paneln.¹

Brit.

/ˈpanl/, U.S.

/ˈpæn(ə)l/

Forms: Middle English panele, Middle English panyll, Middle English penell, Middle English–1500s panelle, Middle English–1600s panell, Middle English– panel, 1500s–1700s pannell, 1500s– pannel, 1600s pannelle, 1600s panniell, 1600s pannle, 1600s panyell, 1700s pennal, 1700s pannield (U.S.), 1800s panniel (English regional (Cumberland)); Scottish pre-1700 panale, pre-1700 panall, pre-1700 panell, pre-1700 pannald, pre-1700 pannale, pre-1700 pennall, pre-1700 pennell, pre-1700 1700s pannal, pre-1700 1700s pannall, pre-1700 1700s pannell, pre-1700 1700s–1800s pannel, pre-1700 1800s– panel. N.E.D. (1904) also records a form late Middle English panȝell.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French panel.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman panel, panell, pannelle list of jurors (c1290), Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French panel piece of cloth, saddle-pad (1160–74; 1213 as peniau ; Middle French pannel , penniau , Middle French, French panneau piece of cloth, section, panel) < post-classical Latin panellus pad or lining of a saddle (frequently from 1130 in British sources (1382 as panella ); from mid 13th cent. in continental sources as panellum ), strip of cloth (1213 in a British source), panel of wood (from a1272 in British sources), pane of glass (from 1275 in British sources), list of jurors (frequently 1275–1513 in British sources; also as panella , panellum ), section of computus roll (frequently from 1290 in British sources; also as panella ), side of a cloister (1295–6, c1340 in British sources), frame, light, or section of (mullioned) window (a1482 in a British source) < pannus cloth (see pannus n., and compare pane n.²) + -ellus -el suffix². Compare Italian pannello (c1350).

I. A piece of cloth, and related senses.

a. Originally: †a piece of cloth, esp. a piece placed under a saddle to protect the horse's back; a saddle pad (obsolete). Later: the padded underpart of a saddle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > saddle-cloth

paniot1310

saumbuc1330

panel1336

saddle house1431

mantletc1440

horse-cloth1530

saddlecloth?1530

saddle rug1679

hammock-cloth1685

hammock1690

shabracque1809

saddle blanket1817

manta1828

saddle mat1856

numnah1859

numdah1879

1336 in N. H. Nicolas Hist. Royal Navy (1847) II. 472 (MED) [576 ells of cloth..bought for] panell [to cover the same ship].

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 14982 Broght þai noþer on hir bak Na sadel ne panel [a1400 Gött. panele].

a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 473 (MED) Luke þou fil wele þi panele, And in þi sadel set þe wele.

1497 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 117 Cartsadell without panell.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xvii. 18 Bitwene the saddyll and the pannell, they trusse a brode plate of metall.

1541 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1907) VII. 473 For xviij elnis cammes, ane stane of flokkis and viij skenȝe threid to mend the pannellis of the soume sadillis.

1607 G. Markham Cavelarice vi. 54 The pannelles of his Saddles shall bee made of strong linnen cloath.

1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier 78 I cut a Hole in the Pannel of the Saddle.

1835 Encycl. Brit. XI. 621 Hunting saddles should have their pannels well beaten and brushed to prevent sore backs.

1882 Saddler's Bill in F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (1886) (at cited word) New panel and flocking to saddle.

1981 E. H. Edwards Country Life Bk. Saddlery & Equipm. 36/1 The panel of this saddle..was correspondingly large.

1993 Dressage & CT Apr. 18/2 All English saddles with stuffed, as opposed to foam-filled, panels need to be restuffed or reflocked by a competent saddler every year.

b. Frequently in form pannel. A kind of saddle, esp. a simple frameless pad to which loads may be fastened; a pillion. Also: †a wooden saddle for an ass (obsolete). Also occasionally in plural. Now English regional and rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > saddle > types of saddle

mail-saddle1360

trotter-saddle1381

panel1393

loadsaddle1397

packsaddle1398

limber-saddle1480

pillion1480

side-saddle1493

steel saddle1503

pilgate1511

mail pillowc1532

stock-saddle1537

pad1556

sunk1568

trunk-saddle1569

soda1586

mail pillion1586

running saddle1596

Scotch saddle1596

postilion saddle1621

pad-saddle1622

portmanteau-saddle1681

watering saddle1681

cart-saddle1692

demi-pique1695

crook-saddle1700

saddle pad1750

recado1825

aparejo1844

mountain saddle1849

somerset1851

pilch1863

cowboy saddle1880

sawbuck (pack)saddle1881

western saddle1883

cross-saddle1897

centre-fire1921

McClellan1940

poley1957

1393 in L. T. Smith Exped. Prussia & Holy Land Earl Derby (1894) 152 (MED) Clerico marescalcie..pro iij capistris et male panel.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 251/2 Pannell to ryde on, batz, panneau.

1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 14^v A pannel & wantey, packsaddle & ped.

1598 Bp. J. Hall Virgidemiarum: 3 Last Bks. iv. ii. 14 So rides he mounted on the market-day Vpon a straw-stu'ft pannell, all the way.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 215 Our Asses had pannels in stead of saddles..and ropes laid crosse the pannels, and knotted at the ends in stead of stirrups.

1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ xi. 211 Belonging..to the Barn and Stable... Harneys for Horses, and Yoakes for Oxen. Pannels. Wanteyes. Pack-saddles.

a1739 C. Jarvis tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote (1742) I. iv. xvi. 299 Sancho Panza, who, buried in sleep and stretched upon his ass's pannel.

a1835 J. Hogg Poems (1865) 372 Get wop on the top of the panniels.

1864 E. A. Parkes Man. Pract. Hygiene i. xiv. 365 Weights of..Horse Appointments..5th Dragoon Guards..one pair pannels, 4 lb. 4½ oz.

1882 G. F. Jackson Shropshire Word-bk. Pannel, a pillion... Some old people in this locality at the present day [sc. 1875] remember the pannel being in use.

a1903 E. Smith in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1903) IV. 419/1 Pannel, a pad fitted with ridges and used by millers for loading their sacks of corn or meal on a horse's back.

†2. gen.

a. A piece (of something). Obsolete.In quot. 1628 in the context of explaining the meaning of sense 14a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part

panelc1450

dissectiona1586

dismembering1603

discrete1871

society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] > parchment > piece of

skin of parchment1340

parchmenta1350

parchment skinc1390

press1405

panel1628

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 442 (MED) Þai went on fysshyng, and in-stede of fyssh þai drew in þer nett a grete panell of yse.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. ii. ii. §234. 158 ^v Pannell is an English word and signifieth a little part, for a Pane is a part, and a Pannell is a little part (as a Pannel of Wainscot, a Pannell of a saddle, and a pannell of Parchment wherin the Jurors names be written).]

b. A part, a division. Cf. pane n.² 4. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > one of the parts into which anything is divided

dealinga1300

divisionc1374

partc1392

spacec1392

long divisionc1400

severingc1400

skyvaldc1400

foddinga1425

panelc1450

partition1561

roomstead1600

canton1601

separation1604

share1643

scissurea1667

cutting1726

departmenta1735

segment1762

compartment1793

distribution1829

segregation1859

dept.1869

section1875

tmema1891

c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 273 (MED) Þis ground of equyte is ij panellys; In þe to panel equyte acordyth resoun wyth wyll, and þe oþer panel equite acordyth wyll wyth resoun.

II. A distinct part of a surface, and related uses.

* A distinct section, typically rectangular in shape, that forms part of the whole surface of something.

†3. A pane of glass; a windowpane; (Scottish) spec. a rectangular pane of glass in a mullioned window. Cf. senses 5a, 12c. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > parts of windows > [noun] > pane

light1387

fenestral1399

panel1399

pane1466

window glassa1586

window1605

window-light1655

windowpane1750

1399 in J. Raine Fabric Rolls York Minster (1859) 18 (MED) Item, xl panell vitri parvi valoris.

1539 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 260 For..new glas to vi pannellis to the south gavill wyndois.

1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. ii. x. f. 85/1, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Some..did make panels of horne in steede of glasse, and fixe them in woodden calmes.

1583 Edinb. Dean of Guild Accts. 177 The wyndow of the new kirk quhair the greit pannell of glas was.

1612 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 340 In the Queenes hall ane pannell conteining throttie feits quhairof thair is sextene feit auld glas sett in new leid and fourtene feit of new glas augmented therto.

a1680 J. Bargrave Pope Alexander VII (1867) ii. 132 The kesment being taken away, or a pannel of glass broken.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Pannel Hence Panels, or Panes of Glass, are Compartiments or Pieces of Glass of various Forms, Square, Hexagonal, &c.

a. A section of a fence or railing, now usually prefabricated. Also: †a section of a wall (obsolete). Cf. pane n.² 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a fence > section or compartment of

panec1380

panel1489

panel1946

1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes ii. xxiv In the said forest..to be made palebordes called penelles.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 251/2 Panell of a wall, pan de mur.

1582 Crail Burgh Court 1 Nov. Jhone Reid..sall repair..the west heid of the said peir and sall..set vpe ane innar pannell bak and angler the samin.

1658 J. Evelyn tr. N. de Bonnefons French Gardiner 138 A Reede-hedge handsomely bound in Pannells.

1686 in P. A. Bruce Econ. Hist. Virginia (1896) I. 318 Johnson doth [impower you]..to fall, mall, and set up..400 panels of sufficient post and rails.

1787 G. Washington Diaries III. 186 In the Neck 105 Pannels of Post and rail fencing..was compleated.

1833 Niles' Reg. 44 263/1 Additional fencing was required, of about 1,800 pannels.

1882 Gardeners' Chron. 17 809/2 Each panel is composed of three vertical parallel posts, two longitudinal rails..and two boards attached to the posts between the rails.

a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) I. x. 163 At last she was once more at the ruins of the fence panel.

1995 Tree House Family Apr. 28/2 This catalogue of architectural restoration products contains beautiful cast iron spiral staircases, railing panels and fences.

b. Hunting (chiefly U.S.). A section of a fence, wall, etc., that is or has been made jumpable. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a fence > section or compartment of

panec1380

panel1489

panel1946

1946 M. C. Self Horseman's Encycl. 294 Panel, in the hunt field obstacles whether timber or stone are often spoken of as ‘panels’.

1963 L. F. Bloodgood & P. Santini Horseman's Dict. 145 Panel,..a set of rails inserted into a wire fence to make it jumpable.

a. A distinct, typically rectangular section or compartment of a wainscot, door, shutter, etc., usually of wood or glass and generally thinner than the surround. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [noun] > other specific parts

panel1498

pane1582

well-curb1665

through-work1686

gathering1703

dripping1735

sweep1766

bridging1774

accouplement1823

sweep-work1847

1498 A. Halyburton Ledger (1867) 156 4 dossin of pannellis of rassit vark cost 3 grotis the stek.

1531–2 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 76 Tua pundis of horne glew for glewin of certane pannalis and wyndo breddis.

1560 in R. Adam Edinb. Rec. (1899) II. 96 For..glew to the kirk doris pannellis bownd wark.

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. iii. 79 This fellow wil but ioyne you together, as they ioyne Wainscot, then one of you wil proue a shrunke pannell, and like greene timber, warpe, warpe.

1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. vi. 106 The Friese Pannel above the Friese Rail.

1703 Moxon's Mech. Exercises (new ed.) 109 Bevil away the outer edges of the Pannels.

1785 W. Cowper Task i. 282 Rural carvers..with knives deface The pannels.

1823 W. Scoresby Jrnl. Voy. Northern Whale-fishery 455 The pannels of the captain's state-room door were forced out of the framing.

1883 Cent. Mag. Feb. 520/2 She had got no further than the incomplete representation of some goldenrod and mullein-stalks upon the panels of her own chamber-door.

1933 H. Allen Anthony Adverse I. ii. ix. 126 They might ring the bell..and go away serene in the knowledge that the sliding panel would open and the child vanish inwards.

1970 M. Harari & M. Hayward tr. A. A. Amalrik Involuntary Journey to Siberia iv. 56 This door had a small panel of plexiglass.

1991 Trad. Woodworking Apr. 41/1 Behind the wood panelling in William III's bedroom are trompe d'oeil imitation oak panels.

b. A part of a wall or piece of furniture that is sunk below or raised above the general level.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > other elements > [noun] > panel

table1651

panel1693

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > panel-work > [noun] > panel

tafferel1622

panel1693

1693 J. Tigou (title) A new book of drawings, containing several sortes of iron worke as gates,..staircases, pannelles, etc.

c1720 N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Architecture IV. i. xix. 33 A large pannel occupying the whole Architrave and Frize to place the Inscription upon.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Pedestal The Generality of Architects..use Tables or Pannels, either in Relievo or Creux, in the Dyes of Pedestals.

1742 G. Leoni Notes I. Jones in N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Architecture (ed. 3) II. iv. 49/2 A. Pannels of Porphyry. B. Ditto of Granito.

1823 J. Rutter Delineations of Fonthill 15 Large raised pannels and bolection mouldings.

1867 W. Papworth Gwilt's Encycl. Archit. (rev. ed.) iii. iii. 960 The tower of St. Peter Mancroft, at Norwich, is a good specimen of flint building with stone panels.

1874 J. T. Micklethwaite Mod. Parish Churches 214 I can see no reason why the panels should not be formed of some of the concretes which we are now able to procure.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 47/2 On the entablature surmounting the Ionic columns are panels containing medallions of Scots sovereigns from James I. to James VII.

1962 Appraisal Terminol. & Handbk. (Amer. Inst. Real Estate Appraisers) (ed. 4) 164 Set-off,..used to describe a sunken panel or recess of any kind in a wall.

1993 Dict. National Biogr.: Missing Persons 214/2 Alabaster relief panels of narrative scenes or portrait groups.

2001 S. Strum Barcelona: Guide Archit. iv. 4 This building is face with alternating green and white prefabricated-concrete panels.

c. A distinct portion of the body of a carriage, motor vehicle, etc.

ΚΠ

1760 S. Foote Minor i. 31 Let the martin pannels for the vis a vis be carried to Long-Acre, and the pye-balls sent to Hall's to be bitted.

1791 Madras Courier 29 Sept. To be Sold, an Elegant, new, and fashionable Bandy, with copper-pannels, lined with Morocca leather.

1826 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 30 Sept. 3 A stage-coach came up to the door, with ‘Bath and London’ upon its panels.

1866 Visct. Strangford Sel. Writings (1869) II. 320 An unobtrusive little coronet which my wife has had painted..upon the panels of her carriage.

1912 H. J. Butler Motor Bodies & Chassis 108 The body panels are often striped.

1996 D. Brimson & E. Brimson Everywhere we Go ix. 127 I felt a total prick driving home in a car which had every panel, including the roof, kicked in.

d. figurative and in extended use. Something resembling a panel in shape and relation to the surrounding space.

ΚΠ

1869 R. D. Blackmore Lorna Doone III. xx. 298 Observing..how carefully this white thing moved along the bars of darkness betwixt the panels of fire-light.

1902 A. E. W. Mason Four Feathers xviii. 174 Through the open window the moon threw a broad panel of silver light upon the floor of the room.

1933 D. L. Sayers Murder must Advertise iv. 54 It only needed the alteration of a sentence and the introduction of a panel about gift-coupons.

1991 G. Ehrlich Islands, Universe, Home i. 4 A raven creaks overhead, flies into the cleft, glides toward a panel of white water splashing over a ledge, and comes out cawing.

e. Bookbinding. (a) The space between the bands (band n.¹ 2b) on the back of a book; (b) a compartment of the external cover of a book, esp. on the spine, consisting of lettering or decoration enclosed in a border.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > parts of book > [noun] > back > space between raised bands

panel1875

society > communication > book > parts of book > [noun] > cover > ornaments on cover

burdounc1440

filleting1747

stamp1811

panel1875

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 425 ‘Raised bands’ are formed of strips of pasteboard or parchment at regular intervals across the back of the book, leaving a space termed ‘panels’ between them.

1880 J. W. Zaehnsdorf Art of Bookbinding 129 Panel mitred in gold, with title and small corners... Small tail panel with date.

1903 Studio Aug. 175 A solid leather outer binding with an inlaid..panel in the centre to contain coats-of-arms..amid a framework of gold tooling.

1992 Mod. Painters Spring 7/2 (advt.) Bound in full Library Buckram, lettered in gilt on coloured panel on spine, preserved in a cloth slipcase.

a. (a) A piece of material, often of a different texture, pattern, or colour, forming part of a garment; (b) a decorative piece of embroidery, appliqué work, etc., inserted into a garment, upholstery, etc.In figurative context in quot. 1726.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > dress, robe, or gown > parts of > skirt(s) > panel in

panel1726

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > dress, robe, or gown > parts of > skirt(s) > material between panels

panel1889

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > ornamental textiles > ornamental trimmings > [noun] > insertion

entredeux1823

insertionc1840

inserting1847

panel1899

1726 J. Barker Lining of Patch-work Screen sig. A3 ^v This made me once think to have enlarg'd it, by putting in some Pannels of Verse; but, that I heard say, Poetry is not much worn at Court.

1889 John Bull 2 Mar. 149/3 The skirt, of grey silk, had broad panels of dark grey velvet, on which a design of feathers was embroidered in silver.

1899 W. G. P. Townsend Embroidery iv. 43 Design for an appliqué panel,..Worked in the Windermere linens, in blues and green.

1922 Daily Mail 16 Dec. 15/3 Fur panels trim evening gowns of lamé.

1990 Littlewoods Catal. Spring–Summer 359 (caption) Gladstone Handbag with tapestry fabric panel.

2000 Times 6 Oct. (Ski 2001 Suppl.) 8/3 Forget baggy gear—everything's closer-fitting this year, with stretchy panels on jackets and pants to allow for maximum manoeuvrability.

b. A section of a tapestry or other ornamental work, usually surrounded by a decorative border. Also: a tapestry or other piece of needlework regarded as a whole.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > ornamental textiles > [noun] > tapestry > section of

panel1856

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > ornamental textiles > [noun] > tapestry > regarded as a whole

panel1918

1856 O. Jones Gram. Ornament xvi The painter began to usurp the office of the scribe... We have the first stage..where a geometrical arrangement is obtained with conventional ornament enclosing gold panels, on which are painted groups of flowers.

1897 Dict. National Biogr. at Stewart, Sir Herbert It [sc. a mural] is in three panels, the centre containing a medallion of him in high relief.

1918 G. L. Hunter Decorative Textiles xii. 243 Tapestry screen panels woven in New York.

1964 D. DuBon Tapestries S.H. Kress Coll. at Philadelphia Mus. of Art: Hist. Constantine 20 The sarcophagus is framed by an oval wreath of ribbon within an oval panel, bound laurel leaves with a shell form at the top and bottom.

1999 Piecework Nov.–Dec. 39/2 The Healing Garden, an embroidered panel 9 feet (2.7 m) long, depicts the herbs of a medieval physick garden.

c. Each of the shaped sections of a parachute; any of the sections composing a gore (gore n.² 5).

