nounn.

Brit.

/naʊn/, U.S.

/naʊn/

Forms: Middle English novne, Middle English 1600s none, Middle English–1600s noune, Middle English–1600s nown, Middle English–1600s nowne, Middle English– noun; Scottish pre-1700 noune, pre-1700 nowne, pre-1700 1700s– noun.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French noun, non.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman noun, nun, num, etc., and Middle French non, nun, nom, etc., name, designation, also in grammatical use (mid 12th cent. in Old French; c880 denoting a personal name; French nom ) < classical Latin nōmen personal name, proper name, designation, (grammar) proper noun, noun (see nomen n.).Varro (1st cent. b.c.) uses classical Latin nōmen to denote both nouns in general (as opposed to verbs) and proper nouns in particular (as opposed to common nouns). Later Latin grammarians (4th–5th cent. a.d.) tend to use nōmen chiefly in the former sense: in ancient grammatical theory this category comprises not only nouns (substantives) but also adjectives.

Grammar.

1. A word used as the name or designation of a person, place, or thing; the class or category of such words. In early use frequently with qualifying adjective, as noun essential, etc. Cf. noun substantive n.In modern grammar a noun is usually defined as a word that is capable of functioning as the subject and direct object in a sentence, and as the object of a preposition.In older grammars also including the adjective and participle (cf. noun adjective n.), and occasionally the pronoun.For compounds with preceding modifying word, as concrete, collective noun, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [noun]

nameOE

nouna1398

substantivea1398

noun substantivec1450

descriptum1918

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 9 A noun [L. nomen] essencial is substantif oþer..adiectiue; Of substantiue, he is abstractum oþir concretum oþir mene. Austyn seith þat a noun abstract tokeneþ onliche þe godhede.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 322 Som men meneþ þat þis noun ouum comeþ of a noun of grew.

?c1425 Crafte Nombrynge in R. Steele Earliest Arithm. in Eng. (1922) 21 And tweyn nombres schal be tokenyde be a nowne.

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 37 How many nounes of askynge haste? VIII, videlicet, quis, qualis, quantus, cuius, cuias, quid, quotus and quot.

?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 87 A Nowne, Nomen.

1530 A. Baynton in Palsgr. Introd. p. xiii Be it nowne, verbe, adverbe, or any other parte of speche.

1586 W. Webbe Disc. Eng. Poetrie sig. G.i Placing the verbe out of his order, and too farre behinde the nowne.

c1590 J. Leech Certaine Gram. Questions sig. B2^v A Pronowne & a Participle may very wel be referred to a Nowne, & a Preposition and Interjection may well be referred to an Adverbe.

c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) ii. iii. §1 A personal word is a noun or a verb. A noun is a word of one person with gender and case.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxvi. 222 A part of Speech, such as Grammarians call a Nown.

1652 E. Benlowes Theophila ii. lii. 30 The Sun ere't face To West, may see Thee end thy Race: Death is a Noun, yet not declin'd in any Case.

1725 I. Watts Logick i. vi. §8 It would be very ridiculous..to divide a book..into nouns and pronouns.

1726 J. Harvey Coll. of Misc. Poems & Lett. 60 We found the War was but a War of Words. Our Poet-Monarch chanc'd to be a Noun.

1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 619 No nourishment to feed his growing mind, But conjugated verbs and nouns declin'd?

1836 R. W. Emerson Lang. in Nature iv. 33 Children and savages use only nouns or names of things, which they continually convert into verbs.

1879 Nature 27 Feb. 382/2 Why does he constantly speak of the ‘Cambrians’ and ‘Silurians’? These are adjectives, not nouns.

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xii. 191 Congruence plays a great part in many languages; witness for example the inflection of the adjectives in most Indo-European languages in congruence with various subclasses (number, gender, case) of the noun.

1973 A. H. Sommerstein Sound Pattern Anc. Greek ii. 71 (note) In this section, the word ‘noun’ may be used in its ancient, broad sense, to include both nouns and adjectives (and participles).

2000 Independent 11 July ii. 16/7 As for the noun hangover, it only reached us from America at the beginning of the century.

