nitrilen.

Brit.

/ˈnʌɪtrʌɪl/,

/ˈnʌɪtrᵻl/, U.S.

/ˈnaɪtrᵻl/,

/ˈnaɪˌtraɪl/

Forms: 1800s nitryle, 1800s–1900s nitril, 1800s– nitrile.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from German. Etymons: French nitrile; German Nitril.

Etymology: Partly < French nitrile (1849), †nitryle (1848) and partly < German Nitril (1848), both used as generic terms for a class of nitrogenous organic compound with names ending in French -nitrile or its etymon German -nitril (earliest in Benzonitril (H. Fehling 1844, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 49 96) > French benzonitrile (1844)) < nitr- in Nitrogen nitrogen n. + -il , apparently arbitrary suffix probably influenced by earlier names in -yl : see note below). Compare earlier benzonitrile n. at benzo- comb. form 1, valeronitrile n.In form nitryle in quot. 1848 at sense 1 after French †nitryle (1848 in Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. 27 239). This spelling perhaps arises as a result of -ile and -yle being regarded as interchangeable by some French writers; the same source also uses both benzonitryle and benzonytrile . Forms with -yle were perhaps abandoned to prevent further confusion with -yle -yl suffix as used in the names of radicals. It is not clear whether the word arose first in French or German. It appears in German in 1848 ( Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 64 331, 332, in reviews perhaps by the editors, F. Wöhler and J. Liebig). The earliest use of the form nitrile so far traced in French is in a letter of the London-based German chemist A. W. Hofmann (1849 in Comptes rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. 29 787; compare quot. 1850 at sense 1), but according to H. Cottez Dict. des structures du vocab. savant (ed. 4, 1985, s.v.) Dumas introduced it in 1847, which would predate the German use mentioned. N.E.D. (1907) gives only the pronunciation (nəi·tril) /ˈnaɪtrɪl/.

1. Chemistry. Any organic compound of the general formula R—C≡N, in which an alkyl or aryl group (R) is directly attached to the carbon atom of a cyanide group; an organic cyanide. Cf. isonitrile n. at iso- comb. form 2b.acrylonitrile, benzonitrile, mandelonitrile, valeronitrile: see the first element.The nitriles were initially interpreted as compounds of a hypothetical nitrogen radical, derived from ammonia by the removal of all three hydrogen atoms: hence Hofmann's term nitrile bases (German Stickstoffbasen) for tertiary amines (see Compounds).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic radicals > [noun] > radical compounds (general) > radical compounds (named)

paracyanogen1844

nitrile1848

adiponitrile1902

tris1976

1848 Chem. Gaz. 6 449 On the Action of Sulphuretted Hydrogen upon the Nitryles.

1850 A. W. Hofmann in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 2 331 We may thus distinguish as derived from the ammonia-salts by loss of water: 1. Amides. 2. Nitriles. 3. Amidogen-acids. 4. Imidogen-compounds (Imides).

1871 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. (new ed.) xxxii. 349 Hydrocyanic acid takes up water producing formic acid, so that hydrocyanic is the nitril of formic acid.

1922 G. H. Parker Smell, Taste, & Allied Senses iii. 79 Osmophoric groups are such as the hydroxyl, aldehyde, keton, ester, nitro, and nitril groups.

1957 R. H. Thomson Naturally Occurring Quinones iv. 171 Nordamnacanthal (21) was converted into the nitrile (22) by treatment of the oxime with acetic anhydride.

1983 R. O. C. Norman & D. J. Waddington Mod. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) xiv. 225 Nitriles are reduced to primary amines by sodium and an alcohol.

2001 Speciality Chemicals (Nexis) 1 Sept. 5 The unit can also be utilised to hydrogenate nitriles and saturate olefins or aromatics.

2. Short for nitrile rubber n. at Compounds. Frequently attributive.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > synthetic resins and plastics > [noun] > synthetic rubber > specific

methyl rubber1919

Thiokol1930

polychloroprene1931

polyisobutylene1931

polybutadiene1935

polyisoprene1935

polysulphide1935

Buna1936

neoprene1937

Perbunan1938

butyl rubber1940

camel-back1942

polyesteramide1943

polydiene1946

nitrile rubber1947

cold rubber1948

SBR1956

Spandex1959

nitrile1983

1983 Machine Design (Nexis) 55 238 The properties of this rubber make it useful for carburetor and fuel-pump diaphragms, aircraft hoses, and gaskets. In many of these applications, the nitriles compete with polysulfides and neoprenes.

