barbariann.adj.

Brit.

/bɑːˈbɛːrɪən/, U.S.

/bɑrˈbɛriən/

Forms: Also 1500s barbarien.

Etymology: < French barbarien (16th cent.), < French barbarie or Latin barbaria (see Barbary n.), on Latin type *barbariānus ; compare Old French chrestien < Latin christiānus . See -an suffix, -ian suffix. For sense-development see barbarous adj.

A. n.

1. etymologically, A foreigner, one whose language and customs differ from the speaker's.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [noun] > one who is separated or isolated > stranger or outsider

fremdc950

guestc950

althedyOE

allophyleOE

uncoutha1250

strangea1325

alienc1384

barbarc1384

barbarync1384

strangerc1385

barbaric1388

foreigna1399

outland?a1400

farandman14..

out-comelingc1400

foreigner1422

alienar1473

alienate1497

estrangec1503

new face?a1513

barbarianc1550

fremman1568

frenne1579

estranger1586

inmatea1600

outlier1606

outcomer1607

externc1610

exoteric1697

outner1721

outsider1800

unco1800

inconnu1807

outrigger1850

offcome1859

ringer1896

offcomer1898

shenzi1910

out-grouper1938

outworlder1948

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) xiii. 83 Euere nations reputis vthers nations to be barbariens quhen there tua natours and complexions ar contrar til vtheris [i.e. each other].

1611 Bible (King James) 1 Cor. xiv. 11 I shall be vnto him that speaketh, a Barbarian, and he that speaketh shal be a Barbarian vnto me.

1848 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare Guesses at Truth 2nd Ser. (ed. 2) 64 A barbarian is a person who does not talk as we talk, or dress as we dress, or eat as we eat; in short, who is so audacious as not to follow our practice in all the trivialities of manners.

1862 Macmillan's Mag. Nov. 58 Ovid..laments that in his exile at Tomi he, the polished citizen, is a barbarian to all his neighbours.

2. Historical.

a. A person who is not a Greek.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > the Greeks > [noun] > not Greek

un-Greek1535

barbarian1628

1628 T. Hobbes tr. Thucydides Peloponnesian War 9 The Athenians..expecting the coming of the Barbarian.

1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. viii. 34 Of men, some are Grecians, some Barbarians.

b. A person living outside the pale of the Roman empire and its civilization, applied especially to the northern nations that overthrew them.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of ancient or medieval Europe > ancient Romans > [noun] > not Roman

barbariana1616

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iii. i. 238 I would they were Barbarians..not Romans.

1846 T. Arnold Hist. Rome II. xi. 364 The inhabitants of the left or eastern bank of the Rhone were..no longer to be considered barbarians, but were become Romans both in their customs and in their language.

c. A person who is outside the pale of Christian civilization.

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. iii. 354 A fraile vow, betwixt an erring Barbarian, [cf. sense A. 5] and a super subtle Venetian.

d. With the Italians of the Renaissance: a member of a nation outside of Italy.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > the Italians > [noun] > native or inhabitant of Italy > non-Italian

barbarian1863

1863 J. E. B. Mayor in R. Ascham Scholemaster 242 Christoph. Longueil of Malines, the one ‘barbarian’ to whom the Italians allowed the title of ‘Ciceronian.’

a. A rude, wild, uncivilized person.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [noun] > uncivilized person

wild mana1400

woodwose?a1400

savaginec1450

woodward1488

savagea1544

woodman1601

barbarian1604

woodist1613

wilding1621

brutigenist1631

catamountaina1640

Caliban1678

semi-barbarian1692

Hottentot1710

semi-savage1807

pagan1879

1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Barbarian, a rude person.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 113 Skins of Beasts, the rude Barbarians wear.

1730 J. Thomson Autumn in Seasons 128 The sad barbarian, roving, mix'd With beasts of prey.

1861 A. P. Stanley Lect. Eastern Church (1869) xii. 381 The strange barbarian [Peter the Great] sought to evade the eagerness of our national curiosity.

1876 J. H. Newman Hist. Sketches I. i. i. 12 Nature herself fights, and conquers for the barbarian.

b. Sometimes distinguished from savage (perhaps with a glance at 2).

ΚΠ

1835 T. Arnold in A. P. Stanley Life of Dr. Arnold (1844) I. vii. 408 I believe with you that savages could never civilize themselves, but barbarians I think might.

1851 D. Wilson Archæol. & Prehistoric Ann. Scotl. ii. viii. 388 Still, perhaps, a barbarian, but had ceased to be a savage.

c. Applied by the Chinese contemptuously to foreigners.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > the Chinese > [noun] > foreign

barbarian1858

kwai-lo1969

1858 in Mercantile Marine Mag. 5 302 The character ‘I’ (‘barbarian’) not to be applied to the British Government, or to British subjects, in any Chinese official document.