†2. An adjective. Cf. noun adjective n. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > adjective > [noun]

noun adjectivea1398

adjectivec1400

adject1584

nounc1620

adj.1656

adnoun1657

adname1710

A1735

attributive1860

adjectival1866

commonization1973

c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) ii. vi. §1 Al nounes that wil join with a substantive ar called adjectives.

1657 C. Hoole Common Rudim. Lat. Gram. 99 Nouns of the Comparative and Superlative degree, being put partitively.., require a Genitive case.

1669 J. Newton School Pastime for Young Children ii. 21 (heading) Of the comparison of nouns.

Compounds

C1. With the sense ‘of or relating to a noun’.

noun-adjunct n.

ΚΠ

1962 H. A. Gleason in F. W. Householder & S. Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 93 Among the nouns is a considerable subclass including, United States,..Hague... These are..always preceded by the except in noun-adjunct position.

1964 C. Barber Ling. Change Present-day Eng. v. 121 The tendency of economy used as noun-adjunct to develop the meaning of ‘large’... The largest packet is frequently called ‘economy size’.

noun-equivalent n.

ΚΠ

1904 C. T. Onions Adv. Eng. Syntax 70 Adjective Clauses are introduced by Relative Pronouns.., Relative Adjectives.., or Relative Adverbs.., referring to a noun or noun-equivalent called the Antecedent, expressed or implied in the Principal Clause.

1935 Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. 34 416 All that the primaries..have in common is their noun character; it would be simpler and clearer to call them nouns and noun-equivalents.

1982 B. Seaton Handbk. Eng. Lang. Teaching Terms & Pract. (BNC) 7 Putting a noun or noun equivalent beside another for the purpose of a more complete explanation or description.

noun modifier n.

ΚΠ

1955 R. Quirk & C. L. Wrenn Old Eng. Gram. iv. 109 An example of a common noun-modifier is and——, which has the force of ‘opposite’ or ‘corresponding to’.

1992 Eng. Today July 28/1 With staple, the frequency of the noun modifier or adjectival use can be judged vis-à-vis the noun.

noun stem n.

ΚΠ

1871 H. J. Roby Lat. Gram. § 638 Inchoactives formed directly from noun stems.

1935 G. K. Zipf Psycho-biol. Lang. (1936) iv. 166 The number of different verb-stems and noun-stems which enter into compounds far surpasses the number of available prefixes which may be used in compounds.

1993 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 38 96 According to the morphological component, seuan is a noun stem.

noun-forming adj.

ΚΠ

1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. vii. 123 There are noun-forming suffixes.

1980 Amer. Speech 55 132 ‘A noun-forming suffix denoting inferiority or worthlessness.’

C2.

noun-complement n. a noun added to the verb of a sentence to complete the predicate.

ΚΠ

1963 F. T. Visser Hist. Syntax Eng. Lang. I. iv. 624 The adoption of numerous French verbs which were construed with à before a noun-complement.

1973 Nous 7 115 Instantiation and membership shadow the copulative ‘is’ used with either an adjective or noun-complement to form a simple sentence.

noun-compound n. a compound made up of two or more nouns.

ΚΠ

1890 Mod. Lang. Notes 5 6 All true noun-compounds exhibit at least some degree of such differentiation.

1914 L. Bloomfield in C. F. Hockett Leonard Bloomfield Anthol. (1970) 67 Any one who reads Brugmann's section on noun-compounds..will be impressed by the endless deviations..of composition-stems from independent words.

1965 Eng. Stud. 46 108 Such noun-compounds having wulf as the second element are used simply of warriors to express the idea that they are anxious to fight and kill.

noun group n. (a) the class of nouns; (b) (in systemic grammar) = noun phrase n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > phrase

phrase1778

noun group1871

1871 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue vii. 261 All [the words] which we shall include in the noun-group are essentially presentive.

1959 M. A. K. Halliday Lang. Chinese ‘Secret Hist. Mongols’ 61 While the noun group as such forms part of the complex group, it is only in the complex group that the postpositive noun can replace the noun group.

1966 G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising xiv. 127 In advertising language, the interesting part of the noun group is the pre-modifying part.

noun phrase n. a phrase (phrase n. 2b) whose head is a noun or pronoun.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > phrase > specific

prepositional phrase1878

noun phrase1884

case phrase1899

dangling phrase1909

VP1972

1884 N.E.D. at Abhor v. 2. a. Obj. a noun or noun-phrase.

1926 Amer. Speech 2 362 Prayer bones (noun phrase), knees.

1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax ii. 63 Frighten the boy is a Verb Phrase..consisting of the Verb..frighten and the Noun Phrase..the boy.

