paradigmn.

Brit.

/ˈparədʌɪm/, U.S.

/ˈpɛrəˌdaɪm/

Forms: late Middle English paradygmes (plural), 1500s–1600s (1800s archaic) paradigme, 1600s– paradigm.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin paradigma.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin paradigma example (late 3rd cent. as a technical term in rhetoric; recorded in classical Latin authors as a Greek word), (in grammar) pattern or table of inflected forms (13th cent. in a British source) < ancient Greek παράδειγμα pattern, example, precedent < παρα- para- prefix¹ + δεῖγμα sample, pattern ( < the stem of δείκνυναι to show (see deictic adj. and n.) + -μα : see -oma comb. form), after παραδεικνύναι to exhibit beside, show side by side. Compare Middle French, French paradigme example, model (1584), table of inflections (1752), Spanish paradigma (1611). Compare paradigma n.With sense 2b compare earlier paradigmatic adj. 2.

1. A pattern or model, an exemplar; (also) a typical instance of something, an example.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [noun] > exemplifying some rule, activity, quality, etc.

asaumplea1250

evidencec1391

piecea1393

examplea1398

samplera1400

exemplarc1475

paradigm1483

instant1560

precedenta1575

exemplification1582

exemplary1583

instance1592

instancy1613

copy1641

specimen1659

patron saint1803

for instance1959

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [noun] > model, pattern, or example

byseningc1175

mirrora1300

samplera1300

formc1384

calendarc1385

patternc1425

exemplar?a1439

lighta1450

projectc1450

moul1565

platform1574

module1608

paradigma1623

specimen1642

butt1654

paradigm1669

type1847

fore-mark1863

model1926

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. clviii^v/1 We now haue none enterpretour of the parablys ne paradygmes [Fr. les parabolles ne les significacions des parolles].

1576 A. Fleming Panoplie Epist. Epitome sig. B Giue me a paradigme or example, of a deliberatiue kinde of epistle.

1647 H. More Philos. Poems 154 By botch’d inculcate paradigms made By senses dictate.

1669 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. I iii. iii. 45 The Universe..was made exactly conformable to its Paradigme, or universal Exemplar.

1731 J. Gill Doctr. Trinity v. 106 The archetype, paradigm, exemplar, and idea, according to which all things were made.

1857 Notes & Queries 31 Jan. 82/2 It [sc. The Golden Chain] causes the World to be one, and most similar to the intelligible paradigm.

1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) IV. 133 Socrates makes one more attempt to defend the Platonic ideas by representing them as paradigms.

1955 D. Davie Brides of Reason 38 But Wesley's sermons could be methodized According to a Ramist paradigm.

1970 Eng. Stud. 51 46 But, of course, for her Edwardian family life is a convenient paradigm of civilisation as a whole.

1976 F. Zweig New Acquisitive Society ii. x. 132 The television set..is the paradigm of consumer culture, with its disarming passivity prone to desires divorced from action.

1996 C. Hiaasen in C. Hiaasen & D. Stevenson Paradise Screwed (2001) xx. 383 I don't really care if he liked to play find-the-periscope with prostitutes, but I do care that he passed himself off to voters as a paradigm of Christian rectitude.

a. Grammar. In the traditional grammar of Latin, Greek, and other inflected languages: a pattern or table showing all the inflected forms of a particular verb, noun, or adjective, serving as a model for other words of the same conjugation or declension. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [noun] > paradigm

paradigma1599

paradigm1660

1660 C. Hoole New Discov. Old Art of teaching Schoole iv. vi. 264 Let all these three Forms run over the Paradigms of the Greek Declensions.

1698 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 358 It will be convenient..to Write him out a full Paradigm of some one Verb.

1859 F. M. Müller Sci. Lang. (1861) 81 Paradigms of regular and irregular nouns and verbs.

1874 A. B. Davidson Introd. Hebrew Gram. 60 Skeleton paradigm of the regular verb.

1908 J. Wright Old Eng. Gram. xi. 161 OE. nouns have..five cases... The dat. is generally used for the instr. in OE., so that this case is omitted in the paradigms.

1929 C. Day Lewis Transitional Poem ii. 25 I would be pædagogue—hear poplar, lime And oak recite the seasons' paradigm.

1964 E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. i. 2 To learn Greek or Menomini..it is not enough to read through a compact presentation of paradigms or rules.

1992 Trans. Philol. Soc. 90 195 The syncretistic plural paradigm of the Serbo-Croatian noun shows inherited plural endings (nom., acc., gen.) alongside those of the dual (dat., loc., instr.).

b. Linguistics. A set of units which are linguistically substitutable in a given context, esp. a syntactic one.

ΚΠ

1966 A. F. Parker-Rhodes in Automatic Transl. Lang. 173 The concept of paradigm thus enables us to approach the problem of mathematizing the process of syntactic description with greatly enhanced resources.