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > parachute > [noun] > canopy > parts of

panel1930

skirt1951

1930 O. H. Kneen Everyman's Bk. Flying xii. 223 Two men straighten out the twelve ‘panels’ of silk.

1938 Flight 25 Aug. 168 c/1 The canopy, which is 24ft. in diameter, is made up of 24 triangular gores cut from high-quality silk. Each gore is composed of four panels, the stitching of which forms a zig-zag pattern round the complete canopy.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VII. 740/2 The canopy is given extraordinary strength by fabrication from up to 28 separate panels, or gores, each made up of smaller sections.

1997 Flight Internat. 18 June 57/1 This parachute..consists of 20 gores, or segments, each gore being made up of seven panels of ripstop nylon cloth and one of polyester netting.

†7. [After French panneau (1553 in Middle French in this sense).] A flat face of a stone cut from a larger mass. Cf. pane n.² 3. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Pannel, in Masonry, one of the Faces of a hewn Stone.

a. Coal Mining. A section of coal left uncut; a large rectangular block or pillar of coal, ore, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > individual pieces

panel1747

knablick1757

coba1804

setter1849

pearl1901

turnel1905

1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. O2^v Pannell, a small Piece of Wholes that is left uncut, either to support some Weight from falling, or else..left, because it is..not worth the cutting.

1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. Kiij Huttrill [is] any hard Pannel in a Vein or Pipe..bound up and crossil'd by mixt Stuff, as Chirts, hard Tufts, Caukes, or Kevills.

1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining 182 Panel, a large rectangular block or pillar of coal, measuring, say, 130 by 100 yards.

1963 E. J. Pryor Dict. Mineral Technol. 286 Panel, rectangle of lode ore, defined by means of levels and winzes, and then considered to be proved as regards volume for valuation purposes.

1999 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Dispatch (Nexis) 18 Sept. (Sports section) 21 In the long-wall method, a powerful rotary cutting machine moves along a panel, or wall, of coal, chewing off the coal and moving it back on conveyors.

b. Coal Mining. A division (usually rectangular) of a mine delimited by uncut pillars of coal.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > compartment of coal-mine

side of work1820

panel1839

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 976 This system is named panel work; because..it [sc. the mine] is divided into quadrangular panels, each panel containing an area of from 8 to 12 acres.

1847 E. Cresy Encycl. Civil Engin. I. 695 Panel work..is performed by dividing the entire mine into panels, separated by walls of coal from 40 to 50 yards in thickness.

1882 R. L. Galloway Hist. Coal Mining xv. 149 It occurred to Mr. Buddle [in around 1810] that a great improvement..might be effected by dividing a colliery, in the course of the first working, into districts, or panels, surrounded on all sides by barriers of solid coal.

1964 A. Nelson Dict. Mining 318 Panel Barrier or Panel Pillar, the pillar of coal left between the adjacent panels.

1980 M. Brown et al. Gloss. Mining Terms Fife 56 Workings are laid out in districts or panels which are then extracted as single units.

†c. [This sense is of doubtful origin and may have arisen as a transferred use of panel n.²] A heap of dressed ore. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > ore > [noun] > quantity of

serving1778

parcel1824

shift1839

panel1858

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products 273/2 Panel,..in mining, a heap of ore dressed and ready for sale.

1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 161 Panel, a heap of dressed ore.

d. English regional (northern). A stratum, esp. of limestone, within stratified rock.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [noun] > stratum > stratum by constitution > limestone

Smithy Lime1817

school cap1826

panel1894

1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Panels, the several strata composing a bed of stratified rock: chiefly used with reference to the bands of a limestone, as ‘Blue limestone with strong panels’.

1964 A. Nelson Dict. Mining 318 Panel, any thin band of hard rock (Yorkshire).

9. A distinct section of a garden layout, composed of different plants or flowers; spec. a section of a carpet-bed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > garden > division or part of garden > [noun] > bed or plot > flower-bed

arbourc1300

knot1502

cutwork1693

flower-border1712

panel1803

flower-court1828

mixed bed1866

flower-bed1873

carpet-bed1883

coffin1912

floral clock1925

1803 H. Repton Observ. Landscape Gardening xii. 185 The pannel..may be removed in winter.

1892 Gardeners' Chron. 27 Aug. 243/3 These need frequent thinning out and clipping into shape, so as to confine each colour to its own panel or boundary-line, so as to properly define and preserve the character of the several designs.

1962 R. Page Educ. Gardener x. 277 I devised a very simple arrangement of areas of fine pea gravel and panels of grass.

1997 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 2 Mar. (Chicago Flower & Garden section) 6 c Bountiful flower beds with a formal panel of lawn and topiary.

†10. A division or section of a pavement. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > path or place for walking > [noun] > foot(-)path > a compartment or division of a pavement

panel1893

1893 Daily News 21 Sept. 5/3 A ‘panel’ of karri wood has been laid opposite the West Strand Post Office, where the wear and tear is exceedingly heavy.

** A thin board used as a working surface.

†11. A board used by a baker, tailor, etc. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > [noun] > place > board

shop board1580

panel1612

sewing-brod1790

board1807

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > baker's equipment > bread or pastry board

pennybred?c1300

moulding board1327

pastry board1442

pasteboard1452

bakbrade1457

bred1538

bakeboard1545

panel1612

pie board1691

breadboard1761

board1845

1612 in G. Ornsby Select. from Househ. Bks. Naworth Castle (1878) 42 A pannell for the baker.

1658 J. Jones tr. Ovid Invective against Ibis 120 Dominus Mechanick that leaps from the pannel to the pulpit.

12.

a. Painting. A wooden board or similar rigid material (as opposed to a canvas) used as a surface for painting in oils or distemper. Also as a mass noun. Also: a painting on such a surface.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to medium or technique > [noun] > oil-painting > an oil-painting > on board

table-picture1610

panel1685

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > equipment for painting or drawing > [noun] > surface for painting or drawing > panel

panel1821

1685 J. Dryden Albion & Albanius (frontispiece) In the middle of the Sweep of the Arch, is a very large Pannel in a frame of Gold in this Pannel is painted on one side a Woman representing the City of London, [etc.].

1718 M. Prior Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 293 He [sc. Apelles] gave the Pannel to the Maid.

1765 H. Walpole Castle of Otranto ii. 50 I am not in love with a coloured pannel.

1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing ii. 117 It was the custom of the first practitioners in this process, to cover the pannels of their pictures with grounds of thin plaster.

1850 A. Jameson Legends Monastic Orders 117 A small picture in distemper on panel.

1902 Chambers's Jrnl. July 433/2 I entrusted the panel to the most expert picture-cleaner of my acquaintance, from whose hands it came out perfect.

1994 Metropolitan Mus. of Art Holiday Gifts 7/3 (caption) Painting on tempera on panel by Sano di Pietro.

b. A leaf or section of a folding screen or triptych. Also (occasionally) figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > screen > [noun] > section of folding screen

panel1873

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to subject > [noun] > religious painting > picture as altar-piece > parts of altar-piece or panels

volet1847

predella1868

panel1873

mandorla1883

volant1898

paliotto1906

1873 Atlantic Monthly Mar. 284/1 Little worm-eaten diptychs showing angular saints on gilded panels.

1896 F. Simmonds tr. C. Ricci Correggio vii. 122 On the high altar of the oratory..there was once a triptych, the central panel of which represented Christ.

1936 E. G. Troche Painting in Netherlands 26/2 Possibly half of a diptych, of which the panel with Our Lady is now lost.

1992 Art Newspaper July–Sept. 23/2 A seventeenth-century central panel of a triptych depicting the Crucifixion by Pieter Lastman.

c. A compartment of a stained glass window, containing a separate subject. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > ornamental glass-work > [noun] > glass-colouring > glass-staining > stained glass > part of window

jewel1613

panel1873

lead-line1907

1873–5 J. Fowler in Yorks. Archæol. Jrnl. 3 199 The arrangement is a succession of panels, each containing a subject.

1898 C. H. Turner in J. Hastings Dict. Bible I. 421/1 This picture is cut up, as it were, into six panels, each labelled with a general summary of progress.

1927 A. H. McNeile Introd. New Test. 79 He [sc. St Luke] cuts the history into ‘panels’.

1954 M. Rickert Painting in Brit.: Middle Ages 231 Quarried glass, window panels divided into squares or diamonds, each containing an ornamental or heraldic motif.

2001 Oxoniensia 65 459 An early 14th-century cruciform church with a lantern tower, as well as two panels of stained early medieval glass.

d. Photography. A photograph of long narrow format, used esp. for portraits. Usually attributive.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > [noun] > photograph by style or subject

high key1849

carte1861

carte-de-visite1861

wedding group1861

vignette1862

studio portrait1869

press photograph1873

cameo-type1874

war picture1883

mug1887

panel1888

snapshot1890

fuzz-type1893

stickyback1903

action photograph1904

action picture1904

scenic1913

still1916

passport photo1919

mosaic1920

press photo1923

oblique1925

action shot1927

passport photograph1927

profile shot1928

smudgea1931

glossy1931

photomontage1931

photomural1931

head shot1936

pin-up1943

mug shot1950

wedding photograph1956

wedding photo1966

full-frontal1970

photofit1970

split beaver1972

upskirt1994

selfie2002

1888 Lady 25 Oct. 374/3 Some of the most delightful panel screens for photographs I ever set eyes on.

1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 May 6/1 The panel photo is..as much part of the ceremony of presentation as, in the courtly times of Sir Joshua Reynolds, a few sittings at his studio in Leicester-square were part of the business of a fashionable marriage.

1940 A. L. M. Sowerby Wall's Dict. Photogr. (ed. 15) 478 Panel, commercial name for a photograph of size about 4 by 8½ ins... Also applied to any photograph of long, narrow shape.

e. A (captioned) drawing in a cartoon or comic strip, typically surrounded by a rectangular border, and usually forming part of a sequence.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > [noun] > a drawing > comic or cartoon

drollery1600

comic cut1831

cartoon1843

comic strip1913

panel1920

strip1920

frame1932

strip cartoon1936

manhwa1988

1920 R. A. Hershberger Inside Facts about Cartooning & Illustrating Profession 25 In the Daily Strips the part that generally brings the laugh is the last panel or block.

1942 Public Opinion Q. 6 105/2 Nast drew a cartoon..in one panel of which the ‘Savior's Entry into Jerusalem’ is represented, and in the other General Lee is surrendering to General Grant.

1962 Times 14 Feb. 17/4 Darling won two Pulitzer prizes, the first..for a four-panel cartoon.

2001 Sight & Sound Sept. 26/4 Aping the panels of a comic book, Ghost World unfolds in formally structured two-shots and close-ups.

13. A flat board on which instruments or controls are fixed; = control panel n. at control n. Compounds 6, instrument panel n. at instrument n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > electronic instruments > [noun] > control panel, desk, etc.

control board1829

control desk1896

panel1897

control panel1902

1897 E. Wilson Electr. Traction x. 219 The panel system of switchboards, whereby the various switches, complete for a given purpose, can be mounted on a panel of slate or marble and placed in line with those already installed.

1926 Wireless World 8 Dec. 760/3 A neat method of mounting a flash lamp bulb so that it may..illuminate the panel and tuning dials at night.

1964 M. Allward Inside Jet Airliner v. 39 The main panels contain the indicators and controls for the hydraulic and electrical systems, engine and fuel functioning, anti-icing and air-conditioning.

1991 C. James Brrm! Brrm! (1992) ii. 26 There was a scarred metal panel of entryphone buttons.

III. A list of jurors, and derived senses.

14.

a. Law. The slip or roll of parchment on which the names of jurors are listed (now rare); a list of jurors or potential jurors; a jury. Now chiefly North American.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > jury > [noun]

jury?a1400

panelc1400

size1488

assize1528

the twelve men1589

society > law > administration of justice > process, writ, warrant, or order > [noun] > summons > slip listing jurors and attached to writ

panelc1400

society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > jury > [noun] > member(s) of jury > list of

panelc1400

empanel1569

array1579

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. iii. 315 Ne put hem in panel to don hem pliȝte here treuthe.

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 381 Panele, pagella, panellus.

1444 Rolls of Parl. V. 127/1 The Coronours..have power to make the array of the enquest or panell for the triell of the same offencez.

?a1500 in W. Hudson Rec. City of Norwich (1906) I. 127 Ȝe schall..non panell maken atte non nominacion of partye.

1543–4 Act 35 Hen. VIII c. 6 §6 Persons so..impanelled..shalbe added to the former panell.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 156a The Jurors names are ranked in the pannel one vnder another, which order or ranking the Jurie is called the array.

1670 T. Blount Νομο-λεξικον: Law-dict. Panel, a Schedule or Page; as a Panel of Parchment, or a Counterpane of an Indenture: But it is used more particularly for a Schedule or Roll containing the names of such Jurors, as the Sheriff returns, to pass upon any Trial.

1682 Modest Enq. Election Sheriffs London 24 The Pannel that brought in an Ignoramus upon the Bill against the Earl of Shaftsbury.

1730 H. Fielding Rape upon Rape ii. i. 15 I think half of that Pannel are Bailiff's Followers.

1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 202 The Panel must have Margin-room, to mark their Appearances and Challenges.

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 359 Challenges to the array are at once an exception to the whole panel, in which the jury are arrayed.

1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. II. xii. 328 The sheriffs..had taken care to return a pannel in whom they could confide.

1890 N. P. Langford Vigilante Days 107 The regular panel of jurors was exhausted.

1924 Amer. Mercury Dec. 405/2 In the choice of the actual jury from the panel we observe the operation of a process that may be called counter-selection.

1939 H. M. Cam Hundred & Hundred Rolls viii. 79 The sheriff..might be penalized if he failed to produce a full panel.

1974 Act 23 Eliz. II c. 23 §5 The arrangements to be made by the Lord Chancellor under this Act shall include the preparation of lists (called panels) of persons summoned as jurors, and the information to be included in panels..shall be such as the Lord Chancellor may from time to time direct.

1991 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 21 Nov. a5/1 Under the Criminal Code, panels of prospective jurors are selected from voters lists.

b. gen. Any list or listed group of people or (occasionally) animals; esp. a small group of people brought together to discuss, investigate, or decide upon a particular matter.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > record > list > [noun] > list of names or people

bead-roll1529

scroll1546

checker-roll1571

bead-row1576

panel?1578

list1604

nomenclature1635

lexicon1647

head-roll1819

name-scroll1861

visitors' lista1865

roll-call1867

test-roll1879

line-up1890

the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > topic of or subject for conversation or gossip > discussion > group, panel, or panellist

panel?1578

panellist1948

rap group1969

?1578 W. Patten Let. Entertainm. Killingwoorth 21 A great sort of bandogs whear thear tyed in the vtter Coourt, and thyrteen bearz in the inner. Whoo so euer made the pannell, thear wear inoow for a Queast, & one for challenge need wear.

1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 242 If the following..Pannel be labell'd to the former Catalogue of that most August Assembly.

1856 L. S. Cushing Lex Parliamentaria Americana 60 When the general committee have selected the chairman's panel, they divide all the members remaining on the list, into five panels.

1888 Standing Orders House of Commons (1897) §49. 13 The Committee of Selection shall nominate a Chairmen's Panel to consist of not less than Four nor more than Six Members.

1934 G. B. Shaw Too True to be Good 24 The formation of panels of tested persons eligible for the different grades in the governmental hierarchy.

1966 Listener 4 Aug. 168/1 I thought the panel skirted the subject. Why the BBC did not have a child psychologist on it I cannot guess.

1996 Mail on Sunday 28 Apr. 35/2 She had Paddy Ashdown and Robin Cook opposing her on the panel. And she waltzed rings round them.

2003 Independent 22 July i. 14/1 The 25 scientists on the panel have highlighted the difficulties of GM farming in this country.

c. British. A list of medical practitioners registered in a district as accepting patients under the National Health Service or (formerly) the National Insurance Act of 1911 (amended 1913); a list of patients registered with a medical practitioner on this list; (more generally) a list of patients registered with a medical practice. to go (also be) on the panel (colloquial): to be certified unfit for work due to illness.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical services and administration > [noun] > register of doctors

medical register1780

panel1911

1911 D. Lloyd George in Hansard Commons 29 May 771 We have the experience in our own country where a certain number of doctors are on the panel. A member of the friendly society chooses his doctor from that panel.

1913 Punch 30 July 101/1 The proposed Laureate was a medical man and not on a panel.

1942 A. Lewis in A. Richards Penguin Bk. Welsh Short Stories (1976) 55 ‘Why doesn't she go into hospital?’ Curly asked. ‘She's on the panel, isn't she?’

1957 R. Hoggart Uses of Literacy i. 21 Almost every worker has been on the ‘panel’ at the local doctor's.

1964 G. L. Cohen What's Wrong with Hospitals? i. 22 Working people still talk about ‘going on the Panel’ when they're off sick, and don't see why they should use another term.

1974 Daily Tel. 29 Mar. (Colour Suppl.) 19/2 The average GP has 2,460 people on his panel.

1992 J. Torrington Swing Hammer Swing! xxxi. 281 Being on the panel for weeks at a time, meant the loss of crucial housing points.

15. Scots Law.

†a. Trial; a trial. on (also upon) the panel: on trial; under indictment; accused. to enter (a person) on panel: to present (a person) for trial. to set (also put) on the panel: to arraign, to try. Obsolete.The origin of this sense is uncertain. It seems most likely that it relates to a slip of parchment on which was written the indictment, or the name or names of the persons indicted (cf. sense 14a); this sense possibly then developed metonymically.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > on trial [phrase]

on (also upon) the panel1533

in question1579

1533 Acts Sederunt Scotl. (1811) 11 That thai have..the xvij day of November instant, affixt to thame for the accusatioune and persute of the personis beand vpone the pannall dilatit for art and part of the slauchter of the said umquhile William.

1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iii. f. 38 Thay callit the criminall, With ane twme scheith set him on the Pannall.

1582 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 502 Few complenaris hes offerit thame to persew the personis enterit on pannell.

1617 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) III. 423 And this was practizet in the grittest pannell that was in our days betuix the lairdis of Caddell and Ardkinglas for the slauchter of the laird of Caddell.

?1635 in D. Dickson Sel. Pract. Writings (1845) (modernized text) 5 God has put the man on the pannel, and is entered in a contest, and will condemn us.

a1722 J. Lauder in J. Kirkton Secret & True Hist. Church Scotl. (1817) 384 (note) Mr. James Mitchel was upon the pannell at the criminal court for shutting at the Archbishop of St Andrews.

b. The person or persons indicted before a court; the accused.Chiefly as a count noun, but originally also used collectively.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > accusation, allegation, or indictment > [noun] > person accused or indicted

accuseda1500

appellee1531

indictee1531

panel1555

culprit1700

charge1859

1555 Bks. of Adjournal 7 Dec. The pannell protestit for the panis contenit in the actis of parliament.

1586 in Juridical Rev. (1892) 4 298 The pannells did intromett with these horses.

1625 in S. A. Gillon Sel. Justiciary Cases (1953) I. 19 The pannell takis instrumentis of thair entrie and protestis for releif of thair cautiouneris.

1695 Bks. of Adjournal 18 Nov. Ordains that for hereafter the pannalls advocats in all their wryten debates title the defenders by the name of pannall, as has bein always in use before the Justice Court, and not by the name of defender.

