outworkn.

Brit.

/ˈaʊtwəːk/, U.S.

/ˈaʊtˌwərk/

Forms: see out- prefix and work n.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: out- prefix, work n.

Etymology: < out- prefix + work n. In sense 3 after French hors-d'œuvre hors d'œuvre n. With sense 4 compare outworker n., outworking n. 1b, outworking adj.

a. Any part of the fortifications of a place lying outside the parapet; any detached or advanced work forming part of the defence of a place; an outer defence. Also (and earliest) in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > earthwork or rampart > [noun] > outwork

forewallOE

barrace1380

before-wallinga1382

vaumurec1475

faussebraie1490

forework1497

vauntmure1562

counterguard1591

forefence1609

forefight?1611

outworkc1615

crownwork1638

false braye1645

crowned work1677

c1615 F. Bacon Advice to G. Villiers v. §7 in Wks. (1872) VI. 44 The care of our out-work, the Navy Royal and shipping of the kingdom, which are the walls thereof.

1632 N. Goodman Hollands Leaguer sig. F2 A World of other Bulwarkes, Riuers, Ditches, Trenches, and Outworkes, which hem'd in the Orchards, Gardens, Base-courts, and Inferiour Offices.

1642 King Charles I Message to both Houses 11 July 2 Out-works to Defend the Town.

1678 Documents Hist. N.Y. State I. 89 [There is] a wooden redout & out worke at Pemaquid.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. vi. 190 This fort..had neither ditch nor outwork.

1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 327 The tower is light, supported by outworks at the angles.

1813 J. Q. Adams Jrnl. 13 Sept. in Mem. (1874) II. vii. 526 The allies..had taken one of the outworks.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xvi. 679 Cork was vigorously attacked. Outwork after outwork was rapidly carried.

1888 P. H. Sheridan Personal Mem. I. xix. 393 The failure of Wilson's column to get possession of the outwork which commanded the pike necessitated my crossing at Meadow bridge.

1922 E. R. Eddison Worm Ouroboros iv. 48 It [sc. a fortress] was built of black marble, rough-hewn and unpolished, the outworks enclosing many acres.

1959 A. Briggs Age of Improvem. iii. 160 He hurried to Belgium, the key continental outwork of the British security system.

1987 H. Turtledove Misplaced Legion xi. 254 The main house was..set behind outworks that would have delighted the commander of any border keep.

2013 H. Mytum Monumentality Later Prehist. x. 200 Many hillforts have outworks of various types, some concentrating around the entrance, others with appended enclosures and yet others with widely spaced concentric earthworks.

b. figurative.

ΚΠ

1622 J. Donne Lett. (1651) 134 All our moralities are but our outworks, our Christianity is our Citadel.

1659 W. Montagu Shepheard's Paradise iv. 90 All harts well fortified have outworkes, which must be taken first.

1695 E. Ravenscroft Canterbury Guests i. vii. 11 A Woman's Ear is the Outwork to her Chastity.

1775 R. B. Sheridan Let. (1966) III. 296 If the Resolution to face an Audience is an assumed Character, does not at once deprive a woman of all the out-works of Virtue..[etc.]

1872 H. P. Liddon Some Elements Relig. ii. 65 Belief in creation is a necessary outwork of any true theism whatever.

1973 K. Brathwaite Arrivants: Islands 183 Behind the black barbed wire of rock the white outworks of their foam.

†2. Work done on the outside or exterior of something; a piece of such work. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > [noun] > work done on the outside

outwork1691

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > [noun] > work done on the outside > piece of

outwork1691

1691 London Gaz. No. 2655/4 A Golden Sword drawn with some Outworks upon the Head and Shell.

1716 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 223 For the workemen in fitting up the six chambers their out work, in his new Addition to his Refronting the Coll. w^th freestone.

†3. An extra dish served as a relish; = hors d'œuvre n. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > [noun] > dish > extra dish

extraordinary1660

outwork1693

1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner i. iii. 69 A pretty Basket well fill'd with the choice eating Fruits of the Season,..which in the Courts of Kings and Princes, is called the Hors-d'oeuvre, or the Out-work.

