| 释义 |
octaven.1 Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French octaves; Latin octavae. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French octaves (plural) seventh day after a festival (eighth day, counting inclusively), period of eight days beginning with the day of a festival (12th cent. in Old French), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin octavae eighth day (counting inclusively) after a festival (4th cent.), period of eight days beginning with the day of a festival (5th cent.), use as noun (short for octavae dies ; compare post-classical Latin octava dies eighth day (late 2nd cent. in Tertullian), classical Latin octāvus diēs eighth day, and note below) of classical Latin octāvae , feminine plural of octāvus eighth (see octave n.2 and adj.). With use in singular form compare Middle French, French octave eighth day (counting inclusively) after a festival (c1562), period of eight days beginning with the day of a festival (1680), post-classical Latin octava eighth day (counting inclusively) after a festival (12th cent.; 13th cent. in a British source). Compare also in this sense Italian ottava (c1284), Spanish ochavas (1233). Compare utas n.1With the octaves of Peter and Paul (see quot. c1384 at sense a) compare post-classical Latin octavae apostolorum Petri et Pauli (5th cent.). With the octaves of pasch (see quot. ?a1425 at sense a) compare post-classical Latin octavae Paschae (4th cent.), Old French outaves de Paske (1252), Spanish ochavas de Pascua (1233). With octave day (see Compounds) compare post-classical Latin dies octavus eighth day (counting inclusively) after a festival (6th cent.; already in classical Latin in secular context). With form occabis (see quot. a1387 at sense a), a transmission error for octabis, compare post-classical Latin octabae (frequently c1070–1450 in British sources), Middle French octabes (1348). Compare earlier use of the Latin word (often in abbreviated form) in an English context:OE Laws of Æðelred II (Nero) v. xviii. 242 Ordal & aðas syndan tocweðen [perh. read tocwedene] freolsdagum & rihtymbrendagum & fram Adventum Domini oð octabas Epiphanię.lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1114 He [sc. the wind] wæs ormæte mycel on þa niht octabas Sancti Martini [abbrev. octaƀ scī martini], & þet gehwær on wudan & on tunan gecydde. Christian Church. The seventh day after a festival (this being the eighth day when counted inclusively, following ancient Roman practice); (hence) the period of eight days beginning with the day of a festival. society > faith > worship > liturgical year > feast, festival > [noun] > eight days beginning on society > faith > worship > liturgical year > feast, festival > [noun] > eight days beginning on > last day of c1384 Table of Lessons in (1850) 693 In the octauis of Petir and Poul. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 323 (MED) Þat ȝere in þe occabis [v.rr. octavas, eotaves; L. octavis] of þe twelfþe day was made a parlement at Londoun. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden (Harl. 2261) (1882) VIII. 323 In whiche yere a parliamente was kepede at London in the octaves of the Epiphany [L. in octavis Epiphaniae]. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine 436/2 Betwyxe the octaues of ester and penthecoste. a1500 Rule Minoresses in W. W. Seton (1914) 107 (MED) Þese been þe half dobel Festis..þe octaues of þe ascencioun & of seint Antony, & of seynt John Baptist, [etc.]. 1570 J. Foxe tr. Epist. to Pope Alexander III in (rev. ed.) I. 284/2 Driuyng of the tyme from the daye of S. Martine to the octaues followyng. 1580 W. Fulke 356 (T.) Celestine granted from the feast,—and in the octaves, every day, thirty thousand years of pardon! 1600 R. Chambers 170 Such were the Sabaoths which lighted within the Octaues of some great feast. 1739 G. Whitefield in (1756) 169 The Vicar takes care to observe the Octaves of Easter. 1894 at Mowbary, Thomas He should quit the realm before the octaves of St. Edward. 1990 S. E. Wessley 42 Archbishop Luke of Cosenza..wrote of how Joachim celebrated the full octaves of Easter and Pentecost. 1440 J. Capgrave (1977) l. 1786 In Seyn Martines octaue Was it new consecrate... He ordeyned, þerfor, þat same day and weke Schuld euyr more..Be kepte holy. 1605 R. Parsons in (1906) 2 196 After ye octaves of Easter was past, or rather in ye very octave itself. 1688 J. Dryden 2 When his Wondrous Octaue rowl'd again, He brought a Royal Infant in his Train. 1721 W. Winstanley (ed. 8) 130 Low-Sunday, called Dominica in Albis, is the Octave of Easter-Day... Trinity-Sunday is the Octave of Whitsunday. 1792 p. viii The Sunday within this Octave is the feast of St. Joachim. 