1766 A. Nicol Poems Several Subj. 185 Like a doom'd pannel at the bar.

1795 Scots Mag. 62 479/1 He saw no marks of insanity about the pannel, who always behaved with great propriety.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 329 The libel maun be redargued by the pannel proving her defences.

1883 A. Edersheim Life Jesus (ed. 6) II. 169 On the assumption of their being the judges, and He the panel.

1961 Sc. Law Times 18 Nov. 73 The indictment served upon the pannel did not libel the expression of malice before the alleged shooting.

1988 Sc. Criminal Case Rep. 460 Each of the said four named accused panels then duly appeared and was separately represented.

†c. The bar of the court at which the accused stands; the dock. See also panel-box n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1628 in F. Roberts & I. M. M. Macphail Dumbarton Common Good Accts. (1972) Item for naylis coft be the baillies for the pennall and ravill to the stair thereof for the Justice Air haldin in October, 1628.

1714 J. H. Thomson in Cloud of Witnesses (1730) 134 I was brought and set in the Pannel, with the Murderers, and they read over my Indictment.

1768 Scots Mag. July 383 This Gordon was not in custody, but appeared in court, and entered the pannel when his name was called.

IV. Other uses.

16. Military. Frequently in form pannel. A carriage on which a mortar and its housing is transported. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > gun carriage > [noun] > wagon for transporting gun

panel1802

sling-cart1802

sling-wagon1802

1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. Pannels, in artillery, are the carriages which carry mortars and their beds upon a march.

1918 E. S. Farrow Dict. Mil. Terms 431 Pannels, in artillery, the carriages upon which the mortars and their beds are conveyed on a march.

1973 J. Quick Dict. Weapons 339 Panel, a type of carriage formerly used for transporting a mortar and its bed.

Compounds

C1. General attributive and objective.

panel cupboard n.

ΚΠ

1879 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 69/1 I must get Betty to hide this paper for me in Harry's panel cupboard; she taught him and me the trick of it long ago.

1895 ‘C. Holland’ My Japanese Wife (ed. 11) 63 She goes to a panel cupboard, where we keep our..English biscuits.

2001 Vancouver Province (Nexis) 23 Nov. (Fabulous Homes section) b2 A Martha Stewart-meets Clockwork Orange kitchen with ultra-modern barstools and a wall of panel cupboards with no hardware.

panel discussion n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > topic of or subject for conversation or gossip > discussion > type of discussion

causerie1827

rag chawing1885

jobation1916

panel discussion1934

wash-up1961

teach-in1965

talk-in1967

rap session1968

whataboutery1974

whataboutism1978

1934 Amer. Math. Monthly 41 403 A ‘Panel’ Discussion on the Present Crisis in Secondary Mathematics, by ten members of the Board of Directors.

1956 W. H. Whyte Organization Man (1957) 55 It had started conventionally enough with a panel discussion in which I and two other men spoke.

2002 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 13 Jan. 9/2 Your average panel discussion—the sycophantic introductions, the flattering references..to one another's work, the slow-talking gravity.

panel-ledge n.

ΚΠ

1901 Academy 5 Oct. 293/2 On the panel-ledge stands an unframed sketch.

panel maker n.

ΚΠ

1574 in F. G. Emmison Essex Wills (1986) (modernized text) III. 130 To Richard Burley of Brentwood panel maker my two tenements called Gowles in Rayne.

1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Albardero A pannell maker, Clitellarius.

1974 Times 10 Sept. 17/4 (heading) Panel makers unite.

2000 Guardian (Nexis) 22 May (Home Pages section) 9 He suggests the work was done to conceal evidence of the painting's true origin, such as the panelmaker's mark.

panel member n.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > association for a common purpose > [noun] > group associated for common purpose > member of

chorister1387

leaguer1591

combinator1611

associator1613

combinant1628

combiner1638

federate1650

federator1693

band-brother1742

leagueist1762

leaguite1841

belonger1931

panel member1937

1937 Social Forces 15 454 The panel members..raised pertinent, pointed, and penetrating issues for consideration in every session.

2002 Bloomberg Money Dec. 37/1 I've opted this month to highlight a fund managed by two of my esteemed fellow panel members.

† panel-opener n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1896 Westm. Gaz. 24 Oct. 4/1 [A] collection of burglar's tools, including a fine brace and centre-bit, and a ‘patent panel-opener’, shaped much like the common or domestic tin-opener, but on a larger scale.

† panel sleeve n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1884 Daily News 27 Oct. 2/1 The sleeves are of a different material from the other portions... The brocade of which these long panel sleeves are..made deserves description.

1999 Daily News Record (U.S.) (Nexis) 29 Oct. 4 The new line will also have a slimmer body and a more European-looking collar... Other details in the line are pocket and sleeve treatments such as a triple-panel sleeve.]

panel system n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical services and administration > [noun] > system

panel system1872

socialized medicine1912

1872 Manufacturer & Builder Feb. 35/1 The panel system is..a legitimate piece of joinery;..only..it is a very weak sort of construction,..and the ease with which a panel may be cut out or kicked through on an emergency is proverbial.

1913 Act 3 & 4 George V c. 37 §11 Medical treatment under the panel system.

1992 Art Newspaper (BNC) Apr. 14 An ossified panel system rife with artists and administrators sitting in judgment on each other's grants.

panel-backed adj.

ΚΠ

1894 Westm. Gaz. 31 Oct. 1/3 The removal of the panel-backed Shrine at Adyar and the dismissal of its custodians.

1988 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 12 Dec. b5 A huge dark panel-backed, 15th-century sacristy cupboard.

1991 Interior Design (Nexis) Apr. 106 Each of four bays is defined by a panel-backed unit.

† panel-bodied adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1835 Court Mag. 6 10/2 Mark the perfectly self-complacent air with which he sits in his quiet pannel-bodied Tilbury.

panel-lined adj.

ΚΠ

1904 N.E.D. at Panel Panel-lined.

1994 Automotive News (Nexis) 14 Mar. 3 He moved the association out of its musty offices to new, more spacious, panel-lined digs.

panel-walled adj.

ΚΠ

1951 J. Kerouac On the Road: Orig. Scroll (2007) 166 We had our headquarters in the main building, just a wooden contraption with panelwalled offices.

2000 Sunday Mail (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 13 Feb. (Features section) 113 Bathrooms in Italian marble, 24-hour health club, panel-walled library and full business facilities are just some of the special extra touches.

C2.

panel analysis n. Sociology analysis of attitude changes by means of panel studies.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis

reflexivity1662

social statics1843

social causation1848

sociography1881

functionalism1904

class analysis1919

culturalism1919

mass observation1920

survey1927

participant observation1933

participant observing1933

Verstehen1934

panel technique1938

MO1939

ahistoricism1940

historicism1940

technologism1940

action research1945

metasociology1950

pattern variable1951

structural functionalism1951

structuralism1951

panel analysis1955

cliometrics1960

unilinearism1964

technology assessment1966

symbolic interactionism1969

modernization theory1972

processualism1972

postcolonialism1974

decontextualization1976

decontextualizing1980

structurism1989

1955 Jrnl. Polit. 17 485 Students..of politics..should be happy indeed to have had published in the last year both an intensive, community-panel analysis of the 1948 election.]

1955–6 Public Opinion Q. 19 428/1 Panel analysis—utilizing student questionnaires, faculty and student interviews, daily journals recorded by students, and verbatim recordings of physician–patient session—is involved in the research program.

1987 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 52 6 Lazarsfeld's scheme for panel analysis could not handle Merton's detailed account of the ‘patterned sequences of interactions’.

panel-back adj. and n. (a) adj. designating a heavy wooden chair of a kind made in England esp. in the early 17th-cent., having armrests and a high back incorporating a decorative incised panel; (b) n. a panel-back chair.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > seat > chair > [adjective] > types of chair

caned1696

rush-bottomed1696

rush-bottom1729

roundabout chair1741

leather-bottomed1783

stick-back1783

poker-backed1830

flag-bottomed1840

claw-footed1858

seatless1871

cane-bottomed1877

cane-seated1881

sag-seated1890

sit-up1891

slat-back1891

sag-bottomed1893

spindle-back1896

shield-back1897

Carver1902

basket-bodied1903

panel-back1904

Cromwellian1905

hooped-back1906

saddle-backed1910

hard-arsed1933

sling-back1948

X-frame1955

hard-arse1964

1904 P. Macquaid Hist. Eng. Furnit. ix. 223 The late panel-back chair..dated 1691.

1975 Oxf. Compan. Decorative Arts 360/2 The panel-back chair (which was also panelled beneath the arms and seat) was to establish for two centuries the standard pattern of the chair with back of square or rectangular shape.

1975 Oxf. Compan. Decorative Arts 361/1 Richly upholstered chairs..were found with more refined types of panel-backs.

2003 Grimsby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 8 Jan. (Features section) 21 The ‘very latest’ dining room suites in makors/rosewood finish and including..drawleaf table and four panel back chairs.

panel beater n. a person who beats the metal panels of motor vehicles into shape.

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society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > makers of other articles > [noun] > of parts of vehicle bodies

body-maker1802

coach-smith1837

coach trimmer1840

bodybuilder1870

budget-trimmer?1881

panel beater1908

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > testing, servicing, and storage of motor vehicles > [noun] > specific servicing or repair operations > one who

panel beater1908

1908 Daily Chron. 21 Feb. 10/7 (advt.) Panel beaters, used to hammering landaulette..panels in steel and aluminium.

1991 R. Doyle Van (1992) 134 Bimbo's brother, Victor, was a panel beater and he was going to do a job on the dints, the worst ones anyway.

panel beating n. the action of beating the metal panels of motor vehicles into shape; the work done by a panel beater.

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society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > other metalworking processes

limation1617

matting1688

sheeting1776

blooming1812

steeling1816

ungraining1839

tarnishing1858

ironing1868

shimming1872

beating1875

siliconizing1880

shearing1881

inoxidizing1883

rustproofing1892

picking1895

rifting1903

Bayer process1910

autofrettage1919

prefinishing1935

panel beating1953

splatting1976

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > testing, servicing, and storage of motor vehicles > [noun] > specific servicing or repair operations

tuning1916

oil change1944

wheel balancing1951

panel beating1953

1953 Wheels May 97 Smash repair specialists. Panel Beating. Duco Spraying.

1966 Jrnl. Mod. Afr. Stud. 4 116 A semi-literate man who was successfully running a panel-beating workshop, and a well-ordered shebeen.

1993 P. Mayle Hotel Pastis vii. 121 Claude and the Borel brothers, and even Fernand at the garage, where he did demolition and panel beating, were kept reasonably fit by the demands of their work.

† panel-box n. Obsolete = sense 15c.

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1861 J. MacLevy Curiosities of Crime 221 As fine a company as ever met together to enjoy the pleasure of a pannel-box.

† panel-crib n. U.S. Criminals' slang Obsolete a prostitute's room with a secret entrance (often a sliding panel) through which a pickpocketing accomplice can enter; a house containing such rooms; cf. panel house n.

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1848 ‘N. Buntline’ Mysteries & Miseries N.Y. i. 14 We will leave her to seek a victim for her panel-crib, for she has long been an active panel-thief.

1892 W. S. Walsh Handy-bk. Lit. Curiosities 854 The lair of a panel-thief is called indiscriminately a panel-house, panel-crib, or panel-den.

† panel-den n. U.S. Criminals' slang Obsolete = panel-crib n.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > brothel > with sliding panels

panel house1848

panel-den1859

panel joint1923

1859 N.Y. Times 12 Mar. 8/2 Within a few days the Detective Police broke up a notorious panel den at No. 41 White-street, which was set on fire on Thursday night by one of the girls.

1892 W. S. Walsh Handy-bk. Lit. Curiosities 854 The lair of a panel-thief is called indiscriminately a panel-house, panel-crib, or panel-den.

panel doctor n. each of a panel of doctors; (British) spec. a doctor registered as accepting patients under the National Insurance Act of 1911 (amended 1913) (cf. club doctor n. at club n. Compounds 3) (now historical).

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the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > panel physician

panel doctor1913

panel practitioner1914

panellist1937

1913 Punch 12 Feb. 127/2 To ask the Secretary of the Treasury if he could state the total population of the island of Canna, and who is the panel doctor.

1932 R. Kipling Limits & Renewals 300 A private party of thirty-two gentlemen and ladies,..all near enough neighbours in Shoreditch to use the same panel-doctor, poured into that man's consulting-room.

1957 R. Hoggart Uses of Literacy iii. 63 Working-class people have had years of experience of waiting at labour~exchanges, at the panel doctor's and at hospitals.

1999 New Straits Times (Malaysia) 19 Oct. 26/8 Our benefits package for medical services is being reviewed where more panel doctors will be appointed, while school-going children of staff earning RM1,500 and below will be given assistance by year-end.

panel fence n. U.S. a fence constructed in panels or sections (sense 4a).

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1800 W. Tatham Hist. & Pract. Ess. Tobacco 10 The worm or pannel fence,..consists of malled rails.

1858 J. A. Warder Hedges & Evergreens 113 A half-acre lot, with a seven foot panel-fence on one side and a hedge on the other.

1993 Collins Compl. DIY Man. (new ed.) x. 425/2 A panel fence offers good value for money as a reasonably durable screen, but if privacy is a consideration choose the lapped type.

panel fire n. = panel heater n.

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the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > devices for heating buildings, rooms, etc. > mounted on wall

panel fire1934

panel heater1951

panel radiator1972

1934 Archit. Rev. 75 110/1 Panel fires are less than five years old.

† panel-furring n. Obsolete horizontal bars or strips of wood between the posts of a railway carriage to which the external panels are fastened.

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1890 Cent. Dict. Panel-furring.

panel gauge n. a gauge wide enough to gauge the width of a board or panel.

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1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Panel-gage.

1966 A. W. Lewis Gloss. Woodworking Terms 34 Panel gauge, marking gauge with a long stem and extra-wide stock for gauging the widths of wide boards.

1991 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 10 Nov. vi. 71/1 Nineteenth-century boxwood and mahogany panel gauge.

† panel girth n. Obsolete a girth used to secure a panel (see sense 1b).

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1637 in Early Stuart Househ. Accts. (1986) 161 For a panyell girth 4d.

panel-heated adj. (of a room, etc.) heated by means of panel heaters.

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1936 Archit. Rev. 79 109/2 The library is panel-heated, the criss-cross net-work of heating tubes being woven round the slots of the skylights.

panel heater n. (a) a panel in a wall or ceiling that conceals hot-water pipes or another source of heat (now rare); (b) a radiator unit consisting of a panel heated by hot water passing through it or by some other form of energy.

ΘΚΠ

panel fire1934

panel heater1951

panel radiator1972

1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 11/1 An electric fire..in the form of a panel heater mounted on the wall.

1990 Pract. Householder Apr. 48/3 The choice includes panel heaters, electrically-heated towel rails and downward-pointing fan convectors.

panel heating n. the system of heating a room, building, etc., by means of panel heaters.

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1928 Domest. Engin. 48 101 (heading) The physical and physiological effects of panel heating.

1992 Orcadian 16 Apr. 7/3 (advt.) The property benefits from panel heating in the upstairs bedrooms with storage heaters downstairs and a gas fire in the sitting room.

panel house n. Criminals' slang (originally and chiefly U.S.) a brothel where customers are robbed by means of a sliding wall panel.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > brothel > with sliding panels

panel house1848

panel-den1859

panel joint1923

1848 ‘N. Buntline’ Mysteries & Miseries N.Y. iii. 44 This is a panel-house and I have led a bad, bad life for many a year.

1882 J. D. McCabe New York 487 Many of the street walkers are in the regular employ of the ‘panel houses’.

1956 N. Algren Walk on Wild Side ii. 199 Why wind up, scarred from ankles to breast, in some panel house in Trinidad?

1991 L. Sante Low Life ii. v. 184 Panel houses,..where, once a john was safely occupied in a bed, a male house employee..would silently push through a detachable panel in the wainscotting and make for the pockets of the pants hung..on a nearby chair.

panel joint n. U.S. Criminals' slang = panel house n.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > brothel > with sliding panels

panel house1848

panel-den1859

panel joint1923

1923 S. Ornitz Haunch, Paunch & Jowl vi. ii. 271 This ain't no panel joint, no shake down crowd.

1958 J. H. Adams Tenderloin (1959) 111 Depends on..whether the place is on the level or a panel-joint.

panel painter n. an artist who specializes in panel painting.

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society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to medium or technique > [noun] > oil-painting > painter

oil painter1731

panel painter1762

1762 in Catal. Prints: Polit. & Personal Satires (Brit. Mus.) (1883) IV. 130 Pub'd in Ryders Court and to be had at the sign of the Pannel painter in Cheapside.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 405/2 The earlier painters whether illuminators of MSS. or wall and panel painters.

2000 World & I (Nexis) 1 Dec. 88 Glass painters working in stained glass studios relied on artists trained as panel painters and/or print designers for about half their designs.

panel painting n. the action or art of painting panels; spec. the art of painting on wooden panels rather than on canvas, etc., esp. as practised in the Middle Ages; (also) a painting executed on such a panel.

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?1762 in Catal. Prints: Polit. & Personal Satires (Brit. Mus.) (1883) IV. 138 An Essay on the Beauty of Pannel Painting by W. H.

1788 J. Byng Diary 20 Aug. in Torrington Diaries (1934) I. 365 Sometimes a curiosity is to be found in a neighbouring cottage; as a bedstead or an old pannel-painting nail'd over a hole.

1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 157 Trucks do not want upholstering or glazing or panel-painting.

1970 Oxf. Compan. Art 494/1 Panel painting was not developed fully until altars were furnished with painted retables.

1997 Daily Tel. 24 Nov. 18/3 (caption) The Berger Crucifixion..is believed by some to be one of this country's earliest panel paintings in existence.

panel patient n. British (now historical) a person receiving treatment from a doctor under the National Insurance Acts of 1911 (amended 1913) (see sense 14c).

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the world > health and disease > healing > patient > [noun] > others

private patient1754

panel patient1913

mental patient1916

inactivator1957

responaut1964

gomer1972

1913 Outlook 23 Aug. 247/1 Green tickets such as are used by ordinary panel patients when temporarily from home.

1924 J. Buchan Three Hostages i. 12 He would pay three visits a day to a panel patient, which shows the kind of fellow he was.

1977 Lancet 8 Oct. 776/1 He took on no panel patients.

panel picture n. a panel painting.

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1789 J. Byng Diary 28 June in Torrington Diaries (1935) II. 104 Of antique preservation there is nothing; not a piece of armour, a pannell picture, or a pane of stain'd glass!

1880 R. F. Littledale Plain Reasons vii. 16 We should disprove the genuineness of a panel picture declared to be four hundred years old, if we showed it to be painted on mahogany.

1991 J. Barnes Talking it Over (BNC) (1992) 90 I was sitting in front of my easel at about a quarter to nine, doing preliminary tests on a little panel-picture of a City church.

panel pin n. a light thin nail with a very small head, for securing panels, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > nail > nails for other specific uses

stay-nail1296

wough-nailc1300

strake-nail1334

wall-nail1344

traverse nail1348

doornail1350

gad-nail1375

lath-nail1388

clout-nail1463

lattice-nail1480

lath-brod1536

sheathing-nail1611

bellows-nail1731

weight nail1850

panel pin1867

wheeler1873

fencing-nail1874

brattice-nail1880

toggle1934

1867 Rep. Artisans Visit Paris Universal Exhib. ii. 188 The panels..are cut to pattern, hammered true, and then fastened on with panel-pins.