1980 Cahiers de l'Inst. de Linguistique de Louvain 6 49 This provides at the same time the origin of morphophonemes, i.e. relations between phonemes in paradigms, not underlying invariant forms.

1992 D. Crystal Encycl. Dict. Lang. & Langs. In the context ‘–will leave’, the pronouns I, you, we, etc. can substitute for each other and thus comprise a paradigm.

3. Rhetoric. A figure of speech in which a comparison is made by resemblance; = paradigma n. 1. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > figures of meaning > [noun] > allegory

allegoryc1384

mythology1646

paradigm1943

1943 J. T. Shipley Dict. World Lit. 422/1 Paradigm(a), resemblance pressed by example.

1977 J. A. Cuddon Dict. Lit. Terms 469 Paradigm, a pattern, exemplar or model which, as a literary device, points up a resemblance.

4. A conceptual or methodological model underlying the theories and practices of a science or discipline at a particular time; (hence) a generally accepted world view.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > [noun] > world-view

Weltanschauung1868

Weltansicht1892

Weltbild1934

paradigm1962

1962 T. S. Kuhn Struct. Sci. Revol. ii. 10 ‘Normal science’ means research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements..that some particular scientific community acknowledges..as supplying the foundation for its further practice... I..refer to [these achievements] as ‘paradigms’.

1975 Language 51 1009 The publication of Chomsky's Syntactic structures provided a new paradigm for linguistics.

1976 Language 52 286 In a nutshell, paradigms are ‘universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners’.

1977 Dædalus Summer 61 Paradigms supported by the ‘good old boys’ are challenged by new facts, new hypotheses grounded in them.

1988 A. M. Silverstein Hist. Immunol. p. xix It certainly must be restricted in its application to the microenvironment of the normative science of a given time—that is, to a working hypothesis developed within the context of the accepted beliefs (paradigm) of the day.

2002 Bull. Symbolic Logic 8 324 The topic of this workshop is ‘Non-Monotonic and Uncertain Reasoning in the Focus of Competing Paradigms of Cognition’.

Compounds

paradigm case n. a case or instance to be regarded as representative or typical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [noun] > typical or representative case

paradigm case1869

1869 Lancet 8 May 657/2 The medical clinique at the Infirmary is, as usual, rich in paradigm cases.

1913 C. B. Farrar in W. A. White & S. E. Jelliffe Mod. Treatment Nervous & Mental Diseases I. xii. 543 Depressive states. Stages of the Paradigm Case.

1962 Listener 4 Oct. 516/1 Plato's morality is supported and underlined by his theory of Forms, according to which mathematics is the paradigm case of knowledge.

2001 Kenyon Rev. & Stand Spring 243 The paradigm case of the scientific victim is Rosalind Franklin, researcher in crystallography at Cambridge and London, who played a crucial part in the discovery of DNA.

paradigm shift n. a conceptual or methodological change in the theory or practice of a particular science or discipline; (in extended sense) a major change in technology, outlook, etc.

ΚΠ

1962 T. S. Kuhn Struct. Sci. Revol. vii. 66 The sorts of discoveries considered in the last section were not..responsible for such paradigm shifts as the Copernican, Newtonian, chemical, and Einsteinian revolutions.

1972 R. D. Johnston in Sociol. Rev. Monogr. 18 125 While there does exist a significant pressure to work within paradigms, it has been recognised that once a paradigm is approaching full exploitation, a paradigm shift can lead to a remarkably new kind of technology.

1995 Libr. Manager Jan. 15/2 For librarians there has to be a paradigm shift. They have to begin to see themselves as information scientists, as opposed to traditional librarians.