1805 W. Cruise V. 353 The writ of entry was returnable on the octave of St. Michael,..which was the said 9th day of October. 1883 W. H. Rich-Jones (Rolls) I. 80 (note) The festival of S. Silvester is on December 31, so that it is always within the octave of Christmas. 1969 (Church of England Liturg. Comm.) 5 It is only in northern Europe that the Sundays of the unorganized second half of the Church's year have been dated from it [sc. Trinity Sunday], the octave of Pentecost, instead of from Pentecost itself. 1981 16 181 A novena is the nine-day period preceding a Catholic feast, an octave the eight-day period following it. Compounds c1450 J. Capgrave (Bodl. 423) (1911) 67 In þe dedicacoun of þe cherch whech is þe octaue day of seint martyn. 1759 A. Butler IV. 45 It was on the octave day of his festival, that the procession of the chapter..was made. 1871 W. E. Channing III. 39 Jerome or Augustine, Longest breathed of all seraphic writers, Whose vast tomes..Might furnish forth whole libraries for them, Who, in these octave days, pop out their books. 1991 694/2 The entire period is called an octave and the eighth day the octave day. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). octaven.2adj. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin octava, octāva, octāvus. Etymology: As noun < post-classical Latin octava an octave in music (a1487 in a British source; compare note below), use as noun of classical Latin octāva, feminine singular of octāvus eighth < octo eight (see octo- comb. form); compare ancient Greek ὄγδοος eighth (see ogdoad n.). As adjective < classical Latin octāvus eighth, in post-classical Latin also in musical sense (e.g. 1533 in the passage translated in quot. 1651 at sense B.). In sense A. 2a after Italian ottava (a1597 in this sense); compare Spanish octava (1590 in this sense in the passage translated in quot. 1604 at sense A. 2a). In sense A. 3 after Portuguese †oitava. Compare Middle French, French octave interval of eight notes (1534), type of organ stop (1535), stanza of eight verses (1694), position in fencing (1771), Italian ottava interval of eight notes (14th cent.; 13th cent as octava ), Middle High German octāv (German Oktave ) the eighth note on a scale, interval of eight notes. Compare earlier octave n.1Post-classical Latin octava occurs several times in the Vulgate in the phrase pro octava , chiefly in the titles of psalms: this may represent a musical direction of some kind. It also occurs in 9th-cent. commentaries on Martianus Capella, probably denoting an interval of a tone. In abbreviated form 8ve with the numerical symbol 8 ultimately representing classical Latin octo (see octo- comb. form and discussion at that entry). A. n.2 1. Music. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > interval > [noun] > octave c1570 Art of Music (BL Add. 4911) f. 54, in (at cited word) The thrid chaptour is of the convenient and congrew according of the ferd diatessaron consonance placit betuixt the vnison and the octaw. 1677 R. Plot 299 One Hooper..could so close his lips, as to sing an octave at the same time. 1694 W. Holder iv. 52 The Octave being but a Replication of the Unison, or given Note below it,..it closeth and terminates the first perfect System, and the next Octave above it ascends by the same Intervals..and so on. 1721 R. Bradley 160 The progressive Tones from that Ground-Note to the Octave, which is the Resolve of the Ground-Note, declares the Key. 1764 W. Tans'ur in ii. v. 25 The discords are a second, a fourth, and a seventh, and their octaves. 1825 B. Field 433 The music begins with a high note, and gradually sinks to the octave, whence it rises again immediately to the top. 1889 E. Prout ii. §33 The division of any string into halves, quarters, eighths, or sixteenths, gives the various upper octaves of the ‘generator’. 1961 A. Hopkins (1977) i. iv. 56 A tune of infectious gaiety played by the first violins doubled at the upper octave by a solo oboe. 1973 J. Bronowski (1976) v. 156 Begin with the whole string: this is the ground note. Move the node to the midpoint: this is the octave above it. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > diatonic scale series 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch 796 The three termes or bounds which make the intervals in an octave or eight, of musicke harmonicall, to wit, Nete, Mese, and Hypate, that is to say, the Treble, the Meane, and the Base. 1776 C. Burney I. 7 The Greek scale, in the time of Aristoxenus..extended to two octaves. 1840 XVI. 491/2 A complete..organ should have three sets of keys, and at least two octaves of pedals. 1853 J. F. W. Herschel (1873) vii. §97. 312 The ear..can discriminate tones only between certain limits, comprising about nine octaves. 