1991 Jrnl. Semantics 8 353 If noun phrases typically refer to ‘persons, animals and things’, then there is a prototypical association between the word class ‘noun’ and the type of concept that Lyons calls ‘first-order entity’.

Derivatives

ˈnounless adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [adjective] > having no nouns

nounless1858

1858 J. Robertson Poems 80 The eternal, unambiguous speech, The nounless, verbless tongue.

1954 P. H. Johnson Impossible Marriage 103 ‘Christie, do you feel you'd want to—you know, let a man do that?’ It was the circumlocution of our day, elusive, nounless.

1994 Sunday Times (Nexis) 18 Sept. The translator..has trouble with the German word Hochdramatische, which Wagner uses as an adjectival noun..but which John Brownjohn twice leaves hanging in mid-air as a nounless adjective.

ˈnoun-like adj.

ΚΠ

1935 G. K. Zipf Psycho-biol. Lang. (1936) v. 31 Not all languages make, say, noun-like and verb-like distinctions.

1958 C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Linguistics xxvi. 222 A few stems which show no inflection show syntactical behavior so nounlike that we class them as nouns.

1971 D. Crystal Linguistics 92 We may have isolated a few noun-like words.

ˈnounship n. the state or quality of being a noun.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [noun] > status as

nounship1827

nounness1929

nouniness1969

1827 N. Amer. Rev. Oct. 453 The first words in such expressions as..‘Boston's streets’, which seems to have been stripped of its nounship by the magic of the verb add, and means, Boston add streets.

1890 Cassell's Family Mag. Apr. 315/2 The parent noun, while, whose nounship is denied by some grammarians.., can only get employment as an adverb.

