neuraladj.n.

1846 T. R. Jones in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 825/2 The caudal vertebræ of the Fish..have the neurapophyses and neural spine as well as the hæmapophyses and hæmal spine.

1849 H. Miller Foot-prints of Creator 149 The bodies of the vertebræ, with their neural and hæmal processes.

1853 T. H. Huxley in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 143 45 I use the terms hæmal and neural..to avoid the ambiguity of dorsal and ventral, which have opposite meanings when applied to the Vertebrata and Invertebrata.

1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life p. xxxi In Invertebrata the motor organs are developed upon the neural aspect of their bodies.

1924 Sci. Monthly Dec. 641 It produces bodies of six different sides (right and left, head and tail, neural and haemal).

1950 Evolution 4 164/2 The paired appendages of arthropods are externally articulated, exoskeletal structures developing on the neural aspect of arthropod embryos.

1990 Isis 81 451 The mouth in the invertebrate occurs on the ventral (or neural) side of the organism.

1864 H. Spencer Princ. Biol. I. 50 Neural discharges that follow the direct incidence of external forces.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 492 The more elaborate the dendritic expansions, the more elaborate the psychic or neural activity.

1959 T. Lidz in S. Arieti Amer. Handbk. Psychiatry I. xxxii. 650/1 The hypothalamus..is now understood to form a critical juncture in a circular feedback system that mediates and regulates neural impulses concerned with emotions and neuro-endocrine activity.

1962 Science 3 Aug. 324/2 Its position is therefore irrelevant as far as the major ‘neural’ or electrochemical functions of the neuron are concerned.

1984 J. F. Lamb et al. Essent. Physiol. (ed. 2) vii. 198 Respiration is controlled by two separate but interacting neural mechanisms.

1990 Atlantic Monthly July 93/2 Caffeine acts less by starting than by stopping..the depressant effects of adenosine, one of the chemicals the body makes to control neural activity.

1882 W. H. Dallinger Creator 82 Mind is inseverably associated with neural matter.

1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) xi. 193 The septa are sheets of connective tissue which run outwards from the notochordal and neural sheaths to the integument.

1969 L. Michaels Going Places 54 Her nails were bitten to the neural sheath in finger and toe.

1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) xvi. 941 Neural structures in a vertebrate are formed from ectoderm.

1883 Harper's Mag. Nov. 901/2 The eminent authority on neural disorders.

1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 73 Neural arthritis comprises all joint diseases which are the sequel of central or peripheral nerve-lesions.

1938 Internat. Jrnl. Leprosy 6 390 Objections have repeatedly been raised to both of the current names of the two types [of leprosy] (i.e., ‘neural’ and ‘cutaneous’).

1967 Arch. Neurol. (Chicago) 16 127/1 The presence of occasional groups of small muscle fibers scattered among fibers of normal size..suggested a neural atrophy.

1984 J. R. Tighe & D. R. Davies Pathol. (ed. 4) viii. 63 Intrauterine infections which cause malformations include..cytomegalovirus (microgyria and neural damage).

1991 Biotech Forum Europe Sept. 505/4 Solanine is a steroidal glyco-alkaloid which has been linked to the development of neural disorders.

1976 M. Bishop And Strange at Ecbatan i. x. 61 The ones who have roles always require surgical adaptation, electrode implanting, cybernetic neural grafting.

1986 G. Benford & D. Brin Heart of Comet (1987) i. 10 Tapped into channels through a direct neural link and wrist servos, she scarcely moved.

1990 S. S. Tepper Raising Stones i. iv. 108 A neuropad at the top of each leg matched up to a neuropad on the body, and when the animal entered its exoskeleton, it simply reestablished neural contact.

1993 Wired Sept. 62/1 The current work in neural prosthesis..and mind-driven computers seems almost retro by comparison.

2000 New Scientist (Nexis) 10 June 15 Without sensation, patients using neural prostheses have to rely on their eyes and experience: grip an object too strongly and they risk muscle fatigue; too gently and and they drop it.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 456/1 (caption) Bones of the carapace:..neurals.

1939 Jrnl. Morphol. 65 384 This seems to indicate that the neurals and the costals are not true dermal ossifications.

1987 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 186 20/2 The number of neurals appearing on the surface of the carapace in trionychids varies from 3 to 10.

1849 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 139 165 The centrum and the neural arch supporting the neural plate are parts the homologies of which admit of no question.

1933 A. S. Romer Vertebr. Paleontol. xi. 222 The neural arches of pelycosaurs were (as in most reptiles) narrower than those of the cotylosaurs.

2001 Oxoniensia 65 192 The upper and lower limbs, a few rib pieces and the neural arches of the lumbar vertebrae are also present.

1889 Amer. Naturalist 23 1017 The neural bones are also reduced, and the dermal shields have disappeared entirely in Pseudotrionx.

1958 W. E. Swinton Fossil Amphibians & Reptiles (ed. 2) viii. 42 The carapace in all Chelonia has practically the same elements. There is a medium row of eight neural bones, in contact below with the neural processes of the second to ninth dorsals.

1995 Amer. Midland Naturalist 134 382 There is no consistent pattern of shell disarticulation; i.e., the neural bones do not always disarticulate first, followed by the costals, or vice versa.

1850 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 140 382 The diameter of the neural canal, for the spinal marrow, is 2 inches.

1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life 32 In all Vertebrata, with the exception of the Amphioxus, which is hence called ‘Acranial’, the neural canal widens considerably in the anterior region of the body.

1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) xviii. 262 At the posterior end of the cranium is a large opening called the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord passes from the cranial cavity into the neural canal formed by the neural arches of the vertebrae.