1944 R. V. Boughton in R. Greenhalgh Pract. Builder iii. 141 The parquet strips are fixed by glueing and nailing from the surface with 1-in. panel pins.

1991 Woodworking Jan. 53/1 A mixture of panel pins and screws driven in at all angles had caused far more damage than they had repaired.

panel plane n. Woodworking a plane for fine smoothing and truing, or for cutting a bevel or rebate at the edge of a board.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > shaping tools or equipment > plane > [noun] > other planes

rabat1440

long plane1665

strike-block1678

mitre plane1688

straight block1812

ice plane1823

side fillister1841

upright1842

scraping-plane1846

sun plane1846

beading plane1858

bead-plane1858

fluting-plane1864

panel plane1873

badger plane1874

shooting-plane1875

whisk1875

block planea1884

scraper-plane1895

chariot plane1909

shoulder plane1935

1873 J. Richards On Arrangem. Wood-working Factories 182 To these standard planes may be added a panel, plough, and right and left rebate planes.

1964 W. L. Goodman Hist. Woodworking Tools 94 Larger planes listed as ‘panel’ planes from 13¹/ ₂ in. to 17¹/ ₂ in. long.

1975 R. A. Salaman Dict. Tools 343/1 The name Panel Plane is given to two different tools: one..is used for fine smoothing and trimming..and the other..for working a wide, flat, or sloping rebate..round the edge of a raised panel.

panel planer n. (a) a planing machine for fine smoothing and truing; (b) = panel raiser n.

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1876 Manufacturer & Builder Oct. 224/1 S. A. Woods Machine Co... have a Joslin re-saw and panel planer and rotary-bed in operation at the Fair of the American Institute.

1930 Times Educ. Suppl. 20 Sept. 400/1 Panel planer and thicknesser.

2002 Engineering (Nexis) 1 May 27 Southampton City College..invested in new woodworking equipment.., including a panel planer, wide band resaw, throughfeed moulder and a rip saw.

panel practitioner n. British (now historical) = panel doctor n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > panel physician

panel doctor1913

panel practitioner1914

panellist1937

1914 Aberdeen Univ. Rev. Nov. 50 The Panel practitioner being obliged to provide only what is termed ordinary medical treatment.

1988 Econ. Hist. Rev. 41 79 During the period from 1920 to 1938 the medical benefit paid to all panel practitioners in Great Britain rose from £7.95m. to £9.18m.

panel radiator n. = panel heater n.

ΘΚΠ

panel fire1934

panel heater1951

panel radiator1972

1972 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 272 634 The direct heating system with panel radiators is usually used in combination with domestic hot-water supply from accumulators.

2002 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 23 Oct. (Features section) 18 The Luna, a marble finished panel radiator, is less obtrusive but is totally versatile as it can be produced in any degree of curvature to fit under bay windows or around a curved wall.

panel raiser n. a machine tool for cutting a bevel or rebate at the edge of a flat piece.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine tool > other specific machine tools > [noun] > other machine tools

mortising machine1655

waving-engine1678

draw plate1776

sticking machine1844

broaching machine1846

sticker1851

shaper1853

mortiser1858

throating machine1866

pointing machine1871

router1872

gaining-machine1875

panel raiser1875

matcher1890

spindle machine1902

spindle1920

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1602/1 A double-head panel-raiser, working upon two edges of the board at once.

1995 Boston Globe (Nexis) 2 Apr. (Home & Garden section) a8 Prized 18th-century panel raisers, which do exactly what their name implies: Equipped with beveled blades, they cut raised panels.

1997 Woodworking (Nexis) June 22 Put a panel raiser bit on with a 2-1/2″ diameter, and it's running at 140,000 in/min.

panel-robbery n. U.S. Criminals' slang (now rare) theft practised in a panel house.

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1857 N.-Y. Daily Times 22 Aug. 4/1 A suit for libel against the editors of the Leader, in charging him with participating in the ‘panel robbery game’.

1882 Harper's Mag. Feb. 400/1 Stories designed to teach our girls that theft, and arson, and panel-robbery..are the noblest exploits in which they can engage.

panel saw n. Woodworking a light saw with fine teeth, for cutting wood thinly.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > cutting tool > saw > [noun] > other saws

handsaw1399

rug-saw1582

frame saw1633

nocksaw1659

bow-saw1678

lock saw1688

stadda1688

wire saw1688

panel saw1754

keyhole saw1761

web saw1799

table saw1832

rack saw1846

scroll-saw1851

fretsaw1865

back saw1874

foxtail-saw1874

tub-saw1874

gullet-saw1875

Swede saw1934

1754 S. Carolina Gaz. 1 Jan. 2/2 Thomas Evance Has just imported..tenent, pannel and compass Saws.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 584 The panel-saw, either for cross-cutting, or cutting very thin boards longitudinally.

1992 Pract. Householder Aug. 48/2 The 75mm insulation material was easy to handle and we cut it to size using a panel saw.

panel show n. = panel game n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > quiz or panel game > [noun]

quiz1929

panel game1952

panel show1954

1954 G. Marx Let. 16 Aug. in G. Marx et al. Groucho Lett. (1967) 93 The gibbering idiots on panel shows, quiz shows, and other half hours of tripe.

1992 Face (BNC) Oct. 54 These people who are professionally famous and turn up on all these clever panel shows.

panel stamp n. Bookbinding (chiefly historical) a stamp for impressing a decorative panel or design on the cover of a book.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > manufacture or production of books > book-binding > bookbinding equipment > [noun] > tools

plough1580

fillet1641

roll1656

paper-folder1781

stamp1811

backing-hammer1818

bookstamp1819

lettering tool1833

book cutter1850

roller1852

hand letter1862

pallet1875

wagon1875

stop1880

jigger1883

gouge1885

guinea-edge1890

marbler1890

panel stamp1893

saddle stitcher1944

1893 Portfolio 24 55 John Reynes..often used a large panel stamp, representing the instruments of the Passion treated as a coat-of-arms.

1982 M. T. Roberts & D. Etherington Bookbinding & Conservation Bks. 187/2 The panel stamp was in use throughout the 14th century in the Netherlands, in Cologne before 1400, and in Paris before 1500. The first use of such stamps in England was the period 1480 to 1490. Except in Germany and the Netherlands, they were used very little, if at all, after 1550 until revived in the 1820s for use in embossing bindings.

panel-stamped adj. Bookbinding (of a book's binding) decorated with a design produced by a panel stamp.

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1946 E. Diehl Bookbinding i. v. 66 Calfskin was especially suitable for stamped bindings on account of its smooth pliable surface, and this doubtless explains why the panel-stamped books of the Low Countries..are mostly calfskin.

1998 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 16 Jan. 22 Pearson's brief plea for explanations for the incorporation of the Stationers' Company's arms in gilt-tooled, panel stamped bindings of the early 17th century.

panel strip n. (a) a strip of wood, metal, etc., fitted to cover a joint, gap, or recess; (b) a strip-cartoon.

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1890 Cent. Dict. 4258/2 Panel-strip, a narrow piece of wood or metal to cover a joint between two panels, or between a post and a panel, as on the outside of a railroad-car.

1976 N.Y. Times 18 Jan. w 7/8 (advt.) Cartoon Writer w/ flair for social satire & humor to collaborate with cartoonist on panel strip.

1983 Computers & Electronics (Nexis) Feb. 104 The rest of the customary controls are located under a hinged panel strip that runs the width of the screen.

2003 LA Weekly (Nexis) 30 May 26 Barry..[has] mastered everything from panel strips to full-scale narrative.

panel study n. Sociology an investigation of changes in attitude using a constant set of people and comparing each individual's opinions at different times.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > instance of

panel study1940

1940 Public Opinion Q. 4 126/1 It might be suspected that people do not like to admit that they have changed their minds, hence that panel studies will not furnish material for further analysis of such changes.

1997 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. 12 Dec. 17/4 The emerging flood of data from longitudinal studies such as the British Household Panel Study which shows what happens to people, in and out of work, across time.

panel technique n. Sociology the procedures or methodology of panel studies.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis

reflexivity1662

social statics1843

social causation1848

sociography1881

functionalism1904

class analysis1919

culturalism1919

mass observation1920

survey1927

participant observation1933

participant observing1933

Verstehen1934

panel technique1938

MO1939

ahistoricism1940

historicism1940

technologism1940

action research1945

metasociology1950

pattern variable1951

structural functionalism1951

structuralism1951

panel analysis1955

cliometrics1960

unilinearism1964

technology assessment1966

symbolic interactionism1969

modernization theory1972

processualism1972

postcolonialism1974

decontextualization1976

decontextualizing1980

structurism1989

1938 Public Opinion Q. Oct. 596 Instead of taking a new sample for each poll, repeated interviews with the same group of people have been tried. The experiences met with and the problems involved in such a panel technique will be discussed here.

1949 R. K. Merton Social Theory i. iii. 107 We may anticipate that the recent introduction of the panel technique..will in due course more sharply focus the attention of social psychologists upon the theory of attitude formation.

2002 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 14 Mar. (Editorial section) 22 a The use of panel techniques also enables us to adjust for factors idiosyncratic to each county and for any national time trends in homicide rates.

panel thief n. U.S. Criminals' slang (now rare) a thief who operates in a panel house.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > [noun] > from brothel

panel thief1844

1844 G. Wilkes Myst. of Tombs 48/1 Oh, he's a panel thief.

1868 M. H. Smith Sunshine & Shadow in N.Y. 306 She was one of the most notorious panel-thieves in New York.

1947 True Nov. 69/1 The two lawyers had in addition the business of every free-lance safecracker, forger,..and panel thief whose business was worth having.

† panel-thieving n. Obsolete the activity of a panel thief.

ΚΠ

1868 M. H. Smith Sunshine & Shadow in N.Y. 390 Panel-thieving is reduced to a system, and on the observance of the system the success depends.

1876 N.Y. Times 30 Jan. 2/7 It was determined to summon..the Captains of Police to the Central Office, where a lecture on panel thieving and gambling was to be read to them by the President.

panel truck n. North American a small enclosed delivery truck accessed from the rear.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > motor lorry, truck, or van > [noun] > truck or lorry > with specific type of body

platform truck1868

stake-body truck1907

stake-truck1907

panel truck1910

tray top1934

cab-forward1936

cab-over1943

panel van1948

tipper1950

straight job1955

stake1968

1910 Washington Post 17 Dec. 9/2 The Buick Motor Company delivered a Buick panel truck to James F. Oyster yesterday.

1937 Amer. Speech 12 30 State newspapers of Friday, September 4, 1936, made announcement that the Nebraska public library commission had purchased a half-ton panel truck to be used as a bookmobile.

1991 J. Batten Blood Count xv. 108 On the street, was a panel truck, all white, with Surefire Security Systems painted along the side.

panel truss n. Building a supporting framework in which the timbers or bars form rectangular divisions which are diagonally braced.

ΚΠ

1872 S. Whipple Elem. & Pract. Treat. on Bridge Building 9 There are three forms of truss adaptable to bridges with a single central beam or cross bearer (which may be called two panel trusses).

1999 Engin. News-Record (Nexis) 8 Mar. 36 After the lower panel trusses were assembled, the towers were extended 50 ft in height so the platform could receive each center panel truss.

panel van n. = panel truck n.

ΚΠ

1948 Science 19 Nov. 552/2 A panel van was fitted up with a large Presto recorder run by batteries, and records were made among many native groups throughout South Africa, South-West Africa, northern and southern Rhodesia and central Angola.

1955 Wheels July 10 Station wagons..aren't yet as popular for private owners as cars, or as favored as panel vans for light commercial work.

2003 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 7 Mar. (Wheels section) 15 The Studio E concept gives the Element a more urban feel, because it's a panel van designed for a club DJ. There's an 800-watt, 11-speaker mobile entertainment system.

panel wall n. (a) Coal Mining rare a wall of unmined coal separating two panels in a mine; (b) Building a wall in a building that does not bear any structural weight (cf. curtain wall n. (b) at curtain n.¹ Compounds 3).

ΚΠ

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 976 Through the panel walls roads and air-courses are driven.

1944 E. Lucas in R. Greenhalgh Pract. Builder ii. 50 Panel or Screen Walls are non-load bearing. They are the walls used in steel or reinforced-concrete frame buildings.

2002 Fire Safety Jrnl. 37 195 The basic structure of the warehouse was steel frame with corrugated panel walls and roof.

panel warming n. = panel heating n.

ΚΠ

1934 Times 19 Feb. 20/5 They have got the latest ideas in panel warming, and the heat required in the type foundry is also supplied by gas.

panel wheel n. a glass-engraver's wheel for cutting a groove with a flat bottom and sloping or bevelled sides.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. 4258/3 Panel-wheel, in glass-engraving, a wheel which cuts a groove with a flat bottom and sides more or less sloped or curved.

panel-working n. Coal Mining the working of a coal mine by division into panels; = panel work n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > dividing mine into panels

panel work1839

panel-working1883

panelling1900

1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining Panel-working, a system of working coal seams..in the North of England.

1980 M. Brown et al. Gloss. Mining Terms Fife 56 Panel-working, a method of operation whereby workings are laid out in districts or panels which are then extracted as single units.

Derivatives

ˈpanel-wise adv. by a panel or panels; as a panel.

ΚΠ

1712 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husb. (1721) II. 202 Those Walls which are built Pannel-wise, with square Pillars at equal distance,..look much handsomer.

1932 Mod. Weekly 26 Mar. 1115 Encrustations of it [sc. lace] are inset, panel-wise, on the flared skirt of a shell-pink peau d'ange crêpe evening gown.