4. An uncultured person, or one who has no sympathy with literary culture.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > bad taste > [noun] > philistinism > Philistine

Goth1663

Saracen1723

Visigoth1749

barbarian1757

Philistine1825

Babbitt1921

no-brow1926

bourgeois1930

1757 D. Hume Hist. Great Brit. II. 124 Cromwel, tho' himself a barbarian, was not insensible to literary merit.

1863 tr. Erasmus Let. in R. Ascham Scholemaster 245 At Oxford..when a young scholar..lectured in Greek with much success, a barbarian began in an address to the people to rave against Greek learning.

1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma Introd. 2 We have ourselves called our aristocratic class barbarians, which is the contrary of Hellenes..because..for reading and thinking they have in general no turn.

†5.

a. A native of Barbary. [See Barbary n. 4.] Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Africa > native or inhabitant of North Africa > native or inhabitant of Barbary > [noun]

barbarian1572

Barbaresque1804

1572 L. Mascall Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees Ep. Ded. sig. A.iij^v The Greekes for Greece, the Barbarians for Barbarie, the Italians for Italy.

1583 H. Platt Diuerse New Exper. (1594) 22 The Barbarians doe make a bright and orient crimosin colour therewith uppon leather.

1709 London Gaz. No. 4571/2 The Governor of Otranto marched..against the Barbarians.

†b. A Barbary horse. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by breed > [noun] > Barbary horse

barbarian1566

barbary horse1600

barba1610

Barbary1616

1566 T. Blundeville Bredynge of Horses ii. f. 7, in Fower Offices Horsemanshippe Those horses that we commonly call Barbarians, doe come out of the kyng of Tunnys lande.

B. adj.

1. Applied by nations, generally depreciatively, to foreigners; thus at various times and with various speakers or writers: non-Hellenic, non-Roman (most usual), non-Christian.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [adjective] > that is a stranger or outsider

uncouthc893

outcomeeOE

fremdc950

althedyOE

foreigna1325

aliena1382

barbarous1542

barbarianc1550

stranger1593

extraneous1656

outside1826

barbaric1849

extern1866

offcomed1879

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) xx. 131 Mair lyik til barbarien pepil nor..to cristyn pepil.

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida ii. i. 48 Bought and sould..like a Barbarian slaue.

1720 A. Pope Verses Addison's Medals in Wks. 10 Barbarian blindness, Christian zeal conspire.

1817 H. T. Colebrooke Algebra Notes & Illustr. p. lxxxii Several other terms of the art..are not Sanscrit, but, apparently, barbarian.

1847 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. i. 2 Establishment of the barbarian nations on the ruins of the Roman empire.

1862 Macmillan's Mag. Nov. 58 The announcement to one of the comedies of Plautus taken from the Greek, that ‘Philemo wrote what Plautus has adapted to the barbarian tongue’—i.e. Latin.

2. Uncivilized, rude, savage, barbarous.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [adjective]

wilda1300

bestiala1398

wilderna1400

savagine?a1439

barbaric1490

rudea1530

barbar1535

barbarous1538

pagan1550

uncivil1553

Scythical1559

raw?1573

savaged1583

incivil1586

savage1589

barbarian1591

uncivilized1607

negerous1609

mountainous1613

ruvid1632

ruvidous1632

barbarious1633

incivilizeda1645

alabandical1656

inhumanea1680

tramontane1740

semi-barbarous1798

irreclaimed1814

semi-savage1833

semiferine1854

warrigal1855

sloven1856

semi-barbaric1864

pre-civilized1876

wild and woolly1884

jungle1908

medieval1917

jungli1920

1591 E. Spenser Ruines of Rome in Complaints 416 Till that Barbarian hands it quite did spill.

1700 J. Dryden tr. G. Boccaccio Cymon & Iphigenia in Fables 546 His broad barbarian Sound.

1782 T. Paine Let. to Abbe Raynal (1791) 45 This was not the condition of the barbarian world. Then the wants of men were few.

1869 C. Darwin Origin of Species (ed. 5) i. 19 Geologists believe that barbarian man existed at an enormously remote period.

†3. Of or belonging to Barbary. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Africa > [adjective] > North Africa > Barbary

barbarian1577

Barbaresque1824

1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. vii. 168 The Morisco gowns, the Barbarian sleves.