1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Anchovy You may..serve it up to Table for an Out-work, with Orange and fry'd Parsley.

4. Originally: work done out of the house or out of doors. Now usually: work done away from an employer's premises. Also occasionally in Cricket: †= outfielding n. (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > other types of work

church worka1225

kirk work1418

fieldwork1441

labour of love1592

life's work1660

shop work1696

outwork1707

private practice1724

tide-work1739

sales-work1775

marshing1815

work in progress1815

life-work1837

relief work1844

sharp practice1847

near work1850

slop-work1861

repetition work1866

side work1875

rework1878

wage-slavery1886

work in progress1890

war work1891

busywork1893

screen work1912

staff-work1923

gig work1927

knowledge work1959

WIP1966

telework1970

playwork1986

laboratory work2002

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > fielding > [noun] > types of fielding

long-stopping1832

outfielding1851

pointing1863

ground-fielding1884

groundwork1898

outwork1899

glovework1906

slip-fielding1906

1707 Acct. 20 Oct. in Accts. Coal Pits Farnley (Leeds Univ. MS11) f. 85^v Out worke at pit at wood.

1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) Contents 10 Commencement of the Outwork of the ensuing Season.

1813 R. Kerr Agric. Surv. Berwick xv. 420 What is called out-work, as helping to fill muck carts, spreading the muck, setting and hoeing potatoes [etc.].

1899 Westm. Gaz. 3 June 7/1 He cordially joined in I——'s pæan over the out-work of the 'Varsity. ‘The fielding of the Oxonians has been grand.’

1913 Econ. Jrnl. 23 376 By mens of these private installations, a positive extension of outwork has recently taken place, and fresh shops are being provided at the rate of 200 per annum.

1977 Wandsworth Boro' News 7 Oct. 21/3 (advt.) Urgently wanted: Machinists—out-work or in-work. No outlay.

2013 T. Dublin in M. Dubofsky Oxf. Encycl. Amer. Business, Labor, & Econ. Hist. 185/1 Only when Congress enacted the Fair Labor Standards Act in the New Deal era did industrial outwork become largely unprofitable.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

outworkv.

Brit.

/ˌaʊtˈwəːk/, U.S.

/ˌaʊtˈwərk/

Inflections: Past tense and past participle outworked, (archaic) outwrought Brit.

/aʊtˈrɔːt/, U.S.

/aʊtˈrɑt/,

/aʊtˈrɔt/;

Forms: see out- prefix and work v.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: out- prefix, work v.

Etymology: < out- prefix + work v. With sense 1 compare to work out at work v. Phrasal verbs 1.

†a. transitive. To produce by work. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > manufacture or produce [verb (transitive)]

i-wurchec888

makeeOE

workOE

dighta1175

outworka1325

forge1382

tiffa1400

fabricate1598

elaborate1611

produce1612

manufacture1648

to work off1653

output1858

productionize1939

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 4144 Ydolatrie..Ofte vt-wrogte hem sorges dref.

b. transitive. To work out to a conclusion; to complete; to develop, manifest, or set out in detail. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > completing > complete (an action or piece of work) [verb (transitive)]

to make an endc893

afilleOE

endc975

fullOE

full-doOE

full-workOE

fullendOE

fullfremeOE

full-forthlOE

fillc1175

fulfilc1300

complec1315

asum1340

full-make1340

performa1382

finisha1400

accomplishc1405

cheve1426

upwindc1440

perfurnish?c1450

sumc1450

perimplish1468

explete?a1475

fullcome1477

consume1483

consomme1489

perimplenish1499

perfect1512

perfinish1523

complete1530

consummate1530

do1549

to run out1553

perfectionate1570

win1573

outwork1590

to bring about1598

exedifya1617

to do up1654

ratifyc1720

ultimate1849

terminate1857

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. T2^v For now three dayes of men were full outwrought, Since he this hardy enterprize began.