2001 Independent (Nexis) 23 Feb. The election atmosphere was unpredictable yesterday as many observers believed that members this time would cast votes on merit basis instead of going panel-wise.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	panel
释义	paneln.¹ Brit. /ˈpanl/, U.S. /ˈpæn(ə)l/ Forms: Middle English panele, Middle English panyll, Middle English penell, Middle English–1500s panelle, Middle English–1600s panell, Middle English– panel, 1500s–1700s pannell, 1500s– pannel, 1600s pannelle, 1600s panniell, 1600s pannle, 1600s panyell, 1700s pennal, 1700s pannield (U.S.), 1800s panniel (English regional (Cumberland)); Scottish pre-1700 panale, pre-1700 panall, pre-1700 panell, pre-1700 pannald, pre-1700 pannale, pre-1700 pennall, pre-1700 pennell, pre-1700 1700s pannal, pre-1700 1700s pannall, pre-1700 1700s pannell, pre-1700 1700s–1800s pannel, pre-1700 1800s– panel. N.E.D. (1904) also records a form late Middle English panȝell. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French panel. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman panel, panell, pannelle list of jurors (c1290), Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French panel piece of cloth, saddle-pad (1160–74; 1213 as peniau ; Middle French pannel , penniau , Middle French, French panneau piece of cloth, section, panel) < post-classical Latin panellus pad or lining of a saddle (frequently from 1130 in British sources (1382 as panella ); from mid 13th cent. in continental sources as panellum ), strip of cloth (1213 in a British source), panel of wood (from a1272 in British sources), pane of glass (from 1275 in British sources), list of jurors (frequently 1275–1513 in British sources; also as panella , panellum ), section of computus roll (frequently from 1290 in British sources; also as panella ), side of a cloister (1295–6, c1340 in British sources), frame, light, or section of (mullioned) window (a1482 in a British source) < pannus cloth (see pannus n., and compare pane n.²) + -ellus -el suffix². Compare Italian pannello (c1350). I. A piece of cloth, and related senses. 1. a. Originally: †a piece of cloth, esp. a piece placed under a saddle to protect the horse's back; a saddle pad (obsolete). Later: the padded underpart of a saddle. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > saddle-cloth paniot1310 saumbuc1330 panel1336 saddle house1431 mantletc1440 horse-cloth1530 saddlecloth?1530 saddle rug1679 hammock-cloth1685 hammock1690 shabracque1809 saddle blanket1817 manta1828 saddle mat1856 numnah1859 numdah1879 1336 in N. H. Nicolas Hist. Royal Navy (1847) II. 472 (MED) [576 ells of cloth..bought for] panell [to cover the same ship]. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 14982 Broght þai noþer on hir bak Na sadel ne panel [a1400 Gött. panele]. a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 473 (MED) Luke þou fil wele þi panele, And in þi sadel set þe wele. 1497 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 117 Cartsadell without panell. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xvii. 18 Bitwene the saddyll and the pannell, they trusse a brode plate of metall. 1541 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1907) VII. 473 For xviij elnis cammes, ane stane of flokkis and viij skenȝe threid to mend the pannellis of the soume sadillis. 1607 G. Markham Cavelarice vi. 54 The pannelles of his Saddles shall bee made of strong linnen cloath. 1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier 78 I cut a Hole in the Pannel of the Saddle. 1835 Encycl. Brit. XI. 621 Hunting saddles should have their pannels well beaten and brushed to prevent sore backs. 1882 Saddler's Bill in F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (1886) (at cited word) New panel and flocking to saddle. 1981 E. H. Edwards Country Life Bk. Saddlery & Equipm. 36/1 The panel of this saddle..was correspondingly large. 1993 Dressage & CT Apr. 18/2 All English saddles with stuffed, as opposed to foam-filled, panels need to be restuffed or reflocked by a competent saddler every year. b. Frequently in form pannel. A kind of saddle, esp. a simple frameless pad to which loads may be fastened; a pillion. Also: †a wooden saddle for an ass (obsolete). Also occasionally in plural. Now English regional and rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > saddle > types of saddle mail-saddle1360 trotter-saddle1381 panel1393 loadsaddle1397 packsaddle1398 limber-saddle1480 pillion1480 side-saddle1493 steel saddle1503 pilgate1511 mail pillowc1532 stock-saddle1537 pad1556 sunk1568 trunk-saddle1569 soda1586 mail pillion1586 running saddle1596 Scotch saddle1596 postilion saddle1621 pad-saddle1622 portmanteau-saddle1681 watering saddle1681 cart-saddle1692 demi-pique1695 crook-saddle1700 saddle pad1750 recado1825 aparejo1844 mountain saddle1849 somerset1851 pilch1863 cowboy saddle1880 sawbuck (pack)saddle1881 western saddle1883 cross-saddle1897 centre-fire1921 McClellan1940 poley1957 1393 in L. T. Smith Exped. Prussia & Holy Land Earl Derby (1894) 152 (MED) Clerico marescalcie..pro iij capistris et male panel. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 251/2 Pannell to ryde on, batz, panneau. 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 14^v A pannel & wantey, packsaddle & ped. 1598 Bp. J. Hall Virgidemiarum: 3 Last Bks. iv. ii. 14 So rides he mounted on the market-day Vpon a straw-stu'ft pannell, all the way. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 215 Our Asses had pannels in stead of saddles..and ropes laid crosse the pannels, and knotted at the ends in stead of stirrups. 1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ xi. 211 Belonging..to the Barn and Stable... Harneys for Horses, and Yoakes for Oxen. Pannels. Wanteyes. Pack-saddles. a1739 C. Jarvis tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote (1742) I. iv. xvi. 299 Sancho Panza, who, buried in sleep and stretched upon his ass's pannel. a1835 J. Hogg Poems (1865) 372 Get wop on the top of the panniels. 1864 E. A. Parkes Man. Pract. Hygiene i. xiv. 365 Weights of..Horse Appointments..5th Dragoon Guards..one pair pannels, 4 lb. 4½ oz. 1882 G. F. Jackson Shropshire Word-bk. Pannel, a pillion... Some old people in this locality at the present day [sc. 1875] remember the pannel being in use. a1903 E. Smith in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1903) IV. 419/1 Pannel, a pad fitted with ridges and used by millers for loading their sacks of corn or meal on a horse's back. †2. gen. a. A piece (of something). Obsolete.In quot. 1628 in the context of explaining the meaning of sense 14a. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part panelc1450 dissectiona1586 dismembering1603 discrete1871 society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] > parchment > piece of skin of parchment1340 parchmenta1350 parchment skinc1390 press1405 panel1628 c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 442 (MED) Þai went on fysshyng, and in-stede of fyssh þai drew in þer nett a grete panell of yse. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. ii. ii. §234. 158 ^v Pannell is an English word and signifieth a little part, for a Pane is a part, and a Pannell is a little part (as a Pannel of Wainscot, a Pannell of a saddle, and a pannell of Parchment wherin the Jurors names be written).] b. A part, a division. Cf. pane n.² 4. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > one of the parts into which anything is divided dealinga1300 divisionc1374 partc1392 spacec1392 long divisionc1400 severingc1400 skyvaldc1400 foddinga1425 panelc1450 partition1561 roomstead1600 canton1601 separation1604 share1643 scissurea1667 cutting1726 departmenta1735 segment1762 compartment1793 distribution1829 segregation1859 dept.1869 section1875 tmema1891 c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 273 (MED) Þis ground of equyte is ij panellys; In þe to panel equyte acordyth resoun wyth wyll, and þe oþer panel equite acordyth wyll wyth resoun. II. A distinct part of a surface, and related uses. * A distinct section, typically rectangular in shape, that forms part of the whole surface of something. †3. A pane of glass; a windowpane; (Scottish) spec. a rectangular pane of glass in a mullioned window. Cf. senses 5a, 12c. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > parts of windows > [noun] > pane light1387 fenestral1399 panel1399 pane1466 window glassa1586 window1605 window-light1655 windowpane1750 1399 in J. Raine Fabric Rolls York Minster (1859) 18 (MED) Item, xl panell vitri parvi valoris. 1539 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 260 For..new glas to vi pannellis to the south gavill wyndois. 1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. ii. x. f. 85/1, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Some..did make panels of horne in steede of glasse, and fixe them in woodden calmes. 1583 Edinb. Dean of Guild Accts. 177 The wyndow of the new kirk quhair the greit pannell of glas was. 1612 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 340 In the Queenes hall ane pannell conteining throttie feits quhairof thair is sextene feit auld glas sett in new leid and fourtene feit of new glas augmented therto. a1680 J. Bargrave Pope Alexander VII (1867) ii. 132 The kesment being taken away, or a pannel of glass broken. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Pannel Hence Panels, or Panes of Glass, are Compartiments or Pieces of Glass of various Forms, Square, Hexagonal, &c. 4. a. A section of a fence or railing, now usually prefabricated. Also: †a section of a wall (obsolete). Cf. pane n.² 1. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a fence > section or compartment of panec1380 panel1489 panel1946 1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes ii. xxiv In the said forest..to be made palebordes called penelles. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 251/2 Panell of a wall, pan de mur. 1582 Crail Burgh Court 1 Nov. Jhone Reid..sall repair..the west heid of the said peir and sall..set vpe ane innar pannell bak and angler the samin. 1658 J. Evelyn tr. N. de Bonnefons French Gardiner 138 A Reede-hedge handsomely bound in Pannells. 1686 in P. A. Bruce Econ. Hist. Virginia (1896) I. 318 Johnson doth [impower you]..to fall, mall, and set up..400 panels of sufficient post and rails. 1787 G. Washington Diaries III. 186 In the Neck 105 Pannels of Post and rail fencing..was compleated. 1833 Niles' Reg. 44 263/1 Additional fencing was required, of about 1,800 pannels. 1882 Gardeners' Chron. 17 809/2 Each panel is composed of three vertical parallel posts, two longitudinal rails..and two boards attached to the posts between the rails. a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) I. x. 163 At last she was once more at the ruins of the fence panel. 1995 Tree House Family Apr. 28/2 This catalogue of architectural restoration products contains beautiful cast iron spiral staircases, railing panels and fences. b. Hunting (chiefly U.S.). A section of a fence, wall, etc., that is or has been made jumpable. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a fence > section or compartment of panec1380 panel1489 panel1946 1946 M. C. Self Horseman's Encycl. 294 Panel, in the hunt field obstacles whether timber or stone are often spoken of as ‘panels’. 1963 L. F. Bloodgood & P. Santini Horseman's Dict. 145 Panel,..a set of rails inserted into a wire fence to make it jumpable. 5. a. A distinct, typically rectangular section or compartment of a wainscot, door, shutter, etc., usually of wood or glass and generally thinner than the surround. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [noun] > other specific parts panel1498 pane1582 well-curb1665 through-work1686 gathering1703 dripping1735 sweep1766 bridging1774 accouplement1823 sweep-work1847 1498 A. Halyburton Ledger (1867) 156 4 dossin of pannellis of rassit vark cost 3 grotis the stek. 1531–2 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 76 Tua pundis of horne glew for glewin of certane pannalis and wyndo breddis. 1560 in R. Adam Edinb. Rec. (1899) II. 96 For..glew to the kirk doris pannellis bownd wark. a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. iii. 79 This fellow wil but ioyne you together, as they ioyne Wainscot, then one of you wil proue a shrunke pannell, and like greene timber, warpe, warpe. View more context for this quotation 1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. vi. 106 The Friese Pannel above the Friese Rail. 1703 Moxon's Mech. Exercises (new ed.) 109 Bevil away the outer edges of the Pannels. 1785 W. Cowper Task i. 282 Rural carvers..with knives deface The pannels. 1823 W. Scoresby Jrnl. Voy. Northern Whale-fishery 455 The pannels of the captain's state-room door were forced out of the framing. 1883 Cent. Mag. Feb. 520/2 She had got no further than the incomplete representation of some goldenrod and mullein-stalks upon the panels of her own chamber-door. 1933 H. Allen Anthony Adverse I. ii. ix. 126 They might ring the bell..and go away serene in the knowledge that the sliding panel would open and the child vanish inwards. 1970 M. Harari & M. Hayward tr. A. A. Amalrik Involuntary Journey to Siberia iv. 56 This door had a small panel of plexiglass. 1991 Trad. Woodworking Apr. 41/1 Behind the wood panelling in William III's bedroom are trompe d'oeil imitation oak panels. b. A part of a wall or piece of furniture that is sunk below or raised above the general level. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > other elements > [noun] > panel table1651 panel1693 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > panel-work > [noun] > panel tafferel1622 panel1693 1693 J. Tigou (title) A new book of drawings, containing several sortes of iron worke as gates,..staircases, pannelles, etc. c1720 N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Architecture IV. i. xix. 33 A large pannel occupying the whole Architrave and Frize to place the Inscription upon. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Pedestal The Generality of Architects..use Tables or Pannels, either in Relievo or Creux, in the Dyes of Pedestals. 1742 G. Leoni Notes I. Jones in N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Architecture (ed. 3) II. iv. 49/2 A. Pannels of Porphyry. B. Ditto of Granito. 1823 J. Rutter Delineations of Fonthill 15 Large raised pannels and bolection mouldings. 1867 W. Papworth Gwilt's Encycl. Archit. (rev. ed.) iii. iii. 960 The tower of St. Peter Mancroft, at Norwich, is a good specimen of flint building with stone panels. 1874 J. T. Micklethwaite Mod. Parish Churches 214 I can see no reason why the panels should not be formed of some of the concretes which we are now able to procure. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 47/2 On the entablature surmounting the Ionic columns are panels containing medallions of Scots sovereigns from James I. to James VII. 1962 Appraisal Terminol. & Handbk. (Amer. Inst. Real Estate Appraisers) (ed. 4) 164 Set-off,..used to describe a sunken panel or recess of any kind in a wall. 1993 Dict. National Biogr.: Missing Persons 214/2 Alabaster relief panels of narrative scenes or portrait groups. 2001 S. Strum Barcelona: Guide Archit. iv. 4 This building is face with alternating green and white prefabricated-concrete panels. c. A distinct portion of the body of a carriage, motor vehicle, etc. ΚΠ 1760 S. Foote Minor i. 31 Let the martin pannels for the vis a vis be carried to Long-Acre, and the pye-balls sent to Hall's to be bitted. 1791 Madras Courier 29 Sept. To be Sold, an Elegant, new, and fashionable Bandy, with copper-pannels, lined with Morocca leather. 1826 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 30 Sept. 3 A stage-coach came up to the door, with ‘Bath and London’ upon its panels. 1866 Visct. Strangford Sel. Writings (1869) II. 320 An unobtrusive little coronet which my wife has had painted..upon the panels of her carriage. 1912 H. J. Butler Motor Bodies & Chassis 108 The body panels are often striped. 1996 D. Brimson & E. Brimson Everywhere we Go ix. 127 I felt a total prick driving home in a car which had every panel, including the roof, kicked in. d. figurative and in extended use. Something resembling a panel in shape and relation to the surrounding space. ΚΠ 1869 R. D. Blackmore Lorna Doone III. xx. 298 Observing..how carefully this white thing moved along the bars of darkness betwixt the panels of fire-light. 1902 A. E. W. Mason Four Feathers xviii. 174 Through the open window the moon threw a broad panel of silver light upon the floor of the room. 1933 D. L. Sayers Murder must Advertise iv. 54 It only needed the alteration of a sentence and the introduction of a panel about gift-coupons. 1991 G. Ehrlich Islands, Universe, Home i. 4 A raven creaks overhead, flies into the cleft, glides toward a panel of white water splashing over a ledge, and comes out cawing. e. Bookbinding. (a) The space between the bands (band n.¹ 2b) on the back of a book; (b) a compartment of the external cover of a book, esp. on the spine, consisting of lettering or decoration enclosed in a border. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > parts of book > [noun] > back > space between raised bands panel1875 society > communication > book > parts of book > [noun] > cover > ornaments on cover burdounc1440 filleting1747 stamp1811 panel1875 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 425 ‘Raised bands’ are formed of strips of pasteboard or parchment at regular intervals across the back of the book, leaving a space termed ‘panels’ between them. 1880 J. W. Zaehnsdorf Art of Bookbinding 129 Panel mitred in gold, with title and small corners... Small tail panel with date. 1903 Studio Aug. 175 A solid leather outer binding with an inlaid..panel in the centre to contain coats-of-arms..amid a framework of gold tooling. 1992 Mod. Painters Spring 7/2 (advt.) Bound in full Library Buckram, lettered in gilt on coloured panel on spine, preserved in a cloth slipcase. 6. a. (a) A piece of material, often of a different texture, pattern, or colour, forming part of a garment; (b) a decorative piece of embroidery, appliqué work, etc., inserted into a garment, upholstery, etc.In figurative context in quot. 1726. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > dress, robe, or gown > parts of > skirt(s) > panel in panel1726 the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > dress, robe, or gown > parts of > skirt(s) > material between panels panel1889 the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > ornamental textiles > ornamental trimmings > [noun] > insertion entredeux1823 insertionc1840 inserting1847 panel1899 1726 J. Barker Lining of Patch-work Screen sig. A3 ^v This made me once think to have enlarg'd it, by putting in some Pannels of Verse; but, that I heard say, Poetry is not much worn at Court. 1889 John Bull 2 Mar. 149/3 The skirt, of grey silk, had broad panels of dark grey velvet, on which a design of feathers was embroidered in silver. 1899 W. G. P. Townsend Embroidery iv. 43 Design for an appliqué panel,..Worked in the Windermere linens, in blues and green. 1922 Daily Mail 16 Dec. 15/3 Fur panels trim evening gowns of lamé. 1990 Littlewoods Catal. Spring–Summer 359 (caption) Gladstone Handbag with tapestry fabric panel. 2000 Times 6 Oct. (Ski 2001 Suppl.) 8/3 Forget baggy gear—everything's closer-fitting this year, with stretchy panels on jackets and pants to allow for maximum manoeuvrability. b. A section of a tapestry or other ornamental work, usually surrounded by a decorative border. Also: a tapestry or other piece of needlework regarded as a whole. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > ornamental textiles > [noun] > tapestry > section of panel1856 the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > ornamental textiles > [noun] > tapestry > regarded as a whole panel1918 1856 O. Jones Gram. Ornament xvi The painter began to usurp the office of the scribe... We have the first stage..where a geometrical arrangement is obtained with conventional ornament enclosing gold panels, on which are painted groups of flowers. 1897 Dict. National Biogr. at Stewart, Sir Herbert It [sc. a mural] is in three panels, the centre containing a medallion of him in high relief. 1918 G. L. Hunter Decorative Textiles xii. 243 Tapestry screen panels woven in New York. 1964 D. DuBon Tapestries S.H. Kress Coll. at Philadelphia Mus. of Art: Hist. Constantine 20 The sarcophagus is framed by an oval wreath of ribbon within an oval panel, bound laurel leaves with a shell form at the top and bottom. 1999 Piecework Nov.–Dec. 39/2 The Healing Garden, an embroidered panel 9 feet (2.7 m) long, depicts the herbs of a medieval physick garden. c. Each of the shaped sections of a parachute; any of the sections composing a gore (gore n.² 5). ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > parachute > [noun] > canopy > parts of panel1930 skirt1951 1930 O. H. Kneen Everyman's Bk. Flying xii. 223 Two men straighten out the twelve ‘panels’ of silk. 1938 Flight 25 Aug. 168 c/1 The canopy, which is 24ft. in diameter, is made up of 24 triangular gores cut from high-quality silk. Each gore is composed of four panels, the stitching of which forms a zig-zag pattern round the complete canopy. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VII. 740/2 The canopy is given extraordinary strength by fabrication from up to 28 separate panels, or gores, each made up of smaller sections. 1997 Flight Internat. 18 June 57/1 This parachute..consists of 20 gores, or segments, each gore being made up of seven panels of ripstop nylon cloth and one of polyester netting. †7. [After French panneau (1553 in Middle French in this sense).] A flat face of a stone cut from a larger mass. Cf. pane n.² 3. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Pannel, in Masonry, one of the Faces of a hewn Stone. 8. a. Coal Mining. A section of coal left uncut; a large rectangular block or pillar of coal, ore, etc. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > individual pieces panel1747 knablick1757 coba1804 setter1849 pearl1901 turnel1905 1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. O2^v Pannell, a small Piece of Wholes that is left uncut, either to support some Weight from falling, or else..left, because it is..not worth the cutting. 1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. Kiij Huttrill [is] any hard Pannel in a Vein or Pipe..bound up and crossil'd by mixt Stuff, as Chirts, hard Tufts, Caukes, or Kevills. 1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining 182 Panel, a large rectangular block or pillar of coal, measuring, say, 130 by 100 yards. 