1605 Play Stucley in Sch. Shaks. (1878) 254 We mount her back..As we do use to serve Barbarian horse.

1699 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 21 248 The Mauritanian or Barbarian Moor.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	barbarian
释义	barbariann.adj. Brit. /bɑːˈbɛːrɪən/, U.S. /bɑrˈbɛriən/ Forms: Also 1500s barbarien. Etymology: < French barbarien (16th cent.), < French barbarie or Latin barbaria (see Barbary n.), on Latin type barbariānus ; compare Old French chrestien* < Latin christiānus . See -an suffix, -ian suffix. For sense-development see barbarous adj. A. n. 1. etymologically, A foreigner, one whose language and customs differ from the speaker's. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [noun] > one who is separated or isolated > stranger or outsider fremdc950 guestc950 althedyOE allophyleOE uncoutha1250 strangea1325 alienc1384 barbarc1384 barbarync1384 strangerc1385 barbaric1388 foreigna1399 outland?a1400 farandman14.. out-comelingc1400 foreigner1422 alienar1473 alienate1497 estrangec1503 new face?a1513 barbarianc1550 fremman1568 frenne1579 estranger1586 inmatea1600 outlier1606 outcomer1607 externc1610 exoteric1697 outner1721 outsider1800 unco1800 inconnu1807 outrigger1850 offcome1859 ringer1896 offcomer1898 shenzi1910 out-grouper1938 outworlder1948 c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) xiii. 83 Euere nations reputis vthers nations to be barbariens quhen there tua natours and complexions ar contrar til vtheris [i.e. each other]. 1611 Bible (King James) 1 Cor. xiv. 11 I shall be vnto him that speaketh, a Barbarian, and he that speaketh shal be a Barbarian vnto me. View more context for this quotation 1848 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare Guesses at Truth 2nd Ser. (ed. 2) 64 A barbarian is a person who does not talk as we talk, or dress as we dress, or eat as we eat; in short, who is so audacious as not to follow our practice in all the trivialities of manners. 1862 Macmillan's Mag. Nov. 58 Ovid..laments that in his exile at Tomi he, the polished citizen, is a barbarian to all his neighbours. 2. Historical. a. A person who is not a Greek. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > the Greeks > [noun] > not Greek un-Greek1535 barbarian1628 1628 T. Hobbes tr. Thucydides Peloponnesian War 9 The Athenians..expecting the coming of the Barbarian. 1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. viii. 34 Of men, some are Grecians, some Barbarians. b. A person living outside the pale of the Roman empire and its civilization, applied especially to the northern nations that overthrew them. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of ancient or medieval Europe > ancient Romans > [noun] > not Roman barbariana1616 a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iii. i. 238 I would they were Barbarians..not Romans. 1846 T. Arnold Hist. Rome II. xi. 364 The inhabitants of the left or eastern bank of the Rhone were..no longer to be considered barbarians, but were become Romans both in their customs and in their language. c. A person who is outside the pale of Christian civilization. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. iii. 354 A fraile vow, betwixt an erring Barbarian, [cf. sense A. 5] and a super subtle Venetian. View more context for this quotation d. With the Italians of the Renaissance: a member of a nation outside of Italy. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > the Italians > [noun] > native or inhabitant of Italy > non-Italian barbarian1863 1863 J. E. B. Mayor in R. Ascham Scholemaster 242 Christoph. Longueil of Malines, the one ‘barbarian’ to whom the Italians allowed the title of ‘Ciceronian.’ 3. a. A rude, wild, uncivilized person. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [noun] > uncivilized person wild mana1400 woodwose?a1400 savaginec1450 woodward1488 savagea1544 woodman1601 barbarian1604 woodist1613 wilding1621 brutigenist1631 catamountaina1640 Caliban1678 semi-barbarian1692 Hottentot1710 semi-savage1807 pagan1879 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Barbarian, a rude person. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 113 Skins of Beasts, the rude Barbarians wear. View more context for this quotation 1730 J. Thomson Autumn in Seasons 128 The sad barbarian, roving, mix'd With beasts of prey. 1861 A. P. Stanley Lect. Eastern Church (1869) xii. 381 The strange barbarian [Peter the Great] sought to evade the eagerness of our national curiosity. 1876 J. H. Newman Hist. Sketches I. i. i. 12 Nature herself fights, and conquers for the barbarian. b. Sometimes distinguished from savage (perhaps with a glance at 2). ΚΠ 1835 T. Arnold in A. P. Stanley Life of Dr. Arnold (1844) I. vii. 408 I believe with you that savages could never civilize themselves, but barbarians I think might. 1851 D. Wilson Archæol. & Prehistoric Ann. Scotl. ii. viii. 388 Still, perhaps, a barbarian, but had ceased to be a savage. c. Applied by the Chinese contemptuously to foreigners. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > the Chinese > [noun] > foreign barbarian1858 kwai-lo1969 1858 in Mercantile Marine Mag. 5 302 The character ‘I’ (‘barbarian’) not to be applied to the British Government, or to British subjects, in any Chinese official document. 4. An uncultured person, or one who has no sympathy with literary culture. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > bad taste > [noun] > philistinism > Philistine Goth1663 Saracen1723 Visigoth1749 barbarian1757 Philistine1825 Babbitt1921 no-brow1926 bourgeois1930 1757 D. Hume Hist. Great Brit. II. 124 Cromwel, tho' himself a barbarian, was not insensible to literary merit. 1863 tr. Erasmus Let. in R. Ascham Scholemaster 245 At Oxford..when a young scholar..lectured in Greek with much success, a barbarian began in an address to the people to rave against Greek learning. 1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma Introd. 2 We have ourselves called our aristocratic class barbarians, which is the contrary of Hellenes..because..for reading and thinking they have in general no turn. †5. a. A native of Barbary. [See Barbary n. 4.] Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Africa > native or inhabitant of North Africa > native or inhabitant of Barbary > [noun] barbarian1572 Barbaresque1804 1572 L. Mascall Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees Ep. Ded. sig. A.iij^v The Greekes for Greece, the Barbarians for Barbarie, the Italians for Italy. 1583 H. Platt Diuerse New Exper. (1594) 22 The Barbarians doe make a bright and orient crimosin colour therewith uppon leather. 1709 London Gaz. No. 4571/2 The Governor of Otranto marched..against the Barbarians. †b. A Barbary horse. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by breed > [noun] > Barbary horse barbarian1566 barbary horse1600 barba1610 Barbary1616 1566 T. Blundeville Bredynge of Horses ii. f. 7, in Fower Offices Horsemanshippe Those horses that we commonly call Barbarians, doe come out of the kyng of Tunnys lande. B. adj. 1. Applied by nations, generally depreciatively, to foreigners; thus at various times and with various speakers or writers: non-Hellenic, non-Roman (most usual), non-Christian. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [adjective] > that is a stranger or outsider uncouthc893 outcomeeOE fremdc950 althedyOE foreigna1325 aliena1382 barbarous1542 barbarianc1550 stranger1593 extraneous1656 outside1826 barbaric1849 extern1866 offcomed1879 c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) xx. 131 Mair lyik til barbarien pepil nor..to cristyn pepil. 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida ii. i. 48 Bought and sould..like a Barbarian slaue. View more context for this quotation 1720 A. Pope Verses Addison's Medals in Wks. 10 Barbarian blindness, Christian zeal conspire. 1817 H. T. Colebrooke Algebra Notes & Illustr. p. lxxxii Several other terms of the art..are not Sanscrit, but, apparently, barbarian. 1847 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. i. 2 Establishment of the barbarian nations on the ruins of the Roman empire. 1862 Macmillan's Mag. Nov. 58 The announcement to one of the comedies of Plautus taken from the Greek, that ‘Philemo wrote what Plautus has adapted to the barbarian tongue’—i.e. Latin. 2. Uncivilized, rude, savage, barbarous. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [adjective] wilda1300 bestiala1398 wilderna1400 savagine?a1439 barbaric1490 rudea1530 barbar1535 barbarous1538 pagan1550 uncivil1553 Scythical1559 raw?1573 savaged1583 incivil1586 savage1589 barbarian1591 uncivilized1607 negerous1609 mountainous1613 ruvid1632 ruvidous1632 barbarious1633 incivilizeda1645 alabandical1656 inhumanea1680 tramontane1740 semi-barbarous1798 irreclaimed1814 semi-savage1833 semiferine1854 warrigal1855 sloven1856 semi-barbaric1864 pre-civilized1876 wild and woolly1884 jungle1908 medieval1917 jungli1920 1591 E. Spenser Ruines of Rome in Complaints 416 Till that Barbarian hands it quite did spill. 1700 J. Dryden tr. G. Boccaccio Cymon & Iphigenia in Fables 546 His broad barbarian Sound. 1782 T. Paine Let. to Abbe Raynal (1791) 45 This was not the condition of the barbarian world. Then the wants of men were few. 1869 C. Darwin Origin of Species (ed. 5) i. 19 Geologists believe that barbarian man existed at an enormously remote period. †3. Of or belonging to Barbary. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Africa > [adjective] > North Africa > Barbary barbarian1577 Barbaresque1824 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. vii. 168 The Morisco gowns, the Barbarian sleves. 1605 Play Stucley in Sch. Shaks. (1878) 254 We mount her back..As we do use to serve Barbarian horse. 1699 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 21 248 The Mauritanian or Barbarian Moor. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.adj.c1550
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