1887 R. Browning C. Avison in ii Ere my hand could stretch an octave. 1933 V. Brittain ii. 54 I was never more than a second-rate pianist, for my hands were too small to stretch an octave easily. 1969 A. McCaffrey 85 She jumped her voice an octave and a half, switching registers to heldentenor, her phrase ringing through the plaza. 1990 Apr. 27/3 Two cowbells tuned an octave apart would make a perfectly acceptable substitute if ago-go bells are not available. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > diatonic scale series > notes in diatonic scale society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > chord > [noun] > other chords 1656 T. Blount Octave, an eighth in Musick. 1749 J. Mason 21 The Octave..is the most perfect Concord. 1776 C. Burney I. 137 The union of two voices in octaves. 1783 H. Cowley ii. ii. 18 This finger fails me in composing a passage in E. octave: If it does not gain more elastic vigour in a week, I shall be tempted to have it amputated. 1944 D. Tovey viii. 123 There is no means of representing on the pianoforte the strange and solemn effect of that bare octave for flutes and horns. 1974 Nov. 890/1 The play of wit and passion..the piano's skittish, dancing octaves—all are beautifully brought out. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > organ > [noun] > stop > diapason tone stops > principal 1716 Specif. Organ St. Chad's, Shrewsbury in G. Grove II. 596 Great Organ..1. Open Diapason. 2. Stopped Diapason. 3. Principal. 4. Octave to middle C. 1880 E. J. Hopkins in G. Grove II. 492 In the Temple organ the two stops, of metal, are called ‘Octave’ and ‘Principal’ respectively; the former being scaled and voiced to go with the new open diapason, and the latter to produce the first over-tone to the old diapason. 1980 XIII. 791/1 In England, ‘Octave 4’ implies a strong Principal 4. the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > [noun] > vibration the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > transmission of heat > [noun] > vibration the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > [noun] > interval 1869 (Royal Soc.) 158 532 It is true that a difference of an octave is produced by a relative velocity of separation equal to that of light, and by a velocity of approach equal to half that of light; but the difference in length of a wave and its octave below (which is twice as long) is in the same proportion greater than the difference between it and the octave above (which is half as long). 1870 J. Tyndall §254 While..the musical scale, or the range of the ear, is known to embrace nearly eleven octaves, the optical scale, or range of the eye, is comprised within a single octave. 1923 R. Glazebrook IV. 891/2 The continuous spectrum was thus extended to thirty-nine times the wave-length of sodium yellow, or five octaves into the infra-red. 1984 J. Dunlop & D. G. Smith viii. 240 Typically, a helix type TWT [travelling wave tube] will operate over an octave bandwidth, and have a gain of 30db or more. 2. society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > part of poem > [noun] > stanza > eight-lined stanza a1586 Sir P. Sidney (1593) iii. sig. Ff6 With monefull melodie it continued this octaue. 1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta vi. xxviii. 492 They have likewise put our compositions of musicke into their language, as Octaves [Sp. octauas], Songs, and Rondells. 1818 Ld. Byron 19 Sept. (1976) VI. 67 I have finished the First Canto (a long one, of about 180 octaves). 1881 No. 2811. 328/2 A group of sonnets..written in the regular form of octave and sestet. 1964 45 290 The usual descriptions of Milton's octave-sestet pattern. 1981 G. S. Fraser vii. 150 One of his pleasantest sonnets, To Mr Lawrence, has something of the ease (and of the shape, in the unexpected punctuation break in the octave and before the last two lines of the sestet) of an Horatian ode. the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > eight > [noun] > group of eight a1806 H. K. White (1807) II. 275 Plato's syrens sing not only from the planetary octave. c1817 J. Hogg II. 15 James and Elizabeth led the ring and the double octave that evening. 1868 C. M. Yonge xv. 240 That Creation was due to an Ogdoad, or Octave of Principles. 1898 9 Apr. 30/3 The..tallest brother of this remarkable octave stands 6 ft. 11½ in. the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > periodicity > [noun] 1865 J. A. R. Newlands in 18 Aug. 83/2 This peculiar relationship I propose to provisionally term the ‘Law of Octaves’. 1904 H. S. Williams IV. 67 This so-called ‘law of octaves’ attracted little immediate attention, but the facts it connotes soon came under the observation of other chemists. 