1963 E. J. Pryor Dict. Mineral Technol. 286 Panel, rectangle of lode ore, defined by means of levels and winzes, and then considered to be proved as regards volume for valuation purposes. 1999 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Dispatch (Nexis) 18 Sept. (Sports section) 21 In the long-wall method, a powerful rotary cutting machine moves along a panel, or wall, of coal, chewing off the coal and moving it back on conveyors. b. Coal Mining. A division (usually rectangular) of a mine delimited by uncut pillars of coal. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > compartment of coal-mine side of work1820 panel1839 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 976 This system is named panel work; because..it [sc. the mine] is divided into quadrangular panels, each panel containing an area of from 8 to 12 acres. 1847 E. Cresy Encycl. Civil Engin. I. 695 Panel work..is performed by dividing the entire mine into panels, separated by walls of coal from 40 to 50 yards in thickness. 1882 R. L. Galloway Hist. Coal Mining xv. 149 It occurred to Mr. Buddle [in around 1810] that a great improvement..might be effected by dividing a colliery, in the course of the first working, into districts, or panels, surrounded on all sides by barriers of solid coal. 1964 A. Nelson Dict. Mining 318 Panel Barrier or Panel Pillar, the pillar of coal left between the adjacent panels. 1980 M. Brown et al. Gloss. Mining Terms Fife 56 Workings are laid out in districts or panels which are then extracted as single units. †c. [This sense is of doubtful origin and may have arisen as a transferred use of panel n.²] A heap of dressed ore. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > ore > [noun] > quantity of serving1778 parcel1824 shift1839 panel1858 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products 273/2 Panel,..in mining, a heap of ore dressed and ready for sale. 1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 161 Panel, a heap of dressed ore. d. English regional (northern). A stratum, esp. of limestone, within stratified rock. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [noun] > stratum > stratum by constitution > limestone Smithy Lime1817 school cap1826 panel1894 1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Panels, the several strata composing a bed of stratified rock: chiefly used with reference to the bands of a limestone, as ‘Blue limestone with strong panels’. 1964 A. Nelson Dict. Mining 318 Panel, any thin band of hard rock (Yorkshire). 9. A distinct section of a garden layout, composed of different plants or flowers; spec. a section of a carpet-bed. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > garden > division or part of garden > [noun] > bed or plot > flower-bed arbourc1300 knot1502 cutwork1693 flower-border1712 panel1803 flower-court1828 mixed bed1866 flower-bed1873 carpet-bed1883 coffin1912 floral clock1925 1803 H. Repton Observ. Landscape Gardening xii. 185 The pannel..may be removed in winter. 1892 Gardeners' Chron. 27 Aug. 243/3 These need frequent thinning out and clipping into shape, so as to confine each colour to its own panel or boundary-line, so as to properly define and preserve the character of the several designs. 1962 R. Page Educ. Gardener x. 277 I devised a very simple arrangement of areas of fine pea gravel and panels of grass. 1997 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 2 Mar. (Chicago Flower & Garden section) 6 c Bountiful flower beds with a formal panel of lawn and topiary. †10. A division or section of a pavement. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > path or place for walking > [noun] > foot(-)path > a compartment or division of a pavement panel1893 1893 Daily News 21 Sept. 5/3 A ‘panel’ of karri wood has been laid opposite the West Strand Post Office, where the wear and tear is exceedingly heavy. A thin board used as a working surface. †11.** A board used by a baker, tailor, etc. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > [noun] > place > board shop board1580 panel1612 sewing-brod1790 board1807 the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > baker's equipment > bread or pastry board pennybred?c1300 moulding board1327 pastry board1442 pasteboard1452 bakbrade1457 bred1538 bakeboard1545 panel1612 pie board1691 breadboard1761 board1845 1612 in G. Ornsby Select. from Househ. Bks. Naworth Castle (1878) 42 A pannell for the baker. 1658 J. Jones tr. Ovid Invective against Ibis 120 Dominus Mechanick that leaps from the pannel to the pulpit. 12. a. Painting. A wooden board or similar rigid material (as opposed to a canvas) used as a surface for painting in oils or distemper. Also as a mass noun. Also: a painting on such a surface. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to medium or technique > [noun] > oil-painting > an oil-painting > on board table-picture1610 panel1685 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > equipment for painting or drawing > [noun] > surface for painting or drawing > panel panel1821 1685 J. Dryden Albion & Albanius (frontispiece) In the middle of the Sweep of the Arch, is a very large Pannel in a frame of Gold in this Pannel is painted on one side a Woman representing the City of London, [etc.]. 1718 M. Prior Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 293 He [sc. Apelles] gave the Pannel to the Maid. 1765 H. Walpole Castle of Otranto ii. 50 I am not in love with a coloured pannel. 1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing ii. 117 It was the custom of the first practitioners in this process, to cover the pannels of their pictures with grounds of thin plaster. 1850 A. Jameson Legends Monastic Orders 117 A small picture in distemper on panel. 1902 Chambers's Jrnl. July 433/2 I entrusted the panel to the most expert picture-cleaner of my acquaintance, from whose hands it came out perfect. 1994 Metropolitan Mus. of Art Holiday Gifts 7/3 (caption) Painting on tempera on panel by Sano di Pietro. b. A leaf or section of a folding screen or triptych. Also (occasionally) figurative. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > screen > [noun] > section of folding screen panel1873 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to subject > [noun] > religious painting > picture as altar-piece > parts of altar-piece or panels volet1847 predella1868 panel1873 mandorla1883 volant1898 paliotto1906 1873 Atlantic Monthly Mar. 284/1 Little worm-eaten diptychs showing angular saints on gilded panels. 1896 F. Simmonds tr. C. Ricci Correggio vii. 122 On the high altar of the oratory..there was once a triptych, the central panel of which represented Christ. 1936 E. G. Troche Painting in Netherlands 26/2 Possibly half of a diptych, of which the panel with Our Lady is now lost. 1992 Art Newspaper July–Sept. 23/2 A seventeenth-century central panel of a triptych depicting the Crucifixion by Pieter Lastman. c. A compartment of a stained glass window, containing a separate subject. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > ornamental glass-work > [noun] > glass-colouring > glass-staining > stained glass > part of window jewel1613 panel1873 lead-line1907 1873–5 J. Fowler in Yorks. Archæol. Jrnl. 3 199 The arrangement is a succession of panels, each containing a subject. 1898 C. H. Turner in J. Hastings Dict. Bible I. 421/1 This picture is cut up, as it were, into six panels, each labelled with a general summary of progress. 1927 A. H. McNeile Introd. New Test. 79 He [sc. St Luke] cuts the history into ‘panels’. 1954 M. Rickert Painting in Brit.: Middle Ages 231 Quarried glass, window panels divided into squares or diamonds, each containing an ornamental or heraldic motif. 2001 Oxoniensia 65 459 An early 14th-century cruciform church with a lantern tower, as well as two panels of stained early medieval glass. d. Photography. A photograph of long narrow format, used esp. for portraits. Usually attributive. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > [noun] > photograph by style or subject high key1849 carte1861 carte-de-visite1861 wedding group1861 vignette1862 studio portrait1869 press photograph1873 cameo-type1874 war picture1883 mug1887 panel1888 snapshot1890 visite1891 fuzz-type1893 stickyback1903 action photograph1904 action picture1904 scenic1913 still1916 passport photo1919 mosaic1920 press photo1923 oblique1925 action shot1927 passport photograph1927 profile shot1928 smudgea1931 glossy1931 photomontage1931 photomural1931 head shot1936 pin-up1943 mug shot1950 wedding photograph1956 wedding photo1966 full-frontal1970 photofit1970 split beaver1972 upskirt1994 selfie2002 1888 Lady 25 Oct. 374/3 Some of the most delightful panel screens for photographs I ever set eyes on. 1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 May 6/1 The panel photo is..as much part of the ceremony of presentation as, in the courtly times of Sir Joshua Reynolds, a few sittings at his studio in Leicester-square were part of the business of a fashionable marriage. 1940 A. L. M. Sowerby Wall's Dict. Photogr. (ed. 15) 478 Panel, commercial name for a photograph of size about 4 by 8½ ins... Also applied to any photograph of long, narrow shape. e. A (captioned) drawing in a cartoon or comic strip, typically surrounded by a rectangular border, and usually forming part of a sequence. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > [noun] > a drawing > comic or cartoon drollery1600 comic cut1831 cartoon1843 comic strip1913 panel1920 strip1920 frame1932 strip cartoon1936 manhwa1988 1920 R. A. Hershberger Inside Facts about Cartooning & Illustrating Profession 25 In the Daily Strips the part that generally brings the laugh is the last panel or block. 1942 Public Opinion Q. 6 105/2 Nast drew a cartoon..in one panel of which the ‘Savior's Entry into Jerusalem’ is represented, and in the other General Lee is surrendering to General Grant. 1962 Times 14 Feb. 17/4 Darling won two Pulitzer prizes, the first..for a four-panel cartoon. 2001 Sight & Sound Sept. 26/4 Aping the panels of a comic book, Ghost World unfolds in formally structured two-shots and close-ups. 13. A flat board on which instruments or controls are fixed; = control panel n. at control n. Compounds 6, instrument panel n. at instrument n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > electronic instruments > [noun] > control panel, desk, etc. control board1829 control desk1896 panel1897 control panel1902 1897 E. Wilson Electr. Traction x. 219 The panel system of switchboards, whereby the various switches, complete for a given purpose, can be mounted on a panel of slate or marble and placed in line with those already installed. 1926 Wireless World 8 Dec. 760/3 A neat method of mounting a flash lamp bulb so that it may..illuminate the panel and tuning dials at night. 1964 M. Allward Inside Jet Airliner v. 39 The main panels contain the indicators and controls for the hydraulic and electrical systems, engine and fuel functioning, anti-icing and air-conditioning. 1991 C. James Brrm! Brrm! (1992) ii. 26 There was a scarred metal panel of entryphone buttons. III. A list of jurors, and derived senses. 14. a. Law. The slip or roll of parchment on which the names of jurors are listed (now rare); a list of jurors or potential jurors; a jury. Now chiefly North American. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > jury > [noun] jury?a1400 panelc1400 size1488 assize1528 the twelve men1589 society > law > administration of justice > process, writ, warrant, or order > [noun] > summons > slip listing jurors and attached to writ panelc1400 society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > jury > [noun] > member(s) of jury > list of panelc1400 empanel1569 array1579 c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. iii. 315 Ne put hem in panel to don hem pliȝte here treuthe. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 381 Panele, pagella, panellus. 1444 Rolls of Parl. V. 127/1 The Coronours..have power to make the array of the enquest or panell for the triell of the same offencez. ?a1500 in W. Hudson Rec. City of Norwich (1906) I. 127 Ȝe schall..non panell maken atte non nominacion of partye. 1543–4 Act 35 Hen. VIII c. 6 §6 Persons so..impanelled..shalbe added to the former panell. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 156a The Jurors names are ranked in the pannel one vnder another, which order or ranking the Jurie is called the array. 1670 T. Blount Νομο-λεξικον: Law-dict. Panel, a Schedule or Page; as a Panel of Parchment, or a Counterpane of an Indenture: But it is used more particularly for a Schedule or Roll containing the names of such Jurors, as the Sheriff returns, to pass upon any Trial. 1682 Modest Enq. Election Sheriffs London 24 The Pannel that brought in an Ignoramus upon the Bill against the Earl of Shaftsbury. 1730 H. Fielding Rape upon Rape ii. i. 15 I think half of that Pannel are Bailiff's Followers. 1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 202 The Panel must have Margin-room, to mark their Appearances and Challenges. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 359 Challenges to the array are at once an exception to the whole panel, in which the jury are arrayed. 1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. II. xii. 328 The sheriffs..had taken care to return a pannel in whom they could confide. 1890 N. P. Langford Vigilante Days 107 The regular panel of jurors was exhausted. 1924 Amer. Mercury Dec. 405/2 In the choice of the actual jury from the panel we observe the operation of a process that may be called counter-selection. 1939 H. M. Cam Hundred & Hundred Rolls viii. 79 The sheriff..might be penalized if he failed to produce a full panel. 1974 Act 23 Eliz. II c. 23 §5 The arrangements to be made by the Lord Chancellor under this Act shall include the preparation of lists (called panels) of persons summoned as jurors, and the information to be included in panels..shall be such as the Lord Chancellor may from time to time direct. 1991 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 21 Nov. a5/1 Under the Criminal Code, panels of prospective jurors are selected from voters lists. b. gen. Any list or listed group of people or (occasionally) animals; esp. a small group of people brought together to discuss, investigate, or decide upon a particular matter. ΘΚΠ society > communication > record > list > [noun] > list of names or people bead-roll1529 scroll1546 checker-roll1571 bead-row1576 panel?1578 list1604 nomenclature1635 lexicon1647 head-roll1819 name-scroll1861 visitors' lista1865 roll-call1867 test-roll1879 line-up1890 the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > topic of or subject for conversation or gossip > discussion > group, panel, or panellist panel?1578 panellist1948 rap group1969 ?1578 W. Patten Let. Entertainm. Killingwoorth 21 A great sort of bandogs whear thear tyed in the vtter Coourt, and thyrteen bearz in the inner. Whoo so euer made the pannell, thear wear inoow for a Queast, & one for challenge need wear. 1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 242 If the following..Pannel be labell'd to the former Catalogue of that most August Assembly. 1856 L. S. Cushing Lex Parliamentaria Americana 60 When the general committee have selected the chairman's panel, they divide all the members remaining on the list, into five panels. 1888 Standing Orders House of Commons (1897) §49. 13 The Committee of Selection shall nominate a Chairmen's Panel to consist of not less than Four nor more than Six Members. 1934 G. B. Shaw Too True to be Good 24 The formation of panels of tested persons eligible for the different grades in the governmental hierarchy. 1966 Listener 4 Aug. 168/1 I thought the panel skirted the subject. Why the BBC did not have a child psychologist on it I cannot guess. 1996 Mail on Sunday 28 Apr. 35/2 She had Paddy Ashdown and Robin Cook opposing her on the panel. And she waltzed rings round them. 2003 Independent 22 July i. 14/1 The 25 scientists on the panel have highlighted the difficulties of GM farming in this country. c. British. A list of medical practitioners registered in a district as accepting patients under the National Health Service or (formerly) the National Insurance Act of 1911 (amended 1913); a list of patients registered with a medical practitioner on this list; (more generally) a list of patients registered with a medical practice. to go (also be) on the panel (colloquial): to be certified unfit for work due to illness. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical services and administration > [noun] > register of doctors medical register1780 panel1911 1911 D. Lloyd George in Hansard Commons 29 May 771 We have the experience in our own country where a certain number of doctors are on the panel. A member of the friendly society chooses his doctor from that panel. 1913 Punch 30 July 101/1 The proposed Laureate was a medical man and not on a panel. 1942 A. Lewis in A. Richards Penguin Bk. Welsh Short Stories (1976) 55 ‘Why doesn't she go into hospital?’ Curly asked. ‘She's on the panel, isn't she?’ 1957 R. Hoggart Uses of Literacy i. 21 Almost every worker has been on the ‘panel’ at the local doctor's. 1964 G. L. Cohen What's Wrong with Hospitals? i. 22 Working people still talk about ‘going on the Panel’ when they're off sick, and don't see why they should use another term. 1974 Daily Tel. 29 Mar. (Colour Suppl.) 19/2 The average GP has 2,460 people on his panel. 1992 J. Torrington Swing Hammer Swing! xxxi. 281 Being on the panel for weeks at a time, meant the loss of crucial housing points. 15. Scots Law. †a. Trial; a trial. on (also upon) the panel: on trial; under indictment; accused. to enter (a person) on panel: to present (a person) for trial. to set (also put) on the panel: to arraign, to try. Obsolete.The origin of this sense is uncertain. It seems most likely that it relates to a slip of parchment on which was written the indictment, or the name or names of the persons indicted (cf. sense 14a); this sense possibly then developed metonymically. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > on trial [phrase] on (also upon) the panel1533 in question1579 1533 Acts Sederunt Scotl. (1811) 11 That thai have..the xvij day of November instant, affixt to thame for the accusatioune and persute of the personis beand vpone the pannall dilatit for art and part of the slauchter of the said umquhile William. 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iii. f. 38 Thay callit the criminall, With ane twme scheith set him on the Pannall. 1582 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 502 Few complenaris hes offerit thame to persew the personis enterit on pannell. 1617 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) III. 423 And this was practizet in the grittest pannell that was in our days betuix the lairdis of Caddell and Ardkinglas for the slauchter of the laird of Caddell. ?1635 in D. Dickson Sel. Pract. Writings (1845) (modernized text) 5 God has put the man on the pannel, and is entered in a contest, and will condemn us. a1722 J. Lauder in J. Kirkton Secret & True Hist. Church Scotl. (1817) 384 (note) Mr. James Mitchel was upon the pannell at the criminal court for shutting at the Archbishop of St Andrews. b. The person or persons indicted before a court; the accused.Chiefly as a count noun, but originally also used collectively. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > accusation, allegation, or indictment > [noun] > person accused or indicted accuseda1500 appellee1531 indictee1531 panel1555 culprit1700 charge1859 1555 Bks. of Adjournal 7 Dec. The pannell protestit for the panis contenit in the actis of parliament. 1586 in Juridical Rev. (1892) 4 298 The pannells did intromett with these horses. 1625 in S. A. Gillon Sel. Justiciary Cases (1953) I. 19 The pannell takis instrumentis of thair entrie and protestis for releif of thair cautiouneris. 1695 Bks. of Adjournal 18 Nov. Ordains that for hereafter the pannalls advocats in all their wryten debates title the defenders by the name of pannall, as has bein always in use before the Justice Court, and not by the name of defender. 1766 A. Nicol Poems Several Subj. 185 Like a doom'd pannel at the bar. 1795 Scots Mag. 62 479/1 He saw no marks of insanity about the pannel, who always behaved with great propriety. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 329 The libel maun be redargued by the pannel proving her defences. 1883 A. Edersheim Life Jesus (ed. 6) II. 169 On the assumption of their being the judges, and He the panel. 1961 Sc. Law Times 18 Nov. 73 The indictment served upon the pannel did not libel the expression of malice before the alleged shooting. 1988 Sc. Criminal Case Rep. 460 Each of the said four named accused panels then duly appeared and was separately represented. †c. The bar of the court at which the accused stands; the dock. See also panel-box n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1628 in F. Roberts & I. M. M. Macphail Dumbarton Common Good Accts. (1972) Item for naylis coft be the baillies for the pennall and ravill to the stair thereof for the Justice Air haldin in October, 1628. 1714 J. H. Thomson in Cloud of Witnesses (1730) 134 I was brought and set in the Pannel, with the Murderers, and they read over my Indictment. 1768 Scots Mag. July 383 This Gordon was not in custody, but appeared in court, and entered the pannel when his name was called. IV. Other uses. 16. Military. Frequently in form pannel. A carriage on which a mortar and its housing is transported. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > gun carriage > [noun] > wagon for transporting gun panel1802 sling-cart1802 sling-wagon1802 1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. Pannels, in artillery, are the carriages which carry mortars and their beds upon a march. 1918 E. S. Farrow Dict. Mil. Terms 431 Pannels, in artillery, the carriages upon which the mortars and their beds are conveyed on a march. 1973 J. Quick Dict. Weapons 339 Panel, a type of carriage formerly used for transporting a mortar and its bed. Compounds C1. General attributive and objective. a. panel cupboard n. ΚΠ 1879 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 69/1 I must get Betty to hide this paper for me in Harry's panel cupboard; she taught him and me the trick of it long ago. 1895 ‘C. Holland’ My Japanese Wife (ed. 11) 63 She goes to a panel cupboard, where we keep our..English biscuits. 