1987 D. J. Weatherall et al. Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) I. vi. 128/2 Computerized tomography (CT) scanning is helpful in diagnosing such fractures and assessing the integrity of the neural canal.

1980 R. Bertolotti et al. in Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77 4931/1 The aggregation of nerve cells appears to require the function of a nerve-specific surface protein now called neural cell adhesion molecule or N-CAM.

1992 New Scientist 5 Dec. 31/2 He has found that the growing tips of axons carry neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) which bind to CAMs on other cells.

2002 Ann. Anat. 184 137 The neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, is thought to be necessary for the interaction between neurons, axons and glial cells, axons and target structures, and for myelination.

1986 Business Week (Nexis) 2 June 92 This summer the company will unveil what is probably the most sophisticated neural computer ever built.

1993 Computer Weekly 23 Sept. 36/1 A user allows the neural computer to adapt itself during a training period, based on examples of similar problems, often with a desired solution to each problem.

2000 Time (Electronic ed.) 19 June By the third decade of the 21st century, we will be in a position to create highly detailed maps of the pertinent features of neurons, neural connections and synapses..and to re-create these designs in suitably advanced neural computers.

1986 Physics & Fabrication Microstruct. & Microdevices 453 (heading) Electronic neural computing.

1990 CU Amiga Apr. 89/1 [He] has worked in the neural computing field for 25 years.

1993 Computer Weekly 25 Feb. 12/2 Neural computing, which mimics the behaviour of the brain, is well suited to identifying patterns and analysing trends in the large amount of data which organisations routinely collect about their production processes, operations, markets and clients.

2001 Business Credit (Nexis) 1 Mar. 58 So far, most successful neural computing applications have operated in conjunction with other computing techniques.

1875 A. Gunther in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 165 264 In the second vertebra the neural arch is remarkably compressed and elevated, also provided with a high neural crest.

1882 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 173 367 The nerves arise as outgrowths of a special crest of cells, the neural crest of Marshall.

1907 Practitioner June 859 The posterior nerve-root ganglia are derived from the epiblastic neural crest, which develops along the dorsal aspect of the primitive spinal cord.

1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) xvi. 887 In the head, many of the neural crest cells will differentiate into cartilage, bone, and other connective tissues.

1995 C. Nielsen Animal Evol. l. 394 The genesis of neural crest and epidermal placodes: a reinterpretation of vertebrate origins.

1943 W. S. McCulloch & E. Pitts in Bull. Math. Biophysics 5 116 We have..two explanations of inhibition based on the same general premises, differing only in the assumed nervous nets and, consequently, in the time required for inhibition.]

1944 Q. Rev. Biol. 9 171/2 A note on neural nets, by H. D. Landahl.

1950 A. Rapoport in Bull. Math. Biophysics 12 109 (heading) Contribution to the probabilistic theory of neural nets.

1994 P. Davies Last Three Minutes viii. 106 For many tasks digital computers will be replaced by neural nets; even now, neural nets are being used in place of digital computers to simulate human intelligence and predict economic behavior.

1947 Q. Rev. Biol. 22 85/2 The topics considered, which include..the general characteristics of neural networks, are of undeniable importance.

1951 J. von Neumann in L. A. Jeffress Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior 22 McCulloch and Pitts have used these units to build up complicated networks which may be called ‘formal neural networks’.

1988 Times 25 Feb. 14/6 As neural network computers have developed, so has the opportunity to compare their performance with that of the brain.

1996 Sci. Amer. Feb. 20/1 The insurance industry is seeking to predict the vagaries of climate fluctuations by employing the full array of modern soothsaying tools, from chaos theory to neural networks to fuzzy set theory.

1849 R. Owen in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 139 152 In the present communication the median pieces..are called the ‘neural’ plates.

1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 39 246 By the time that the mesoblastic plates become separated from the yolk cells, the neural plate becomes evident in the exterior.

1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. ii. 213 Follow the..appearance of the neural groove, neural folds and the sinking and rolling of the neural plate to form the beginning of the neural tube.

1990 Sci. Amer. July 26/3 The signals induce part of the ectoderm to thicken into a structure called the neural plate.

1846 T. R. Jones in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 825/2 The caudal vertebræ of the Fish..have the neurapophyses and neural spine as well as the hæmapophyses and hæmal spine.

1872 St. G. Mivart Lessons Elem. Anat. ii. 45 It is possible..for the neural spine to send back a pair of processes (hyperapophyses), as in Galago.

1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) xviii. 264 The neural arch, within which lies the neural canal, is extended upward on the dorsal side of the centrum into a short median neural spine.

1986 A. S. Romer & T. S. Parsons Vertebr. Body (ed. 6) vii. 177 Above the spinal cord, the two arches fuse to form a neural spine, which extends upward between the dorsal muscles of the two sides.

1870 Amer. Naturalist 3 614 One could not imagine a more beautiful model of a vertebrate embryo, with the neural tube on one side of the axis and a visceral tube on the other.

1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. ii. 213 The Nervous System. Follow the formation of the flattened dorsal plate in the epiblast, the appearance of the neural groove, neural folds and the sinking and rolling of the neural plate to form the beginning of the neural tube.

1994 Guardian 24 Aug. i. 6/7 The neural tube, which later becomes the spine, develops during the first four weeks of pregnancy.

1966 Bull. World Health Organization 34 (Suppl.) 29/1 In all countries neural tube defects determine more stillbirths and early deaths than any other type of malformation.

1978 Pediatric Clinics N. Amer. 25 619 A normal level [of alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid]..does not exclude the possibility of a closed neural tube defect.

2000 Guardian (Electronic ed.) 14 Jan. Adding 240 micrograms of folic acid per 100g of flour would prevent 41% of cases of neural tube defects ‘without resulting in unacceptably high intakes in any group of the population.’