1902 T. Hardy Poems Past & Present 110 I saw, in web unbroken, Its history outwrought.

1975 Church Times 8 Aug. 8 Social caring, evangelism, or some other form of out-working their faith in action.

2001 Baptist Times 15 Mar. 10/6 Two other important factors were the implementation of the biblical principle of mentoring outworked by the leaders of the CE and their willingness to take spiritual risks with me!

†2. transitive. To excel in workmanship; to work more skilfully than. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > working > [verb (transitive)] > excel in working

passc1225

outwork1599

1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 36 I do not thinke but all the Smiths in London, Norwich, or Yorke..would enuy him, if they could not outworke him.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) ii. ii. 208 She did lye In her Pauillion..O're-picturing that Venus, where we see The fancie out-worke Nature.

1782 H. More Belshazzar ii. Dramas 175 Thou hast out-wrought the pattern he bequeath'd thee, And quite outgone example.

3. transitive. To outdo in working; to work harder or faster than.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > working > [verb (transitive)] > outdo in working

out-toil1603

over-labour1607

outwork1611

1611 B. Jonson Catiline iii. sig. H But, in your violent acts, The fall of torrents, and the noyse of tempests,..Be all outwrought, by your transcendent furies.

1647 J. Trapp Comm. Epist. & Rev. (Rev. xii. 12) He makes all haste he can to outwork the children of light.

1836 J. H. Perkins in W. H. Channing Mem. & Writings J. H. Perkins I. 195 [It is objected that] if the black be set free..he will at last drive the white from the country by outworking him.

1858 Harper's Mag. Jan. 282/1 To use his own words, he ‘could outrun, outwork, and outdrink any other human critter atop of dirt’.