1948 D. Q. Posin xx. 169 The very name—‘The Law of Octaves’—was considered by the audience as a thing to ridicule, apart from its analogy to the octaves on a piano keyboard. 1984 G. H. Clarfield & W. M. Wiecek i. 7 Newlands observed that his arrangement produced a suggestive periodicity, which he called the ‘law of octaves’: a recurrence to similar chemical properties with every eighth element after helium. 1889 A. Cayley I. 586 The system of imaginaries..had presented itself to J. T. Graves about Christmas 1843... They are called by him Octads, or Octaves. 1979 70 540 Octave multiplication violates..the commutative property of multiplication, since, for example, as with the quaternions which are imbedded in Graves' octaves, i × j does not equal j × i. 1979 70 541 Due to priority of publication, Cayley's name was attached to Graves' octaves, which are today known as the Cayley numbers. society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > Portuguese coins 1747 499/1 The Pernambuco fleet..arrived at Lisbon, Sept. 22, and brought..13,740 octaves of gold, and 439,980 crusades of silver. 1776 144 Arrived, at Lisbon, from the Brazils, a fleet with 1500 octaves of gold, 200,000 crusades of silver. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > fencing > [noun] > positions 1771 J. Olivier 25 The octave parade..is the opposition contrary to the half-circle [now called septime], and one of the most useful parades in fencing. 1784 J. McArthur (new ed.) 12 Octave parade..is a lower outward parade. 1809 J. Roland 45 By this method your foil must, for certain, arrive at his body, if he does not change to an octave, or any other parade. 1889 W. H. Pollock et al. (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) 44 Octave, the same as seconde, but the hand in supination. 1969 P. O'Donnell xviii. 238 He feinted in the low line and she made a semi-circular parry to the line of octave. 1988 E. D. Morton 127/1 The real distinction between octave and its predecessor seconde, lies in the fact that in the former case, the hand is supinated, not pronated. the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > [noun] > large for liquor > for wine 1864 in F. Vandiver (1947) 138 124 octaves brandy, 10 firkins wine. 1881 Price List in (1902) Importing and delivering Sherries in Octaves. 1993 G. D. Smith 141 The octave is generally less popular than the butt or hogshead. B. adj. ( attributive). society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > interval > [adjective] > octave 1651 J. F. tr. H. C. Agrippa ii. xxvi. 259 Sol obtains the melody of the octave voice [L. octavae vocis] viz. Diapason; in like manner by fifteen Tones, a Disdiapason. 1831 4 June 4/6 His [sc. Paganini's] execution of double shakes and octave passages is highly beautiful. a1861 E. B. Browning vi The octave-stretch..Of your larger wisdom! 1938 M. K. Rawlings 324 Now the only music I like is a flute and a bass viol and an octave harp. 1949 W. Piston (rev. ed.) i. 20 In the Corelli example the upward octave skip is both preceded and followed by a downward stepwise movement. 1973 Sept. 517/1 No. V begins with an octave canon four-in-two and contains stretti and several startling false relations. 1979 7 379/1 Lutes built and strung on historical principles (that is, with gut strings, including octave stringing on the lower three courses). 1986 May 39/2 Practically all the pieces require an octave stretch. 1992 9 Apr. 54/1 The Commendatore's octave plunges..have in their meanings a very specific emotional state. Compounds society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > organ > [noun] > coupler 1868–9 H. Child 14 Manufacturers of melodeons and reed organs, of every description and in the various styles of finish, and containing all modern patent improvements known to the trade, such as..patent knee well and octave coupler. 1994 (ed. 2) 632/2 Octave coupler, device on org. or hpd. with which note struck is doubled an octave higher. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > [noun] > movement of parts > doubling 1923 P. Rosenfeld 309 They assure us that practically all that has been added to the musical matter proper is..‘the filling out of chords and the octave doubling of parts’. 1940 G. Jacob (ed. 2) ix. 96 There should be no octave-doubling of inner parts. 1994 Oct. 94/2 Octave doubling is one of the most common forms of parallel transposition. 2001 (Nexis) 1 Nov. 232 The one in A-flat major serves as a finale, and is one of Siloti's transcriptions with octave doublings and extra filler. 1773 C. Burney I. 187 M. Snetzler..made the vox humana, and octave dulciana, in the little organ, which are the two best solo stops that the instrument contains. 