2001 Vancouver Province (Nexis) 23 Nov. (Fabulous Homes section) b2 A Martha Stewart-meets Clockwork Orange kitchen with ultra-modern barstools and a wall of panel cupboards with no hardware. panel discussion n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > topic of or subject for conversation or gossip > discussion > type of discussion causerie1827 rag chawing1885 jobation1916 panel discussion1934 wash-up1961 teach-in1965 talk-in1967 rap session1968 whataboutery1974 whataboutism1978 1934 Amer. Math. Monthly 41 403 A ‘Panel’ Discussion on the Present Crisis in Secondary Mathematics, by ten members of the Board of Directors. 1956 W. H. Whyte Organization Man (1957) 55 It had started conventionally enough with a panel discussion in which I and two other men spoke. 2002 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 13 Jan. 9/2 Your average panel discussion—the sycophantic introductions, the flattering references..to one another's work, the slow-talking gravity. panel-ledge n. ΚΠ 1901 Academy 5 Oct. 293/2 On the panel-ledge stands an unframed sketch. panel maker n. ΚΠ 1574 in F. G. Emmison Essex Wills (1986) (modernized text) III. 130 To Richard Burley of Brentwood panel maker my two tenements called Gowles in Rayne. 1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Albardero A pannell maker, Clitellarius. 1974 Times 10 Sept. 17/4 (heading) Panel makers unite. 2000 Guardian (Nexis) 22 May (Home Pages section) 9 He suggests the work was done to conceal evidence of the painting's true origin, such as the panelmaker's mark. panel member n. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > association for a common purpose > [noun] > group associated for common purpose > member of chorister1387 leaguer1591 combinator1611 associator1613 combinant1628 combiner1638 federate1650 federator1693 band-brother1742 leagueist1762 leaguite1841 belonger1931 panel member1937 1937 Social Forces 15 454 The panel members..raised pertinent, pointed, and penetrating issues for consideration in every session. 2002 Bloomberg Money Dec. 37/1 I've opted this month to highlight a fund managed by two of my esteemed fellow panel members. † panel-opener n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1896 Westm. Gaz. 24 Oct. 4/1 [A] collection of burglar's tools, including a fine brace and centre-bit, and a ‘patent panel-opener’, shaped much like the common or domestic tin-opener, but on a larger scale. † panel sleeve n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1884 Daily News 27 Oct. 2/1 The sleeves are of a different material from the other portions... The brocade of which these long panel sleeves are..made deserves description. 1999 Daily News Record (U.S.) (Nexis) 29 Oct. 4 The new line will also have a slimmer body and a more European-looking collar... Other details in the line are pocket and sleeve treatments such as a triple-panel sleeve.] panel system n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical services and administration > [noun] > system panel system1872 socialized medicine1912 1872 Manufacturer & Builder Feb. 35/1 The panel system is..a legitimate piece of joinery;..only..it is a very weak sort of construction,..and the ease with which a panel may be cut out or kicked through on an emergency is proverbial. 1897 E. Wilson Electr. Traction x. 219 The panel system of switchboards, whereby the various switches, complete for a given purpose, can be mounted on a panel of slate or marble and placed in line with those already installed. 1913 Act 3 & 4 George V c. 37 §11 Medical treatment under the panel system. 1992 Art Newspaper (BNC) Apr. 14 An ossified panel system rife with artists and administrators sitting in judgment on each other's grants. b. panel-backed adj. ΚΠ 1894 Westm. Gaz. 31 Oct. 1/3 The removal of the panel-backed Shrine at Adyar and the dismissal of its custodians. 1988 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 12 Dec. b5 A huge dark panel-backed, 15th-century sacristy cupboard. 1991 Interior Design (Nexis) Apr. 106 Each of four bays is defined by a panel-backed unit. † panel-bodied adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1835 Court Mag. 6 10/2 Mark the perfectly self-complacent air with which he sits in his quiet pannel-bodied Tilbury. panel-lined adj. ΚΠ 1904 N.E.D. at Panel Panel-lined. 1994 Automotive News (Nexis) 14 Mar. 3 He moved the association out of its musty offices to new, more spacious, panel-lined digs. panel-walled adj. ΚΠ 1951 J. Kerouac On the Road: Orig. Scroll (2007) 166 We had our headquarters in the main building, just a wooden contraption with panelwalled offices. 2000 Sunday Mail (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 13 Feb. (Features section) 113 Bathrooms in Italian marble, 24-hour health club, panel-walled library and full business facilities are just some of the special extra touches. C2. panel analysis n. Sociology analysis of attitude changes by means of panel studies. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis reflexivity1662 social statics1843 social causation1848 sociography1881 functionalism1904 class analysis1919 culturalism1919 mass observation1920 survey1927 participant observation1933 participant observing1933 Verstehen1934 panel technique1938 MO1939 ahistoricism1940 historicism1940 technologism1940 action research1945 metasociology1950 pattern variable1951 structural functionalism1951 structuralism1951 panel analysis1955 cliometrics1960 unilinearism1964 technology assessment1966 symbolic interactionism1969 modernization theory1972 processualism1972 postcolonialism1974 decontextualization1976 decontextualizing1980 structurism1989 1955 Jrnl. Polit. 17 485 Students..of politics..should be happy indeed to have had published in the last year both an intensive, community-panel analysis of the 1948 election.] 1955–6 Public Opinion Q. 19 428/1 Panel analysis—utilizing student questionnaires, faculty and student interviews, daily journals recorded by students, and verbatim recordings of physician–patient session—is involved in the research program. 1987 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 52 6 Lazarsfeld's scheme for panel analysis could not handle Merton's detailed account of the ‘patterned sequences of interactions’. panel-back adj. and n. (a) adj. designating a heavy wooden chair of a kind made in England esp. in the early 17th-cent., having armrests and a high back incorporating a decorative incised panel; (b) n. a panel-back chair. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > seat > chair > [adjective] > types of chair caned1696 rush-bottomed1696 rush-bottom1729 roundabout chair1741 leather-bottomed1783 stick-back1783 poker-backed1830 flag-bottomed1840 claw-footed1858 seatless1871 cane-bottomed1877 cane-seated1881 sag-seated1890 sit-up1891 slat-back1891 sag-bottomed1893 spindle-back1896 shield-back1897 Carver1902 basket-bodied1903 panel-back1904 Cromwellian1905 hooped-back1906 saddle-backed1910 hard-arsed1933 sling-back1948 X-frame1955 hard-arse1964 1904 P. Macquaid Hist. Eng. Furnit. ix. 223 The late panel-back chair..dated 1691. 1975 Oxf. Compan. Decorative Arts 360/2 The panel-back chair (which was also panelled beneath the arms and seat) was to establish for two centuries the standard pattern of the chair with back of square or rectangular shape. 1975 Oxf. Compan. Decorative Arts 361/1 Richly upholstered chairs..were found with more refined types of panel-backs. 2003 Grimsby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 8 Jan. (Features section) 21 The ‘very latest’ dining room suites in makors/rosewood finish and including..drawleaf table and four panel back chairs. panel beater n. a person who beats the metal panels of motor vehicles into shape. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > makers of other articles > [noun] > of parts of vehicle bodies body-maker1802 coach-smith1837 coach trimmer1840 bodybuilder1870 budget-trimmer?1881 panel beater1908 society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > testing, servicing, and storage of motor vehicles > [noun] > specific servicing or repair operations > one who panel beater1908 1908 Daily Chron. 21 Feb. 10/7 (advt.) Panel beaters, used to hammering landaulette..panels in steel and aluminium. 1991 R. Doyle Van (1992) 134 Bimbo's brother, Victor, was a panel beater and he was going to do a job on the dints, the worst ones anyway. panel beating n. the action of beating the metal panels of motor vehicles into shape; the work done by a panel beater. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > other metalworking processes limation1617 matting1688 sheeting1776 blooming1812 steeling1816 ungraining1839 tarnishing1858 ironing1868 shimming1872 beating1875 siliconizing1880 shearing1881 inoxidizing1883 rustproofing1892 picking1895 rifting1903 Bayer process1910 autofrettage1919 prefinishing1935 panel beating1953 splatting1976 society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > testing, servicing, and storage of motor vehicles > [noun] > specific servicing or repair operations tuning1916 oil change1944 wheel balancing1951 panel beating1953 1953 Wheels May 97 Smash repair specialists. Panel Beating. Duco Spraying. 1966 Jrnl. Mod. Afr. Stud. 4 116 A semi-literate man who was successfully running a panel-beating workshop, and a well-ordered shebeen. 1993 P. Mayle Hotel Pastis vii. 121 Claude and the Borel brothers, and even Fernand at the garage, where he did demolition and panel beating, were kept reasonably fit by the demands of their work. † panel-box n. Obsolete = sense 15c. ΚΠ 1861 J. MacLevy Curiosities of Crime 221 As fine a company as ever met together to enjoy the pleasure of a pannel-box. † panel-crib n. U.S. Criminals' slang Obsolete a prostitute's room with a secret entrance (often a sliding panel) through which a pickpocketing accomplice can enter; a house containing such rooms; cf. panel house n. ΚΠ 1848 ‘N. Buntline’ Mysteries & Miseries N.Y. i. 14 We will leave her to seek a victim for her panel-crib, for she has long been an active panel-thief. 1892 W. S. Walsh Handy-bk. Lit. Curiosities 854 The lair of a panel-thief is called indiscriminately a panel-house, panel-crib, or panel-den. † panel-den n. U.S. Criminals' slang Obsolete = panel-crib n. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > brothel > with sliding panels panel house1848 panel-den1859 panel joint1923 1859 N.Y. Times 12 Mar. 8/2 Within a few days the Detective Police broke up a notorious panel den at No. 41 White-street, which was set on fire on Thursday night by one of the girls. 1892 W. S. Walsh Handy-bk. Lit. Curiosities 854 The lair of a panel-thief is called indiscriminately a panel-house, panel-crib, or panel-den. panel doctor n. each of a panel of doctors; (British) spec. a doctor registered as accepting patients under the National Insurance Act of 1911 (amended 1913) (cf. club doctor n. at club n. Compounds 3) (now historical). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > panel physician panel doctor1913 panel practitioner1914 panellist1937 1913 Punch 12 Feb. 127/2 To ask the Secretary of the Treasury if he could state the total population of the island of Canna, and who is the panel doctor. 1932 R. Kipling Limits & Renewals 300 A private party of thirty-two gentlemen and ladies,..all near enough neighbours in Shoreditch to use the same panel-doctor, poured into that man's consulting-room. 1957 R. Hoggart Uses of Literacy iii. 63 Working-class people have had years of experience of waiting at labour~exchanges, at the panel doctor's and at hospitals. 1999 New Straits Times (Malaysia) 19 Oct. 26/8 Our benefits package for medical services is being reviewed where more panel doctors will be appointed, while school-going children of staff earning RM1,500 and below will be given assistance by year-end. panel fence n. U.S. a fence constructed in panels or sections (sense 4a). ΚΠ 1800 W. Tatham Hist. & Pract. Ess. Tobacco 10 The worm or pannel fence,..consists of malled rails. 1858 J. A. Warder Hedges & Evergreens 113 A half-acre lot, with a seven foot panel-fence on one side and a hedge on the other. 1993 Collins Compl. DIY Man. (new ed.) x. 425/2 A panel fence offers good value for money as a reasonably durable screen, but if privacy is a consideration choose the lapped type. panel fire n. = panel heater n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > devices for heating buildings, rooms, etc. > mounted on wall panel fire1934 panel heater1951 panel radiator1972 1934 Archit. Rev. 75 110/1 Panel fires are less than five years old. † panel-furring n. Obsolete horizontal bars or strips of wood between the posts of a railway carriage to which the external panels are fastened. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Panel-furring. panel gauge n. a gauge wide enough to gauge the width of a board or panel. ΚΠ 1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Panel-gage. 1966 A. W. Lewis Gloss. Woodworking Terms 34 Panel gauge, marking gauge with a long stem and extra-wide stock for gauging the widths of wide boards. 1991 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 10 Nov. vi. 71/1 Nineteenth-century boxwood and mahogany panel gauge. † panel girth n. Obsolete a girth used to secure a panel (see sense 1b). ΚΠ 1637 in Early Stuart Househ. Accts. (1986) 161 For a panyell girth 4d. panel-heated adj. (of a room, etc.) heated by means of panel heaters. ΚΠ 1936 Archit. Rev. 79 109/2 The library is panel-heated, the criss-cross net-work of heating tubes being woven round the slots of the skylights. panel heater n. (a) a panel in a wall or ceiling that conceals hot-water pipes or another source of heat (now rare); (b) a radiator unit consisting of a panel heated by hot water passing through it or by some other form of energy. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > devices for heating buildings, rooms, etc. > mounted on wall panel fire1934 panel heater1951 panel radiator1972 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 11/1 An electric fire..in the form of a panel heater mounted on the wall. 1990 Pract. Householder Apr. 48/3 The choice includes panel heaters, electrically-heated towel rails and downward-pointing fan convectors. panel heating n. the system of heating a room, building, etc., by means of panel heaters. ΚΠ 1928 Domest. Engin. 48 101 (heading) The physical and physiological effects of panel heating. 1992 Orcadian 16 Apr. 7/3 (advt.) The property benefits from panel heating in the upstairs bedrooms with storage heaters downstairs and a gas fire in the sitting room. panel house n. Criminals' slang (originally and chiefly U.S.) a brothel where customers are robbed by means of a sliding wall panel. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > brothel > with sliding panels panel house1848 panel-den1859 panel joint1923 1848 ‘N. Buntline’ Mysteries & Miseries N.Y. iii. 44 This is a panel-house and I have led a bad, bad life for many a year. 1882 J. D. McCabe New York 487 Many of the street walkers are in the regular employ of the ‘panel houses’. 1956 N. Algren Walk on Wild Side ii. 199 Why wind up, scarred from ankles to breast, in some panel house in Trinidad? 1991 L. Sante Low Life ii. v. 184 Panel houses,..where, once a john was safely occupied in a bed, a male house employee..would silently push through a detachable panel in the wainscotting and make for the pockets of the pants hung..on a nearby chair. panel joint n. U.S. Criminals' slang = panel house n. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > brothel > with sliding panels panel house1848 panel-den1859 panel joint1923 1923 S. Ornitz Haunch, Paunch & Jowl vi. ii. 271 This ain't no panel joint, no shake down crowd. 1958 J. H. Adams Tenderloin (1959) 111 Depends on..whether the place is on the level or a panel-joint. panel painter n. an artist who specializes in panel painting. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to medium or technique > [noun] > oil-painting > painter oil painter1731 panel painter1762 1762 in Catal. Prints: Polit. & Personal Satires (Brit. Mus.) (1883) IV. 130 Pub'd in Ryders Court and to be had at the sign of the Pannel painter in Cheapside. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 405/2 The earlier painters whether illuminators of MSS. or wall and panel painters. 2000 World & I (Nexis) 1 Dec. 88 Glass painters working in stained glass studios relied on artists trained as panel painters and/or print designers for about half their designs. panel painting n. the action or art of painting panels; spec. the art of painting on wooden panels rather than on canvas, etc., esp. as practised in the Middle Ages; (also) a painting executed on such a panel. ΚΠ ?1762 in Catal. Prints: Polit. & Personal Satires (Brit. Mus.) (1883) IV. 138 An Essay on the Beauty of Pannel Painting by W. H. 1788 J. Byng Diary 20 Aug. in Torrington Diaries (1934) I. 365 Sometimes a curiosity is to be found in a neighbouring cottage; as a bedstead or an old pannel-painting nail'd over a hole. 1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 157 Trucks do not want upholstering or glazing or panel-painting. 1970 Oxf. Compan. Art 494/1 Panel painting was not developed fully until altars were furnished with painted retables. 1997 Daily Tel. 24 Nov. 18/3 (caption) The Berger Crucifixion..is believed by some to be one of this country's earliest panel paintings in existence. panel patient n. British (now historical) a person receiving treatment from a doctor under the National Insurance Acts of 1911 (amended 1913) (see sense 14c). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > patient > [noun] > others private patient1754 panel patient1913 mental patient1916 inactivator1957 responaut1964 gomer1972 1913 Outlook 23 Aug. 247/1 Green tickets such as are used by ordinary panel patients when temporarily from home. 1924 J. Buchan Three Hostages i. 12 He would pay three visits a day to a panel patient, which shows the kind of fellow he was. 1977 Lancet 8 Oct. 776/1 He took on no panel patients. panel picture n. a panel painting. ΚΠ 1789 J. Byng Diary 28 June in Torrington Diaries (1935) II. 104 Of antique preservation there is nothing; not a piece of armour, a pannell picture, or a pane of stain'd glass! 1880 R. F. Littledale Plain Reasons vii. 16 We should disprove the genuineness of a panel picture declared to be four hundred years old, if we showed it to be painted on mahogany. 1991 J. Barnes Talking it Over (BNC) (1992) 90 I was sitting in front of my easel at about a quarter to nine, doing preliminary tests on a little panel-picture of a City church. panel pin n. a light thin nail with a very small head, for securing panels, etc. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > nail > nails for other specific uses stay-nail1296 wough-nailc1300 strake-nail1334 wall-nail1344 traverse nail1348 doornail1350 gad-nail1375 lath-nail1388 clout-nail1463 lattice-nail1480 lath-brod1536 sheathing-nail1611 bellows-nail1731 weight nail1850 panel pin1867 wheeler1873 fencing-nail1874 brattice-nail1880 toggle1934 1867 Rep. Artisans Visit Paris Universal Exhib. ii. 188 The panels..are cut to pattern, hammered true, and then fastened on with panel-pins. 1944 R. V. Boughton in R. Greenhalgh Pract. Builder iii. 141 The parquet strips are fixed by glueing and nailing from the surface with 1-in. panel pins. 1991 Woodworking Jan. 53/1 A mixture of panel pins and screws driven in at all angles had caused far more damage than they had repaired. panel plane n. Woodworking a plane for fine smoothing and truing, or for cutting a bevel or rebate at the edge of a board. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > shaping tools or equipment > plane > [noun] > other planes rabat1440 long plane1665 strike-block1678 mitre plane1688 straight block1812 ice plane1823 side fillister1841 upright1842 scraping-plane1846 sun plane1846 beading plane1858 bead-plane1858 fluting-plane1864 panel plane1873 badger plane1874 shooting-plane1875 whisk1875 block planea1884 scraper-plane1895 chariot plane1909 shoulder plane1935 1873 J. Richards On Arrangem. Wood-working Factories 182 To these standard planes may be added a panel, plough, and right and left rebate planes. 1964 W. L. Goodman Hist. Woodworking Tools 94 Larger planes listed as ‘panel’ planes from 13¹/ ₂ in. to 17¹/ ₂ in. long. 1975 R. A. Salaman Dict. Tools 343/1 The name Panel Plane is given to two different tools: one..is used for fine smoothing and trimming..and the other..for working a wide, flat, or sloping rebate..round the edge of a raised panel. panel planer n. (a) a planing machine for fine smoothing and truing; (b) = panel raiser n. ΚΠ 1876 Manufacturer & Builder Oct. 224/1 S. A. Woods Machine Co... have a Joslin re-saw and panel planer and rotary-bed in operation at the Fair of the American Institute. 1930 Times Educ. Suppl. 20 Sept. 400/1 Panel planer and thicknesser. 2002 Engineering (Nexis) 1 May 27 Southampton City College..invested in new woodworking equipment.., including a panel planer, wide band resaw, throughfeed moulder and a rip saw. panel practitioner n. British (now historical) = panel doctor n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > panel physician panel doctor1913 panel practitioner1914 panellist1937 1914 Aberdeen Univ. Rev. Nov. 50 The Panel practitioner being obliged to provide only what is termed ordinary medical treatment. 1988 Econ. Hist. Rev. 41 79 During the period from 1920 to 1938 the medical benefit paid to all panel practitioners in Great Britain rose from £7.95m. to £9.18m. panel radiator n. = panel heater n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > devices for heating buildings, rooms, etc. > mounted on wall panel fire1934 panel heater1951 panel radiator1972 1972 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 272 634 The direct heating system with panel radiators is usually used in combination with domestic hot-water supply from accumulators. 2002 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 23 Oct. (Features section) 18 The Luna, a marble finished panel radiator, is less obtrusive but is totally versatile as it can be produced in any degree of curvature to fit under bay windows or around a curved wall. panel raiser n. a machine tool for cutting a bevel or rebate at the edge of a flat piece. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine tool > other specific machine tools > [noun] > other machine tools mortising machine1655 waving-engine1678 draw plate1776 sticking machine1844 broaching machine1846 sticker1851 shaper1853 mortiser1858 throating machine1866 pointing machine1871 router1872 gaining-machine1875 panel raiser1875 matcher1890 spindle machine1902 spindle1920 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1602/1 A double-head panel-raiser, working upon two edges of the board at once. 1995 Boston Globe (Nexis) 2 Apr. (Home & Garden section) a8 Prized 18th-century panel raisers, which do exactly what their name implies: Equipped with beveled blades, they cut raised panels. 