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单词 orc
释义

orcn.1

Brit. /ɔːk/, U.S. /ɔrk/
Forms: 1500s ourk (Scottish), 1500s–1600s orke, 1600s–1700s ork, 1600s– orc.
Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly a borrowing from French. Probably partly a borrowing from Italian. Probably partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French orque; Italian orca; Latin orca.
Etymology: Probably partly < Middle French, French orque large cetacean (1550 in Middle French), partly < Italian orca large cetacean (a1498), fabulous sea monster (1516 in the source translated in quot. 1591 at main sense), and partly < their etymon classical Latin orca a kind of whale (see orca n.). Compare also Old Icelandic orkn, ǫrkn (Icelandic orkn) a kind of seal.The form in quot. ?1527 at main sense apparently results from an error in the transmission of the text translated.
Originally: any of various ferocious sea creatures. In later use: a large cetacean, esp. the killer whale, Orcinus orca. Cf. orca n. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > mythical creature or object > [noun] > aquatic monster or serpent
nickerOE
cetec1220
dragona1340
serra1449
hurlpool1553
afanc1573
orcc1590
sea monster1600
Hydrus1667
sea-dragon1749
kraken1755
sea-snake1755
Midgard1770
the (great) sea-serpent1774
sea-worm1799
taniwha1840
makara1873
Mamlambo1919
lau1923
Ogopogo1926
the world > animals > mammals > order Cetacea (whales) > suborder Odontoceti > [noun] > family Delphinidae > genus Orcinus (killer whale)
grampusa1529
orcc1590
herring-hoga1641
orca1653
springer1700
thrasher1709
killer whale1726
grampus-whale1744
thresher1787
sword-whale1860
?1527 L. Andrewe tr. Noble Lyfe Bestes sig. siiiiv Orchun [L. Orcum, Du. Orchium] is a monster of ye se..& he is mortal ennemye to ye balene & tereth asonder the bely of the balene.]
c1590 J. Stewart Poems (1913) 40 Strong ourks and phoks and monsters euerie day From seis he send.
1591 J. Harington tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso x. lxxxvii. 79/2 With his speare in hand,..The vgly Orke vpon the brow he strake; (I call him Orke, because I know no beast, Nor fish from whence comparison to take).
1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion ii. 25 The vglie Orks, that for their Lord the Ocean wooe.
1638 W. Rawley tr. F. Bacon Hist. Nat. & Exper. Life & Death 48 Touching that monstrous Bulk, of the Whale, or Orke; How long it is wielded by vitall Spirit; Wee have received Nothing certaine.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 835 The haunt of Seales and Orcs, and Sea-mews clang. View more context for this quotation
1712 W. Diaper Nereides xiii. 60 Shrimps may not grow to Crabs, nor Orks to Whales aspire.
a1794 W. Jones Hindu Wife (1881) 42 Some slowly through green waves advancing..E'en orcs and river-dragons felt Their iron bosoms melt.
1822 W. Tennant Thane of Fife v. vi Whole herds of sea-cows and of orcs appear.
1827 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom IV. 455 There are two varieties of the Delphinus Orca, the Orc and the Grampus.
1869 R. Browning Ring & Bk. III. ix. 220 Near and nearer comes the snorting orc.
1908 J. Payne Carol & Cadence 148 The tiger of the sea-deeps knew,—the Orc.

Compounds

† General attributive and objective, as orc-catcher, orc-killer, orc mouth. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1631 P. Fletcher Sicelides sig. Fijv Because a lover, therefore an Orkekiller.
1631 P. Fletcher Sicelides sig. Fijv That Orke-catcher Ataches.
1631 P. Fletcher Sicelides sig. Iij That Orke mouth of thine did crumme thy porridge with my grandsires braines.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

