þe ful ende of þe newme. c1570 Art of Music (BL Add. 4911) f. 34^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Newme Putand our newmes and tenouris and utheris kindis of sangis in pacis of the feit of versis. 1879 T. Helmore Plain Song i. 3 Neumes, i.e. certain rhythmical expansions of the melodies, occur on the stronger accents of the poetry. 1884 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. 720/1 Sometimes these neumes or breathings are hung to the last syllable. 1884 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. 721/2 The descending series of short notes, called passing notes, which bind together the different limbs of the prolonged breathings or neumes. 1912 N.E.D. at Sequence In this use sequentia was a transl. of eccl[esiastical] Gr. ακολουθια, which denoted a neume or prolonged succession of notes sung on the last syllable of the Alleluia. 1949 R. Blesh Shining Trumpets (new ed.) iii. 53 Although the harmony is clearly European, its whole character is greatly modified in an African way by the..incessant numes or downward figures. 1992 In Tune with Heaven (Rep. Archbishops' Comm. on Church Music) (BNC) 121 Chanting can be made immensely complex, with syllables expanded in long neums and a substantial ‘jubilus’ element. 2. Each of a set of signs employed in western and eastern plainsong to indicate the course of the melody, originally without (but later, in the west, with) the aid of a staff to regulate the pitch.In the latter case sometimes restricted to groups of notes. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > written or printed music > notation > [noun] > character in notation > note > plain-song notes pneumaa1398 virgula1786 neume1843 neuma1848 pneum1879 virga1908 1843–5 J. O. Westwood Palæogr. Sacra at Lombardic MSS Here the simple neume consists of short oblong dash; but sometimes it is merely a round dot. 1874 W. Chappell Hist. Mus. I. 382 Neumes did not originally designate any definite notes or pitch, because musical intervals were not required in recitation. 1897 Dublin Rev. Oct. 334 From the eighth to the eleventh centuries the chant was noted by means of certain signs called neums. 1897 Dublin Rev. Oct. 339 The chant is written in neum-accents. 1908 R. Dunstan Cycl. Dict. Music 439/2 Virga, one of the signs of Neum notation. 1935 H. W. Tillyard Handbk. Middle Byzantine Notation 14 But they [sc. recitation marks] are of great historical value, both as affording a clue to the nature of the accent in later classical Greek and as the parent of the Byzantine neumes. 1955 Times 2 July 8/5 This morning, of eight papers assigned to the early period there were two of outstanding interest that dealt with newly discovered manuscripts in which neume notation is employed. 1985 Daily Tel. 26 Oct. 9/1 To have deciphered these enigmatic neumes was the monumental achievement in 1918 of the Austrian composer and musicologist Egon Wellesz. 1998 Renaissance No. 12. 53/2 Although 2,500 were written down, they are all undecipherable because the choirmasters used ‘neumes’, a kind of personal shorthand based on regional symbols or on Greek or Roman letters. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1440
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