1996 Seton Catal. Jan.–July 5 The nitrile coating repels oil and grease.

2001 Ottawa Citizen 18 Oct. c1 Pharmacies are reporting an increase in the sale of latex, vinyl and nitrile gloves.

Compounds

† nitrile base n. Chemistry Obsolete (A. W. Hofmann's name for) a compound in which all three hydrogen atoms of an ammonia molecule are replaced by organic radicals; a tertiary amine.

ΚΠ

1850 A. W. Hofmann in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 140 96 We should arrive at the formation of three classes of organic bases, derived from ammonia by the replacement respectively of 1, 2 or 3 equivalents of hydrogen... Bases of the third class, provisionally called nitrile-bases.

1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 267 Nicotia appears to belong to the class of nitrile bases.

nitrile rubber n. any of several synthetic rubbers which are copolymers of acrylonitrile with butadiene and are used in the manufacture of fuel hoses, containers, adhesives, seals, coatings, etc., in which resistance to oil is required.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > synthetic resins and plastics > [noun] > synthetic rubber > specific

methyl rubber1919

Thiokol1930

polychloroprene1931

polyisobutylene1931

polybutadiene1935

polyisoprene1935

polysulphide1935

Buna1936

neoprene1937

Perbunan1938

butyl rubber1940

camel-back1942

polyesteramide1943

polydiene1946

nitrile rubber1947

cold rubber1948

SBR1956

Spandex1959

nitrile1983

1947 Mod. Plastics Oct. 91/2 The particular difference between nitrile rubber and the more commonly used Buna-S or GR-S synthetic rubber is the use of acrylonitrile instead of styrene.

1972 Materials & Technol. V. xiv. 481 The first nitrile rubbers were hot polymerized; later on cold rubbers also became available, which are easier to process.