orcn.2

Brit. /ɔːk/, U.S. /ɔrk/
Forms: 1600s orke, 1600s orque, 1800s– orc, 1900s– ork.
Origin: Probably a borrowing from Italian. Etymon: Italian orco.
Etymology: Probably < Italian orco man-eating giant (see ogre n.).The word is unlikely to be a survival of Old English orc demon (probably directly < classical Latin Orcus ); in Old English also as the first element in the compound (plural) orcnēas evil spirits, walking corpses (see need n.1); compare:eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 86/2 Orcus, orc,..ðyrs, heldiobul.OE Beowulf 112 Þanon untydras ealle onwocon, eotenas ond ylfe ond orcneas, swylce gigantas, þa wið Gode wunnon. The word was revived in the 20th cent. by J. R. R. Tolkien (compare quot. 1937 at main sense), probably partly after Old English orc; compare:1954 J. R. R. Tolkien Let. 25 Apr. (1995) 177 Orcs (the word is as far as I am concerned actually derived from Old English orc ‘demon’, but only because of its phonetic suitability).
A devouring monster; an ogre; spec. a member of an imaginary race of subhuman creatures, small and human-like in form but having ogreish features and warlike, malevolent characters.Popularized by the novels of J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) and now used chiefly in fantasy novels and games.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [noun] > ogre
orc1605
ogre1713
ogress1713
ogrillon1860
society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > fiction > [noun] > creation or description of characters > specific character or creature
big-endian1726
Sleeping Beauty1729
little-endian1749
small-endian1819
panjandrum1825
shock-headed Peter1848
flopsy bunny1909
Pollyanna1921
Tarzan1921
hobbit1937
orc1937
superman1938
Moomin1950
Dalek1963
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. i. 337 Insatiate Orque, that euen at one repast, Almost all creatures in the World would waste.
1656 S. Holland Don Zara i. i. 6 Who at one stroke didst pare away three heads from off the shoulders of an Orke, begotten by an Incubus.
1854 Putnam's Monthly Mag. Oct. 380/1 The elves and the nickers, the orcs and the giants.
1865 C. Kingsley Hereward I. i. 71 But beyond, things unspeakable—dragons, giants, orcs, [etc.].
1937 J. R. R. Tolkien Hobbit vii. 149 The slopes of the Grey Mountains..are simply stiff with goblins, hobgoblins, and orcs of the worst description.
1974 R. Helms Tolkien's World iv. 80 The Orcs are covered with hair, in part to represent their sexual voraciousness and animality.
1989 GM Nov. 56 (advt.) Choose to play an Elf, Dwarf, Orc or Human.
1992 City Limits 2 July 22/4 The heroes are the orcs, usually (and quite rightly) considered to be the scum of fantasy society.

Compounds

General attributive, as orc army, orc speech, etc.
ΚΠ
1954 J. R. R. Tolkien Fellowship of Ring 23 With the help of the ring he escaped from the orc-guards at the gate and rejoined his companions.
1954 J. R. R. Tolkien Two Towers iii. iii. 48 Orc-speech sounded at all times full of hate and anger.
a1973 J. R. R. Tolkien Silmarillion (1977) x. 96 And when Thingol came again to Menegroth he learned that the Orc-host in the west was victorious.
1994 White Dwarf Mar. 54/1 The Ork Warboss is the brains (such as they are) of an Ork army.

Derivatives

ˈorc-like adj.
ΚΠ
1954 J. R. R. Tolkien Two Towers iii. ix. 171 He was not so obviously orc-like as most of these were.
2001 Truth (Auckland) (Nexis) 28 Dec. 7 The trouble is that many of them [sc. people attending the official Lord of the Rings party] are just too ork-like to cut the mustard.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

orcv.

Forms: 1600s ork.
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: orc n.2
Etymology: < orc n.2
Obsolete.
transitive. To make an orc or monster of.Apparently an isolated use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [verb (transitive)] > make an ogre of
orc1631
1631 P. Fletcher Sicelides sig. Fijv I Orkt you once, and now Ile fit you for a Cupid.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
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n.1c1590n.21605v.1631
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