2001 RE: Who said Americans don't get Irony? in alt.usage.english (Usenet newsgroup) 23 Feb. Even after the word's [sc. submarine] conversion to nounship these craft were small enough to be known only by numbers in the British family of navies.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	noun
释义	nounn. Brit. /naʊn/, U.S. /naʊn/ Forms: Middle English novne, Middle English 1600s none, Middle English–1600s noune, Middle English–1600s nown, Middle English–1600s nowne, Middle English– noun; Scottish pre-1700 noune, pre-1700 nowne, pre-1700 1700s– noun. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French noun, non. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman noun, nun, num, etc., and Middle French non, nun, nom, etc., name, designation, also in grammatical use (mid 12th cent. in Old French; c880 denoting a personal name; French nom ) < classical Latin nōmen personal name, proper name, designation, (grammar) proper noun, noun (see nomen n.).Varro (1st cent. b.c.) uses classical Latin nōmen to denote both nouns in general (as opposed to verbs) and proper nouns in particular (as opposed to common nouns). Later Latin grammarians (4th–5th cent. a.d.) tend to use nōmen chiefly in the former sense: in ancient grammatical theory this category comprises not only nouns (substantives) but also adjectives. Grammar. 1. A word used as the name or designation of a person, place, or thing; the class or category of such words. In early use frequently with qualifying adjective, as noun essential, etc. Cf. noun substantive n.In modern grammar a noun is usually defined as a word that is capable of functioning as the subject and direct object in a sentence, and as the object of a preposition.In older grammars also including the adjective and participle (cf. noun adjective n.), and occasionally the pronoun.For compounds with preceding modifying word, as concrete, collective noun, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [noun] nameOE nouna1398 substantivea1398 noun substantivec1450 descriptum1918 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 9 A noun [L. nomen] essencial is substantif oþer..adiectiue; Of substantiue, he is abstractum oþir concretum oþir mene. Austyn seith þat a noun abstract tokeneþ onliche þe godhede. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 322 Som men meneþ þat þis noun ouum comeþ of a noun of grew. ?c1425 Crafte Nombrynge in R. Steele Earliest Arithm. in Eng. (1922) 21 And tweyn nombres schal be tokenyde be a nowne. c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 37 How many nounes of askynge haste? VIII, videlicet, quis, qualis, quantus, cuius, cuias, quid, quotus and quot. ?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 87 A Nowne, Nomen. 1530 A. Baynton in Palsgr. Introd. p. xiii Be it nowne, verbe, adverbe, or any other parte of speche. 1586 W. Webbe Disc. Eng. Poetrie sig. G.i Placing the verbe out of his order, and too farre behinde the nowne. c1590 J. Leech Certaine Gram. Questions sig. B2^v A Pronowne & a Participle may very wel be referred to a Nowne, & a Preposition and Interjection may well be referred to an Adverbe. c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) ii. iii. §1 A personal word is a noun or a verb. A noun is a word of one person with gender and case. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxvi. 222 A part of Speech, such as Grammarians call a Nown. 1652 E. Benlowes Theophila ii. lii. 30 The Sun ere't face To West, may see Thee end thy Race: Death is a Noun, yet not declin'd in any Case. 1725 I. Watts Logick i. vi. §8 It would be very ridiculous..to divide a book..into nouns and pronouns. 1726 J. Harvey Coll. of Misc. Poems & Lett. 60 We found the War was but a War of Words. Our Poet-Monarch chanc'd to be a Noun. 1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 619 No nourishment to feed his growing mind, But conjugated verbs and nouns declin'd? View more context for this quotation 1836 R. W. Emerson Lang. in Nature iv. 33 Children and savages use only nouns or names of things, which they continually convert into verbs. 1879 Nature 27 Feb. 382/2 Why does he constantly speak of the ‘Cambrians’ and ‘Silurians’? These are adjectives, not nouns. 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xii. 191 Congruence plays a great part in many languages; witness for example the inflection of the adjectives in most Indo-European languages in congruence with various subclasses (number, gender, case) of the noun. 1973 A. H. Sommerstein Sound Pattern Anc. Greek ii. 71 (note) In this section, the word ‘noun’ may be used in its ancient, broad sense, to include both nouns and adjectives (and participles). 2000 Independent 11 July ii. 16/7 As for the noun hangover, it only reached us from America at the beginning of the century. †2. An adjective. Cf. noun adjective n. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > adjective > [noun] noun adjectivea1398 adjectivec1400 adject1584 nounc1620 adj.1656 adnoun1657 adname1710 A1735 attributive1860 adjectival1866 commonization1973 c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) ii. vi. §1 Al nounes that wil join with a substantive ar called adjectives. 1657 C. Hoole Common Rudim. Lat. Gram. 99 Nouns of the Comparative and Superlative degree, being put partitively.., require a Genitive case. 1669 J. Newton School Pastime for Young Children ii. 21 (heading) Of the comparison of nouns. Compounds C1. With the sense ‘of or relating to a noun’. a. noun-adjunct n. ΚΠ 1962 H. A. Gleason in F. W. Householder & S. Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 93 Among the nouns is a considerable subclass including, United States,..Hague... These are..always preceded by the except in noun-adjunct position. 