1880 A. H. Huth Life & Writings H. T. Buckle II. 171 Captain Cook found that his sailors could outwork the islanders.

1985 Times 1 Oct. 16/5 We must hope to see people of goodwill..being willing to outwork those who are dividing the city.

1991 Athlon's Pro Football 81/2 Tim Irwin, the other tackle, is bigger..but not nearly as athletic as Zimmerman. Irwin simply outworks his opponent and wins most of the trench wars.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	outwork
释义	outworkn. Brit. /ˈaʊtwəːk/, U.S. /ˈaʊtˌwərk/ Forms: see out- prefix and work n. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: out- prefix, work n. Etymology: < out- prefix + work n. In sense 3 after French hors-d'œuvre hors d'œuvre n. With sense 4 compare outworker n., outworking n. 1b, outworking adj. 1. a. Any part of the fortifications of a place lying outside the parapet; any detached or advanced work forming part of the defence of a place; an outer defence. Also (and earliest) in extended use. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > earthwork or rampart > [noun] > outwork forewallOE barrace1380 before-wallinga1382 vaumurec1475 faussebraie1490 forework1497 vauntmure1562 counterguard1591 forefence1609 forefight?1611 outworkc1615 crownwork1638 false braye1645 crowned work1677 c1615 F. Bacon Advice to G. Villiers v. §7 in Wks. (1872) VI. 44 The care of our out-work, the Navy Royal and shipping of the kingdom, which are the walls thereof. 1632 N. Goodman Hollands Leaguer sig. F2 A World of other Bulwarkes, Riuers, Ditches, Trenches, and Outworkes, which hem'd in the Orchards, Gardens, Base-courts, and Inferiour Offices. 1642 King Charles I Message to both Houses 11 July 2 Out-works to Defend the Town. 1678 Documents Hist. N.Y. State I. 89 [There is] a wooden redout & out worke at Pemaquid. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. vi. 190 This fort..had neither ditch nor outwork. 1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 327 The tower is light, supported by outworks at the angles. 1813 J. Q. Adams Jrnl. 13 Sept. in Mem. (1874) II. vii. 526 The allies..had taken one of the outworks. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xvi. 679 Cork was vigorously attacked. Outwork after outwork was rapidly carried. 1888 P. H. Sheridan Personal Mem. I. xix. 393 The failure of Wilson's column to get possession of the outwork which commanded the pike necessitated my crossing at Meadow bridge. 1922 E. R. Eddison Worm Ouroboros iv. 48 It [sc. a fortress] was built of black marble, rough-hewn and unpolished, the outworks enclosing many acres. 1959 A. Briggs Age of Improvem. iii. 160 He hurried to Belgium, the key continental outwork of the British security system. 1987 H. Turtledove Misplaced Legion xi. 254 The main house was..set behind outworks that would have delighted the commander of any border keep. 2013 H. Mytum Monumentality Later Prehist. x. 200 Many hillforts have outworks of various types, some concentrating around the entrance, others with appended enclosures and yet others with widely spaced concentric earthworks. b. figurative. ΚΠ 1622 J. Donne Lett. (1651) 134 All our moralities are but our outworks, our Christianity is our Citadel. 1659 W. Montagu Shepheard's Paradise iv. 90 All harts well fortified have outworkes, which must be taken first. 1695 E. Ravenscroft Canterbury Guests i. vii. 11 A Woman's Ear is the Outwork to her Chastity. 1775 R. B. Sheridan Let. (1966) III. 296 If the Resolution to face an Audience is an assumed Character, does not at once deprive a woman of all the out-works of Virtue..[etc.] 1872 H. P. Liddon Some Elements Relig. ii. 65 Belief in creation is a necessary outwork of any true theism whatever. 1973 K. Brathwaite Arrivants: Islands 183 Behind the black barbed wire of rock the white outworks of their foam. †2. Work done on the outside or exterior of something; a piece of such work. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > [noun] > work done on the outside outwork1691 society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > [noun] > work done on the outside > piece of outwork1691 1691 London Gaz. No. 2655/4 A Golden Sword drawn with some Outworks upon the Head and Shell. 1716 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 223 For the workemen in fitting up the six chambers their out work, in his new Addition to his Refronting the Coll. w^th freestone. †3. An extra dish served as a relish; = hors d'œuvre n. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > [noun] > dish > extra dish extraordinary1660 outwork1693 1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner i. iii. 69 A pretty Basket well fill'd with the choice eating Fruits of the Season,..which in the Courts of Kings and Princes, is called the Hors-d'oeuvre, or the Out-work. 1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Anchovy You may..serve it up to Table for an Out-work, with Orange and fry'd Parsley. 4. Originally: work done out of the house or out of doors. Now usually: work done away from an employer's premises. Also occasionally in Cricket: †= outfielding n. (obsolete). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > other types of work church worka1225 kirk work1418 fieldwork1441 labour of love1592 life's work1660 shop work1696 outwork1707 private practice1724 tide-work1739 sales-work1775 marshing1815 work in progress1815 life-work1837 relief work1844 sharp practice1847 near work1850 slop-work1861 repetition work1866 side work1875 rework1878 wage-slavery1886 work in progress1890 war work1891 busywork1893 screen work1912 staff-work1923 gig work1927 knowledge work1959 WIP1966 telework1970 playwork1986 laboratory work2002 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > fielding > [noun] > types of fielding long-stopping1832 outfielding1851 pointing1863 ground-fielding1884 groundwork1898 outwork1899 glovework1906 slip-fielding1906 1707 Acct. 20 Oct. in Accts. Coal Pits Farnley (Leeds Univ. MS11) f. 85^v Out worke at pit at wood. 