1997 Woodworking (Nexis) June 22 Put a panel raiser bit on with a 2-1/2″ diameter, and it's running at 140,000 in/min. panel-robbery n. U.S. Criminals' slang (now rare) theft practised in a panel house. ΚΠ 1857 N.-Y. Daily Times 22 Aug. 4/1 A suit for libel against the editors of the Leader, in charging him with participating in the ‘panel robbery game’. 1882 Harper's Mag. Feb. 400/1 Stories designed to teach our girls that theft, and arson, and panel-robbery..are the noblest exploits in which they can engage. panel saw n. Woodworking a light saw with fine teeth, for cutting wood thinly. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > cutting tool > saw > [noun] > other saws handsaw1399 rug-saw1582 frame saw1633 nocksaw1659 bow-saw1678 lock saw1688 stadda1688 wire saw1688 panel saw1754 keyhole saw1761 web saw1799 table saw1832 rack saw1846 scroll-saw1851 fretsaw1865 back saw1874 foxtail-saw1874 tub-saw1874 gullet-saw1875 Swede saw1934 1754 S. Carolina Gaz. 1 Jan. 2/2 Thomas Evance Has just imported..tenent, pannel and compass Saws. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 584 The panel-saw, either for cross-cutting, or cutting very thin boards longitudinally. 1992 Pract. Householder Aug. 48/2 The 75mm insulation material was easy to handle and we cut it to size using a panel saw. panel show n. = panel game n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > quiz or panel game > [noun] quiz1929 panel game1952 panel show1954 1954 G. Marx Let. 16 Aug. in G. Marx et al. Groucho Lett. (1967) 93 The gibbering idiots on panel shows, quiz shows, and other half hours of tripe. 1992 Face (BNC) Oct. 54 These people who are professionally famous and turn up on all these clever panel shows. panel stamp n. Bookbinding (chiefly historical) a stamp for impressing a decorative panel or design on the cover of a book. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > manufacture or production of books > book-binding > bookbinding equipment > [noun] > tools plough1580 fillet1641 roll1656 paper-folder1781 stamp1811 backing-hammer1818 bookstamp1819 lettering tool1833 book cutter1850 roller1852 hand letter1862 pallet1875 wagon1875 stop1880 jigger1883 gouge1885 guinea-edge1890 marbler1890 panel stamp1893 saddle stitcher1944 1893 Portfolio 24 55 John Reynes..often used a large panel stamp, representing the instruments of the Passion treated as a coat-of-arms. 1982 M. T. Roberts & D. Etherington Bookbinding & Conservation Bks. 187/2 The panel stamp was in use throughout the 14th century in the Netherlands, in Cologne before 1400, and in Paris before 1500. The first use of such stamps in England was the period 1480 to 1490. Except in Germany and the Netherlands, they were used very little, if at all, after 1550 until revived in the 1820s for use in embossing bindings. panel-stamped adj. Bookbinding (of a book's binding) decorated with a design produced by a panel stamp. ΚΠ 1946 E. Diehl Bookbinding i. v. 66 Calfskin was especially suitable for stamped bindings on account of its smooth pliable surface, and this doubtless explains why the panel-stamped books of the Low Countries..are mostly calfskin. 1998 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 16 Jan. 22 Pearson's brief plea for explanations for the incorporation of the Stationers' Company's arms in gilt-tooled, panel stamped bindings of the early 17th century. panel strip n. (a) a strip of wood, metal, etc., fitted to cover a joint, gap, or recess; (b) a strip-cartoon. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. 4258/2 Panel-strip, a narrow piece of wood or metal to cover a joint between two panels, or between a post and a panel, as on the outside of a railroad-car. 1976 N.Y. Times 18 Jan. w 7/8 (advt.) Cartoon Writer w/ flair for social satire & humor to collaborate with cartoonist on panel strip. 1983 Computers & Electronics (Nexis) Feb. 104 The rest of the customary controls are located under a hinged panel strip that runs the width of the screen. 2003 LA Weekly (Nexis) 30 May 26 Barry..[has] mastered everything from panel strips to full-scale narrative. panel study n. Sociology an investigation of changes in attitude using a constant set of people and comparing each individual's opinions at different times. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > instance of panel study1940 1940 Public Opinion Q. 4 126/1 It might be suspected that people do not like to admit that they have changed their minds, hence that panel studies will not furnish material for further analysis of such changes. 1997 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. 12 Dec. 17/4 The emerging flood of data from longitudinal studies such as the British Household Panel Study which shows what happens to people, in and out of work, across time. panel technique n. Sociology the procedures or methodology of panel studies. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis reflexivity1662 social statics1843 social causation1848 sociography1881 functionalism1904 class analysis1919 culturalism1919 mass observation1920 survey1927 participant observation1933 participant observing1933 Verstehen1934 panel technique1938 MO1939 ahistoricism1940 historicism1940 technologism1940 action research1945 metasociology1950 pattern variable1951 structural functionalism1951 structuralism1951 panel analysis1955 cliometrics1960 unilinearism1964 technology assessment1966 symbolic interactionism1969 modernization theory1972 processualism1972 postcolonialism1974 decontextualization1976 decontextualizing1980 structurism1989 1938 Public Opinion Q. Oct. 596 Instead of taking a new sample for each poll, repeated interviews with the same group of people have been tried. The experiences met with and the problems involved in such a panel technique will be discussed here. 1949 R. K. Merton Social Theory i. iii. 107 We may anticipate that the recent introduction of the panel technique..will in due course more sharply focus the attention of social psychologists upon the theory of attitude formation. 2002 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 14 Mar. (Editorial section) 22 a The use of panel techniques also enables us to adjust for factors idiosyncratic to each county and for any national time trends in homicide rates. panel thief n. U.S. Criminals' slang (now rare) a thief who operates in a panel house. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > [noun] > from brothel panel thief1844 1844 G. Wilkes Myst. of Tombs 48/1 Oh, he's a panel thief. 1868 M. H. Smith Sunshine & Shadow in N.Y. 306 She was one of the most notorious panel-thieves in New York. 1947 True Nov. 69/1 The two lawyers had in addition the business of every free-lance safecracker, forger,..and panel thief whose business was worth having. † panel-thieving n. Obsolete the activity of a panel thief. ΚΠ 1868 M. H. Smith Sunshine & Shadow in N.Y. 390 Panel-thieving is reduced to a system, and on the observance of the system the success depends. 1876 N.Y. Times 30 Jan. 2/7 It was determined to summon..the Captains of Police to the Central Office, where a lecture on panel thieving and gambling was to be read to them by the President. panel truck n. North American a small enclosed delivery truck accessed from the rear. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > motor lorry, truck, or van > [noun] > truck or lorry > with specific type of body platform truck1868 stake-body truck1907 stake-truck1907 panel truck1910 tray top1934 cab-forward1936 cab-over1943 panel van1948 tipper1950 straight job1955 stake1968 1910 Washington Post 17 Dec. 9/2 The Buick Motor Company delivered a Buick panel truck to James F. Oyster yesterday. 1937 Amer. Speech 12 30 State newspapers of Friday, September 4, 1936, made announcement that the Nebraska public library commission had purchased a half-ton panel truck to be used as a bookmobile. 1991 J. Batten Blood Count xv. 108 On the street, was a panel truck, all white, with Surefire Security Systems painted along the side. panel truss n. Building a supporting framework in which the timbers or bars form rectangular divisions which are diagonally braced. ΚΠ 1872 S. Whipple Elem. & Pract. Treat. on Bridge Building 9 There are three forms of truss adaptable to bridges with a single central beam or cross bearer (which may be called two panel trusses). 1999 Engin. News-Record (Nexis) 8 Mar. 36 After the lower panel trusses were assembled, the towers were extended 50 ft in height so the platform could receive each center panel truss. panel van n. = panel truck n. ΚΠ 1948 Science 19 Nov. 552/2 A panel van was fitted up with a large Presto recorder run by batteries, and records were made among many native groups throughout South Africa, South-West Africa, northern and southern Rhodesia and central Angola. 1955 Wheels July 10 Station wagons..aren't yet as popular for private owners as cars, or as favored as panel vans for light commercial work. 2003 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 7 Mar. (Wheels section) 15 The Studio E concept gives the Element a more urban feel, because it's a panel van designed for a club DJ. There's an 800-watt, 11-speaker mobile entertainment system. panel wall n. (a) Coal Mining rare a wall of unmined coal separating two panels in a mine; (b) Building a wall in a building that does not bear any structural weight (cf. curtain wall n. (b) at curtain n.¹ Compounds 3). ΚΠ 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 976 Through the panel walls roads and air-courses are driven. 1944 E. Lucas in R. Greenhalgh Pract. Builder ii. 50 Panel or Screen Walls are non-load bearing. They are the walls used in steel or reinforced-concrete frame buildings. 2002 Fire Safety Jrnl. 37 195 The basic structure of the warehouse was steel frame with corrugated panel walls and roof. panel warming n. = panel heating n. ΚΠ 1934 Times 19 Feb. 20/5 They have got the latest ideas in panel warming, and the heat required in the type foundry is also supplied by gas. panel wheel n. a glass-engraver's wheel for cutting a groove with a flat bottom and sloping or bevelled sides. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. 4258/3 Panel-wheel, in glass-engraving, a wheel which cuts a groove with a flat bottom and sides more or less sloped or curved. panel-working n. Coal Mining the working of a coal mine by division into panels; = panel work n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > dividing mine into panels panel work1839 panel-working1883 panelling1900 1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining Panel-working, a system of working coal seams..in the North of England. 1980 M. Brown et al. Gloss. Mining Terms Fife 56 Panel-working, a method of operation whereby workings are laid out in districts or panels which are then extracted as single units. Derivatives ˈpanel-wise adv. by a panel or panels; as a panel. ΚΠ 1712 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husb. (1721) II. 202 Those Walls which are built Pannel-wise, with square Pillars at equal distance,..look much handsomer. 1932 Mod. Weekly 26 Mar. 1115 Encrustations of it [sc. lace] are inset, panel-wise, on the flared skirt of a shell-pink peau d'ange crêpe evening gown. 2001 Independent (Nexis) 23 Feb. The election atmosphere was unpredictable yesterday as many observers believed that members this time would cast votes on merit basis instead of going panel-wise. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). paneln.² Brit. /ˈpanl/, U.S. /ˈpæn(ə)l/ Forms: Middle English–1500s panell, 1600s pannell, 1600s 1800s– pannel, 1900s– panel. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: panel n.¹ Etymology: Origin uncertain; perhaps a specific sense development of panel n.¹Recent glossaries of falconry use the form pannel , probably following Harting (compare quot 1891), who himself is probably following Cotgrave and Phillips (compare quot. 1611 and quot. 1678) in departing from a spelling with a single n . These spellings are consistent with the 17th-cent. spellings of panel n.¹ Falconry. Now historical and rare. A hawk's stomach or lower bowel. Formerly also: †the area or feathers around a hawk's vent (cf. brail n.¹ 3) (obsolete rare). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [noun] > hawk > parts of > digestive organs of gleeta1340 gorgec1450 panela1475 glut1611 quid1834 a1475 Dis. Hawk (Harl. 2340) f. 24^v, in Middle Eng. Dict. (at cited word) For castyng of An hawke..yf þi castyng be grene, þi panell is not clene; þe grese is not all wastid from þe panell. c1575 Perfect Bk. Kepinge Sparhawkes (1886) 7 Meates w^ch endew sonest and maketh the hardest panell are best. c1575 Perfect Bk. Kepinge Sparhawkes (1886) 26 Tokens of Wormes. Strayning sodaynly on the fyste,..champpinge w^t her beake, offeringe her beake ofte to the panell, mutes smotty [etc.]. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Brayeul, the parts, or feathers, about a hawkes fundament, called by our Faulconers the brayle in a short-wingd, and the pannell in a long-wingd, hauke. 1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue i. ii. 23 They eate so much, and glut themselues so full, that they cannot digest their meat for want of naturall heat, and so choaking themselues with ouer-gorging their pannels [Sp. ahogandolo con viandas], they meerely die surfeited. 1678 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Pannel, in Faulconry, is the Pipe next to the Fundament of the Hawk, there she digesteth her meat from her body. 1891 J. E. Harting Bibliotheca Accipitraria Gloss., in M. Woodford Man. Falconry (1966) 171 Pannel, the stomach or lower bowel of a hawk. 1938 T. H. White Sword in Stone viii. 129 Each hawk or falcon stood..upon one leg, the other tucked up inside the apron of its panel, and each was a motionless statue of a knight in armour. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). panelv. Brit. /ˈpanl/, U.S. /ˈpæn(ə)l/ Forms: Middle English–1500s panell, 1500s 1700s pannell, 1600s– pannel, 1800s– panel; also Scottish pre-1700 panell, pre-1700 pannal, pre-1700 pannall, pre-1700 pannell, pre-1700 pannil, pre-1700 panol, pre-1700 1700s–1800s pannel. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: panel n.¹ Etymology: < panel n.¹ Compare post-classical Latin panellare to empanel, include in a list of jurors (c1365, 1377 in British sources), to provide or decorate (cloth) with panels (1378 in a British source), to provide (a saddle) with a pad (1485 in a British source). †I. Senses relating to panel n.¹ III. 1. transitive. To enter (the names of a jury) on a panel or official list; to enrol (a body of jurors); = empanel v. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > [verb (transitive)] > empanel a jury empanel1426 return1426 panel1451 array1635 stick1688 strike1715 1451 G. Debenham et al. in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 71 The shereff wille panell gentylmen to aquyte the lorde and jowroures to a-quyte his men. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 652/1 I panell a quest of men after the lawes of Englande. a1627 T. Middleton & W. Rowley Old Law (1656) v. 59 The juries panneld and the verdict given Ever he appears. 1682 J. Bunyan Holy War 376 The Jury was pannelled, the Witnesses sworn, and the Prisoners tried for their lives. View more context for this quotation a1729 E. Taylor Poems (1960) 61 How do thy Angells lay before thine eye My Deeds both White, and Black I dayly doe? How doth thy Court thou Pannellst there them try? ?1839 C. Mathews Motley Bk. in Var. Writings (1843) 35 Your mind ought to be as light as a lark, now; you've got no cases to try, no juries to panel. 2. transitive. Scots Law. To bring to trial; to try before a court; to indict. Chiefly in passive. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > accusation, allegation, or indictment > charge, accuse, or indict [verb (transitive)] wrayc725 forwrayOE beclepec1030 challenge?c1225 indict1303 appeachc1315 aditea1325 appeal1366 impeachc1380 reprovea1382 arraigna1400 calla1400 raign?a1425 to put upa1438 present?a1439 ditec1440 detectc1449 articlec1450 billc1450 peach1465 attach1480 denounce1485 aret1487 accusea1500 filea1500 delate1515 crimea1550 panel1560 articulate1563 prosecute1579 impleada1600 to have up1605 reprosecute1622 tainta1625 criminatea1646 affect1726 to pull up1799 rap1904 run1909 1560 Digest Decisions Justiciary Court in Dict. Older Sc. tongue C. 8 at Pannell Procurator for certaine men panneld. 1576 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1878) 1st Ser. II. 567 That the cuntre men arreistit..may..certanelie knaw at quhat day to be pannellit. 1611 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) III. 142 Becaus gifand..that the pairtie pannellit had maid a leising. ?1635 in D. Dickson Sel. Pract. Writings (1845) (modernized text) 138 Thou art a rotten hypocrite, thou hast never pannelled thyself before God's tribunal for sin. 1721 R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. (1830) IV. iii. viii. 124 Some country women were pannelled for being helpful to the wife of one of the persons alleged to have been concerned. 1814 W. Scott Waverley III. xvii^. 273 He..was soon to be pannelled for his life. View more context for this quotation 1897 Dict. National Biogr.* at Stewart, Sir John In August 1655 he was panelled and accused before the criminal court for perjury. †II. Senses relating to panel n.¹ I. 3. transitive. To provide (a saddle) with a panel or pad. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [verb (transitive)] > saddle > provide saddle with a panel panel1470 1470 in M. Sellers York Memorandum Bk. (1912) I. 93 (MED) That..no saddiller..noo suche trees covere nor panell with newe stuffe. 1508 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1902) IV. 135 For grathing of foure sadilles, new pannalit. 1676 W. Cunningham Diary (1887) 81 For pannelling my two sadles at Pasley 8s. 0. 4. transitive. To put a panel or simple saddle on (an animal, esp. a mule or ass); to saddle (an animal) with a panel (panel n.¹ 1b). Also occasionally intransitive. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [verb (transitive)] > saddle saddleOE panel1530 to saddle up1587 empannel1620 resaddle1787 side-saddle1795 pillion1929 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 652/1 Panell my horse, I wyll ryde to market. 1584 B. R. tr. Herodotus Famous Hyst. ii. f. 206 Pannelling certayne Asses whyche hee loaded wyth bottels of sweete wyne, hee proceeded forwarde wyth hys carryage. a1739 C. Jarvis tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote (1742) I. iv. xx. 319 They ordered him to saddle Rozinante and pannel the ass. 1881 A. J. Duffield tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote I. 144 Don Quixote..ordered Sancho to saddle and pannel at once. III. Senses relating to panel n.¹ II. 5. transitive. To provide or fit (a room, wall, etc.) with a panel or panels; to cover or decorate with panels. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > clad or cover [verb (transitive)] > clad or cover with woodwork ceila1400 sark1464 wainscot1570 impanel1577 panel1633 pane1708 rough-board1755 clapboard1840 1633 Wilmslow Churchwardens' Accts. in J. P. Earwaker E. Cheshire (1877) I. 108 Paid for pannelling the churche in the toppe. 1654 A. Brome Cunning Lovers i. i. 12 If I do not teach you to counterfeit all the Dukes keyes, turne by all the wards of his locks & lay open all the Jurie of his twelve doores that he hath pannell'd against your entrance, report me to be no man of my trade? 1773 J. Ayloffe Hist. Descr. Anc. Picture Windsor Castle 22 A short hexagonal pillar pannelled like the former. 1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. (ed. 3) 27 A very handsome bridge of arches, the battlements neatly pannelled with stone. 1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 192 Where the principal stairs were constructed of wood, it was customary to panel the soffit. 1870 F. R. Wilson Archit. Surv. Churches Lindisfarne 73 The font is panelled in lozenges. 1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 73 We look into the saloon, which the cabinetmakers are panelling with satin-wood. 1937 Dict. National Biogr. 1922–30 77/2 He furnished it with great taste, and at his own expense panelled one of the larger rooms, which served as his study. 1983 M. Gilliatt Making Most of Kitchens & Dining Rooms 34 Make the room look warm and cheerful by panelling the walls. 2002 Derbyshire Life & Countryside Nov. 3/2 The breakfast kitchen is fitted with..walls partially panelled in pine. 6. transitive. To fit or place as a panel in a frame. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)] > insert as a plug, spigot, panel, etc. panel1832 plug1833 impanel1861 tampion1897 spigot1910 1832 E. Bulwer-Lytton Eugene Aram I. i. v. 77 A few old pictures were pannelled in the oaken wainscot. 1859 E. Bulwer-Lytton What will he do with It? (1st Edinb. ed.) I. i. vi. 41 Panelled in wood that had once been painted blue. a1946 C. Carswell Lying Awake (1950) iii. 28 Salmon-coloured watered silk effect panelled in white and gold on walls. †7. transitive. Telegraphy. To arrange (wires) parallel to one another. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. 4258/2 Panel,..in teleg., to arrange in parallels, as wires. 8. transitive. To ornament or fit (a garment) with a panel or panels; (of a textile) to be or form a decorative panel for. Also intransitive. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > tailor or make clothes [verb (transitive)] > other fur13.. buttonc1380 lashc1440 pointa1470 set1530 tuft1535 vent1547 ruff1548 spangle1548 string1548 superbody1552 to pull out1553 quilt1555 flute1578 seam1590 seed1604 overtrim1622 ruffle1625 tag1627 furbelow1701 tuck1709 flounce1711 pipe1841 skirt1848 ruche1855 pouch1897 panel1901 stag1902 create1908 pin-fit1926 ease1932 pre-board1940 post-board1963 the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > sewing or ornamenting textile fabric > sew or ornament textile fabric [verb (intransitive)] > trim purl1612 panel1901 1901 Westm. Gaz. 11 July 3/1 A lace flounce might border a skirt of net, or..the lace might panel a skirt of net. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 14 Mar. 13/2 All the gauzy fabrics will panel well. 1909 Daily Chron. 4 Mar. 4/5 Lady Anne Lambton was the wearer of Malines net, the skirt panelled with lace. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1336n.²a1475v.1451
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paneln.1

Compounds

Derivatives

paneln.2

panelv.

paneln.¹

paneln.²