1887 11 Feb. 512/1 More than two flue stops of this pitch are never really necessary in the Great of a Church Organ; but a third, in the form of an Octave Dulciana or very soft Octave Gamba may sometimes be introduced with advantage. 1962 May 17/1 The Dolce, however, was an octave dulciana, of rather broad and smooth tone, and not noticeably on the string side. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > wind instrument > woodwind instruments > [noun] > flute > small flute or piccolo society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > organ > [noun] > stop > flute-tone stops > specific 1724 31 Flautino, a little or small Flute..like what we call a Sixth Flute, or an Octave Flute. 1798 Arnot Let. in C. K. Paul (1876) I. 314 Pulled out my little octave flute. 1852 tr. J. J. Seidel 20 In 1590, the octave-flute was invented by Compenio. 1878 Jan. 36/2 The lovely, passionate melody is degraded to an ignoble dance tune, played by a squeaking E-flat clarinet and octave flute to the accompaniment of grunting argpeggios on the bassoons. 1994 (ed. 2) 676/1 Piccolo, also known as octave flute. 2001 (Electronic ed.) at Organ stop A prefix indicating pitch an octave higher than usual (Octave Flute). society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > wind instrument > [noun] > parts generally > key 1866 15 292/1 I claim the combination of the lever, H, and its flexile connections, a a, with the two octave keys of a piano-forte. 1880 G. Grove II. 487/1 In more modern instruments [sc. oboes] a second octave-key has been introduced..which is usually lifted on reaching A above the stave. 1911 XXIV. 274/1 The first 15 semitones are obtained by opening successive keys, the rest of the compass by means of octave keys enabling the performer to sound the harmonic octave of the fundamental scale. 1957 A. C. Baines iv. 106 With full automatic octave keys, the G♯ key, when pressed, holds down ring III. 1999 H. Mandel 115 Eight brass rollers are affixed to the tube's underside, where the octave key is on clarinets. 1854 9 163/2 I do claim, first, the mode substantially as described, of introducing upper octave notes in pianofortes, said mode consisting essentially in the employment of extra strings and extra bridges as set forth. 1858 P. L. Simmonds Polychord,..an apparatus which couples two octave notes, and can be affixed to any piano-forte or similar instrument with keys. 1881 18 Aug. 358/2 When the higher note has reached a point about half-way between unison and the octave note. 1962 R. H. Weingartner 104 A visitor entered Schubert's house and vigorously played all but the octave note. 2002 (Nexis) 10 Jan. dii. 3 One hilarious memory was when Kevin Gimre, a much-liked math teacher, sang ‘Respect’ by Aretha Franklin, high octave notes and all. society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > part of poem > [noun] > stanza > eight-lined stanza > ottava rima 1700 J. Dryden Pref. sig. *A Boccace..is said to have invented the Octave Rhyme, or Stanza of Eight Lines. 1862 17 May 310/1 Truth to say, he wrote that metre with just the mastery which Byron had over the octave rhyme, and Alfred de Musset over his favorite six-line stanza. 1996 J. Lennard 203 Of a sonnet, having the octave rhyme scheme abbaabba. society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > part of poem > [noun] > stanza > eight-lined stanza 1774 H. Stanley Let. 13 Nov. in T. Warton (1995) 349 The Prologue..contains 276 verses, these are not Octave Stanzas. 1821 Ld. Byron 1 Oct. (1978) VIII. 229 A poem, in octave stanzas. 1998 D. Shemek 134 Terracina's use of the octave stanza for moral, political, and historical argument..is modeled, in part, directly on the Orlando furioso. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > organ > [noun] > stop > diapason tone stops > principal 1730 J. Harris (1857) 1 It will keep much longer in tune than any harpsichords that have octave stops. 1784 M. Young ii. iii. 145 In an harpsichord or organ accurately tuned, the various parts of the diapason or octave stop are not distinctly perceived. 1880 E. J. Hopkins in G. Grove II. 492 In foreign organs the Octave stop sounds the first octave above the largest metal Register of Principal (Diapason) measure on the clavier. 2001 (Nexis) 64 183 The overuse of sub-octave stops and the adding of stops while it is taking place dilute almost entirely the tension it should create. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † octavev. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: octave n.2 Etymology: < octave n.2 N.E.D. (1902) gives the pronunciation as (ǫ·ktĕv) /ˈɒktəv/. Music. Obsolete. rare. Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. 1891 Octave, to play in octaves. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2021). <  n.1c1384 n.2adj.c1570 v.1891 |