1995 Seton Catal. Autumn–Winter 11 Nitrile rubber soles give resistance to oil, slip, heat (to 300°C), acid and alkali hazards.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	nitrile
释义	nitrilen. Brit. /ˈnʌɪtrʌɪl/, /ˈnʌɪtrᵻl/, U.S. /ˈnaɪtrᵻl/, /ˈnaɪˌtraɪl/ Forms: 1800s nitryle, 1800s–1900s nitril, 1800s– nitrile. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from German. Etymons: French nitrile; German Nitril. Etymology: Partly < French nitrile (1849), †nitryle (1848) and partly < German Nitril (1848), both used as generic terms for a class of nitrogenous organic compound with names ending in French -nitrile or its etymon German -nitril (earliest in Benzonitril (H. Fehling 1844, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 49 96) > French benzonitrile (1844)) < nitr- in Nitrogen nitrogen n. + -il , apparently arbitrary suffix probably influenced by earlier names in -yl : see note below). Compare earlier benzonitrile n. at benzo- comb. form 1, valeronitrile n.In form nitryle in quot. 1848 at sense 1 after French †nitryle (1848 in Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. 27 239). This spelling perhaps arises as a result of -ile and -yle being regarded as interchangeable by some French writers; the same source also uses both benzonitryle and benzonytrile . Forms with -yle were perhaps abandoned to prevent further confusion with -yle -yl suffix as used in the names of radicals. It is not clear whether the word arose first in French or German. It appears in German in 1848 ( Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 64 331, 332, in reviews perhaps by the editors, F. Wöhler and J. Liebig). The earliest use of the form nitrile so far traced in French is in a letter of the London-based German chemist A. W. Hofmann (1849 in Comptes rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. 29 787; compare quot. 1850 at sense 1), but according to H. Cottez Dict. des structures du vocab. savant (ed. 4, 1985, s.v.) Dumas introduced it in 1847, which would predate the German use mentioned. N.E.D. (1907) gives only the pronunciation (nəi·tril) /ˈnaɪtrɪl/. 1. Chemistry. Any organic compound of the general formula R—C≡N, in which an alkyl or aryl group (R) is directly attached to the carbon atom of a cyanide group; an organic cyanide. Cf. isonitrile n. at iso- comb. form 2b.acrylonitrile, benzonitrile, mandelonitrile, valeronitrile: see the first element.The nitriles were initially interpreted as compounds of a hypothetical nitrogen radical, derived from ammonia by the removal of all three hydrogen atoms: hence Hofmann's term nitrile bases (German Stickstoffbasen) for tertiary amines (see Compounds). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic radicals > [noun] > radical compounds (general) > radical compounds (named) paracyanogen1844 nitrile1848 adiponitrile1902 tris1976 1848 Chem. Gaz. 6 449 On the Action of Sulphuretted Hydrogen upon the Nitryles. 1850 A. W. Hofmann in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 2 331 We may thus distinguish as derived from the ammonia-salts by loss of water: 1. Amides. 2. Nitriles. 3. Amidogen-acids. 4. Imidogen-compounds (Imides). 1871 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. (new ed.) xxxii. 349 Hydrocyanic acid takes up water producing formic acid, so that hydrocyanic is the nitril of formic acid. 1922 G. H. Parker Smell, Taste, & Allied Senses iii. 79 Osmophoric groups are such as the hydroxyl, aldehyde, keton, ester, nitro, and nitril groups. 1957 R. H. Thomson Naturally Occurring Quinones iv. 171 Nordamnacanthal (21) was converted into the nitrile (22) by treatment of the oxime with acetic anhydride. 1983 R. O. C. Norman & D. J. Waddington Mod. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) xiv. 225 Nitriles are reduced to primary amines by sodium and an alcohol. 2001 Speciality Chemicals (Nexis) 1 Sept. 5 The unit can also be utilised to hydrogenate nitriles and saturate olefins or aromatics. 2. Short for nitrile rubber n. at Compounds. Frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > synthetic resins and plastics > [noun] > synthetic rubber > specific methyl rubber1919 Thiokol1930 polychloroprene1931 polyisobutylene1931 polybutadiene1935 polyisoprene1935 polysulphide1935 Buna1936 neoprene1937 Perbunan1938 butyl rubber1940 camel-back1942 polyesteramide1943 polydiene1946 nitrile rubber1947 cold rubber1948 SBR1956 Spandex1959 nitrile1983 1983 Machine Design (Nexis) 55 238 The properties of this rubber make it useful for carburetor and fuel-pump diaphragms, aircraft hoses, and gaskets. In many of these applications, the nitriles compete with polysulfides and neoprenes. 1996 Seton Catal. Jan.–July 5 The nitrile coating repels oil and grease. 2001 Ottawa Citizen 18 Oct. c1 Pharmacies are reporting an increase in the sale of latex, vinyl and nitrile gloves. Compounds † nitrile base n. Chemistry Obsolete (A. W. Hofmann's name for) a compound in which all three hydrogen atoms of an ammonia molecule are replaced by organic radicals; a tertiary amine. ΚΠ 1850 A. W. Hofmann in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 140 96 We should arrive at the formation of three classes of organic bases, derived from ammonia by the replacement respectively of 1, 2 or 3 equivalents of hydrogen... Bases of the third class, provisionally called nitrile-bases. 1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 267 Nicotia appears to belong to the class of nitrile bases. nitrile rubber n. any of several synthetic rubbers which are copolymers of acrylonitrile with butadiene and are used in the manufacture of fuel hoses, containers, adhesives, seals, coatings, etc., in which resistance to oil is required. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > synthetic resins and plastics > [noun] > synthetic rubber > specific methyl rubber1919 Thiokol1930 polychloroprene1931 polyisobutylene1931 polybutadiene1935 polyisoprene1935 polysulphide1935 Buna1936 neoprene1937 Perbunan1938 butyl rubber1940 camel-back1942 polyesteramide1943 polydiene1946 nitrile rubber1947 cold rubber1948 SBR1956 Spandex1959 nitrile1983 1947 Mod. Plastics Oct. 91/2 The particular difference between nitrile rubber and the more commonly used Buna-S or GR-S synthetic rubber is the use of acrylonitrile instead of styrene. 1972 Materials & Technol. V. xiv. 481 The first nitrile rubbers were hot polymerized; later on cold rubbers also became available, which are easier to process. 1995 Seton Catal. Autumn–Winter 11 Nitrile rubber soles give resistance to oil, slip, heat (to 300°C), acid and alkali hazards. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1848
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