1964 C. Barber Ling. Change Present-day Eng. v. 121 The tendency of economy used as noun-adjunct to develop the meaning of ‘large’... The largest packet is frequently called ‘economy size’. noun-equivalent n. ΚΠ 1904 C. T. Onions Adv. Eng. Syntax 70 Adjective Clauses are introduced by Relative Pronouns.., Relative Adjectives.., or Relative Adverbs.., referring to a noun or noun-equivalent called the Antecedent, expressed or implied in the Principal Clause. 1935 Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. 34 416 All that the primaries..have in common is their noun character; it would be simpler and clearer to call them nouns and noun-equivalents. 1982 B. Seaton Handbk. Eng. Lang. Teaching Terms & Pract. (BNC) 7 Putting a noun or noun equivalent beside another for the purpose of a more complete explanation or description. noun modifier n. ΚΠ 1955 R. Quirk & C. L. Wrenn Old Eng. Gram. iv. 109 An example of a common noun-modifier is and——, which has the force of ‘opposite’ or ‘corresponding to’. 1992 Eng. Today July 28/1 With staple, the frequency of the noun modifier or adjectival use can be judged vis-à-vis the noun. noun stem n. ΚΠ 1871 H. J. Roby Lat. Gram. § 638 Inchoactives formed directly from noun stems. 1935 G. K. Zipf Psycho-biol. Lang. (1936) iv. 166 The number of different verb-stems and noun-stems which enter into compounds far surpasses the number of available prefixes which may be used in compounds. 1993 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 38 96 According to the morphological component, seuan is a noun stem. b. noun-forming adj. ΚΠ 1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. vii. 123 There are noun-forming suffixes. 1980 Amer. Speech 55 132 ‘A noun-forming suffix denoting inferiority or worthlessness.’ C2. noun-complement n. a noun added to the verb of a sentence to complete the predicate. ΚΠ 1963 F. T. Visser Hist. Syntax Eng. Lang. I. iv. 624 The adoption of numerous French verbs which were construed with à before a noun-complement. 1973 Nous 7 115 Instantiation and membership shadow the copulative ‘is’ used with either an adjective or noun-complement to form a simple sentence. noun-compound n. a compound made up of two or more nouns. ΚΠ 1890 Mod. Lang. Notes 5 6 All true noun-compounds exhibit at least some degree of such differentiation. 1914 L. Bloomfield in C. F. Hockett Leonard Bloomfield Anthol. (1970) 67 Any one who reads Brugmann's section on noun-compounds..will be impressed by the endless deviations..of composition-stems from independent words. 1965 Eng. Stud. 46 108 Such noun-compounds having wulf as the second element are used simply of warriors to express the idea that they are anxious to fight and kill. noun group n. (a) the class of nouns; (b) (in systemic grammar) = noun phrase n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > phrase phrase1778 noun group1871 1871 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue vii. 261 All [the words] which we shall include in the noun-group are essentially presentive. 1959 M. A. K. Halliday Lang. Chinese ‘Secret Hist. Mongols’ 61 While the noun group as such forms part of the complex group, it is only in the complex group that the postpositive noun can replace the noun group. 1966 G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising xiv. 127 In advertising language, the interesting part of the noun group is the pre-modifying part. noun phrase n. a phrase (phrase n. 2b) whose head is a noun or pronoun. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > phrase > specific prepositional phrase1878 noun phrase1884 case phrase1899 dangling phrase1909 VP1972 1884 N.E.D. at Abhor v. 2. a. Obj. a noun or noun-phrase. 1926 Amer. Speech 2 362 Prayer bones (noun phrase), knees. 1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax ii. 63 Frighten the boy is a Verb Phrase..consisting of the Verb..frighten and the Noun Phrase..the boy. 1991 Jrnl. Semantics 8 353 If noun phrases typically refer to ‘persons, animals and things’, then there is a prototypical association between the word class ‘noun’ and the type of concept that Lyons calls ‘first-order entity’. Derivatives ˈnounless adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [adjective] > having no nouns nounless1858 1858 J. Robertson Poems 80 The eternal, unambiguous speech, The nounless, verbless tongue. 1954 P. H. Johnson Impossible Marriage 103 ‘Christie, do you feel you'd want to—you know, let a man do that?’ It was the circumlocution of our day, elusive, nounless. 1994 Sunday Times (Nexis) 18 Sept. The translator..has trouble with the German word Hochdramatische, which Wagner uses as an adjectival noun..but which John Brownjohn twice leaves hanging in mid-air as a nounless adjective. ˈnoun-like adj. ΚΠ 1935 G. K. Zipf Psycho-biol. Lang. (1936) v. 31 Not all languages make, say, noun-like and verb-like distinctions. 1958 C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Linguistics xxvi. 222 A few stems which show no inflection show syntactical behavior so nounlike that we class them as nouns. 1971 D. Crystal Linguistics 92 We may have isolated a few noun-like words. ˈnounship n. the state or quality of being a noun. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [noun] > status as nounship1827 nounness1929 nouniness1969 1827 N. Amer. Rev. Oct. 453 The first words in such expressions as..‘Boston's streets’, which seems to have been stripped of its nounship by the magic of the verb add, and means, Boston add streets. 1890 Cassell's Family Mag. Apr. 315/2 The parent noun, while, whose nounship is denied by some grammarians.., can only get employment as an adverb. 2001 RE: Who said Americans don't get Irony? in alt.usage.english (Usenet newsgroup) 23 Feb. Even after the word's [sc. submarine] conversion to nounship these craft were small enough to be known only by numbers in the British family of navies. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.a1398
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