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) Contents 10 Commencement of the Outwork of the ensuing Season. 1813 R. Kerr Agric. Surv. Berwick xv. 420 What is called out-work, as helping to fill muck carts, spreading the muck, setting and hoeing potatoes [etc.]. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 3 June 7/1 He cordially joined in I——'s pæan over the out-work of the 'Varsity. ‘The fielding of the Oxonians has been grand.’ 1913 Econ. Jrnl. 23 376 By mens of these private installations, a positive extension of outwork has recently taken place, and fresh shops are being provided at the rate of 200 per annum. 1977 Wandsworth Boro' News 7 Oct. 21/3 (advt.) Urgently wanted: Machinists—out-work or in-work. No outlay. 2013 T. Dublin in M. Dubofsky Oxf. Encycl. Amer. Business, Labor, & Econ. Hist. 185/1 Only when Congress enacted the Fair Labor Standards Act in the New Deal era did industrial outwork become largely unprofitable. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). outworkv. Brit. /ˌaʊtˈwəːk/, U.S. /ˌaʊtˈwərk/ Inflections: Past tense and past participle outworked, (archaic) outwrought Brit. /aʊtˈrɔːt/, U.S. /aʊtˈrɑt/, /aʊtˈrɔt/; Forms: see out- prefix and work v. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: out- prefix, work v. Etymology: < out- prefix + work v. With sense 1 compare to work out at work v. Phrasal verbs 1. 1. †a. transitive. To produce by work. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > manufacture or produce [verb (transitive)] i-wurchec888 makeeOE workOE dighta1175 outworka1325 forge1382 tiffa1400 fabricate1598 elaborate1611 produce1612 manufacture1648 to work off1653 output1858 productionize1939 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 4144 Ydolatrie..Ofte vt-wrogte hem sorges dref. b. transitive. To work out to a conclusion; to complete; to develop, manifest, or set out in detail. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > completing > complete (an action or piece of work) [verb (transitive)] to make an endc893 afilleOE endc975 fullOE full-doOE full-workOE fullendOE fullfremeOE full-forthlOE fillc1175 fulfilc1300 complec1315 asum1340 full-make1340 performa1382 finisha1400 accomplishc1405 cheve1426 upwindc1440 perfurnish?c1450 sumc1450 perimplish1468 explete?a1475 fullcome1477 consume1483 consomme1489 perimplenish1499 perfect1512 perfinish1523 complete1530 consummate1530 do1549 to run out1553 perfectionate1570 win1573 outwork1590 to bring about1598 exedifya1617 to do up1654 ratifyc1720 ultimate1849 terminate1857 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. T2^v For now three dayes of men were full outwrought, Since he this hardy enterprize began. 1902 T. Hardy Poems Past & Present 110 I saw, in web unbroken, Its history outwrought. 1975 Church Times 8 Aug. 8 Social caring, evangelism, or some other form of out-working their faith in action. 2001 Baptist Times 15 Mar. 10/6 Two other important factors were the implementation of the biblical principle of mentoring outworked by the leaders of the CE and their willingness to take spiritual risks with me! †2. transitive. To excel in workmanship; to work more skilfully than. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > working > [verb (transitive)] > excel in working passc1225 outwork1599 1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 36 I do not thinke but all the Smiths in London, Norwich, or Yorke..would enuy him, if they could not outworke him. a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) ii. ii. 208 She did lye In her Pauillion..O're-picturing that Venus, where we see The fancie out-worke Nature. View more context for this quotation 1782 H. More Belshazzar ii. Dramas 175 Thou hast out-wrought the pattern he bequeath'd thee, And quite outgone example. 3. transitive. To outdo in working; to work harder or faster than. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > working > [verb (transitive)] > outdo in working out-toil1603 over-labour1607 outwork1611 1611 B. Jonson Catiline iii. sig. H But, in your violent acts, The fall of torrents, and the noyse of tempests,..Be all outwrought, by your transcendent furies. View more context for this quotation 1647 J. Trapp Comm. Epist. & Rev. (Rev. xii. 12) He makes all haste he can to outwork the children of light. 1836 J. H. Perkins in W. H. Channing Mem. & Writings J. H. Perkins I. 195 [It is objected that] if the black be set free..he will at last drive the white from the country by outworking him. 1858 Harper's Mag. Jan. 282/1 To use his own words, he ‘could outrun, outwork, and outdrink any other human critter atop of dirt’. 1880 A. H. Huth Life & Writings H. T. Buckle II. 171 Captain Cook found that his sailors could outwork the islanders. 1985 Times 1 Oct. 16/5 We must hope to see people of goodwill..being willing to outwork those who are dividing the city. 1991 Athlon's Pro Football 81/2 Tim Irwin, the other tackle, is bigger..but not nearly as athletic as Zimmerman. Irwin simply outworks his opponent and wins most of the trench wars. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1615v.a1325
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