2001 Wired Dec. 220/1 The optical clock signals a paradigm shift: It measures time using the femtosecond—one-quadrillionth of a second—making it potentially 1,000 times more precise than today's time leader.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	paradigm
释义	paradigmn. Brit. /ˈparədʌɪm/, U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌdaɪm/ Forms: late Middle English paradygmes (plural), 1500s–1600s (1800s archaic) paradigme, 1600s– paradigm. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin paradigma. Etymology: < post-classical Latin paradigma example (late 3rd cent. as a technical term in rhetoric; recorded in classical Latin authors as a Greek word), (in grammar) pattern or table of inflected forms (13th cent. in a British source) < ancient Greek παράδειγμα pattern, example, precedent < παρα- para- prefix¹ + δεῖγμα sample, pattern ( < the stem of δείκνυναι to show (see deictic adj. and n.) + -μα : see -oma comb. form), after παραδεικνύναι to exhibit beside, show side by side. Compare Middle French, French paradigme example, model (1584), table of inflections (1752), Spanish paradigma (1611). Compare paradigma n.With sense 2b compare earlier paradigmatic adj. 2. 1. A pattern or model, an exemplar; (also) a typical instance of something, an example. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [noun] > exemplifying some rule, activity, quality, etc. asaumplea1250 evidencec1391 piecea1393 examplea1398 samplera1400 exemplarc1475 paradigm1483 instant1560 precedenta1575 exemplification1582 exemplary1583 instance1592 instancy1613 copy1641 specimen1659 patron saint1803 for instance1959 the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [noun] > model, pattern, or example byseningc1175 mirrora1300 samplera1300 formc1384 calendarc1385 patternc1425 exemplar?a1439 lighta1450 projectc1450 moul1565 platform1574 module1608 paradigma1623 specimen1642 butt1654 paradigm1669 type1847 fore-mark1863 model1926 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. clviii^v/1 We now haue none enterpretour of the parablys ne paradygmes [Fr. les parabolles ne les significacions des parolles]. 1576 A. Fleming Panoplie Epist. Epitome sig. B Giue me a paradigme or example, of a deliberatiue kinde of epistle. 1647 H. More Philos. Poems 154 By botch’d inculcate paradigms made By senses dictate. 1669 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. I iii. iii. 45 The Universe..was made exactly conformable to its Paradigme, or universal Exemplar. 1731 J. Gill Doctr. Trinity v. 106 The archetype, paradigm, exemplar, and idea, according to which all things were made. 1857 Notes & Queries 31 Jan. 82/2 It [sc. The Golden Chain] causes the World to be one, and most similar to the intelligible paradigm. 1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) IV. 133 Socrates makes one more attempt to defend the Platonic ideas by representing them as paradigms. 1955 D. Davie Brides of Reason 38 But Wesley's sermons could be methodized According to a Ramist paradigm. 1970 Eng. Stud. 51 46 But, of course, for her Edwardian family life is a convenient paradigm of civilisation as a whole. 1976 F. Zweig New Acquisitive Society ii. x. 132 The television set..is the paradigm of consumer culture, with its disarming passivity prone to desires divorced from action. 1996 C. Hiaasen in C. Hiaasen & D. Stevenson Paradise Screwed (2001) xx. 383 I don't really care if he liked to play find-the-periscope with prostitutes, but I do care that he passed himself off to voters as a paradigm of Christian rectitude. 2. a. Grammar. In the traditional grammar of Latin, Greek, and other inflected languages: a pattern or table showing all the inflected forms of a particular verb, noun, or adjective, serving as a model for other words of the same conjugation or declension. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [noun] > paradigm paradigma1599 paradigm1660 1660 C. Hoole New Discov. Old Art of teaching Schoole iv. vi. 264 Let all these three Forms run over the Paradigms of the Greek Declensions. 1698 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 358 It will be convenient..to Write him out a full Paradigm of some one Verb. 1859 F. M. Müller Sci. Lang. (1861) 81 Paradigms of regular and irregular nouns and verbs. 1874 A. B. Davidson Introd. Hebrew Gram. 60 Skeleton paradigm of the regular verb. 1908 J. Wright Old Eng. Gram. xi. 161 OE. nouns have..five cases... The dat. is generally used for the instr. in OE., so that this case is omitted in the paradigms. 1929 C. Day Lewis Transitional Poem ii. 25 I would be pædagogue—hear poplar, lime And oak recite the seasons' paradigm. 1964 E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. i. 2 To learn Greek or Menomini..it is not enough to read through a compact presentation of paradigms or rules. 1992 Trans. Philol. Soc. 90 195 The syncretistic plural paradigm of the Serbo-Croatian noun shows inherited plural endings (nom., acc., gen.) alongside those of the dual (dat., loc., instr.). b. Linguistics. A set of units which are linguistically substitutable in a given context, esp. a syntactic one. ΚΠ 1966 A. F. Parker-Rhodes in Automatic Transl. Lang. 173 The concept of paradigm thus enables us to approach the problem of mathematizing the process of syntactic description with greatly enhanced resources. 1980 Cahiers de l'Inst. de Linguistique de Louvain 6 49 This provides at the same time the origin of morphophonemes, i.e. relations between phonemes in paradigms, not underlying invariant forms. 1992 D. Crystal Encycl. Dict. Lang. & Langs. In the context ‘–will leave’, the pronouns I, you, we, etc. can substitute for each other and thus comprise a paradigm. 3. Rhetoric. A figure of speech in which a comparison is made by resemblance; = paradigma n. 1. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > figures of meaning > [noun] > allegory allegoryc1384 mythology1646 paradigm1943 1943 J. T. Shipley Dict. World Lit. 422/1 Paradigm(a), resemblance pressed by example. 1977 J. A. Cuddon Dict. Lit. Terms 469 Paradigm, a pattern, exemplar or model which, as a literary device, points up a resemblance. 4. A conceptual or methodological model underlying the theories and practices of a science or discipline at a particular time; (hence) a generally accepted world view. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > [noun] > world-view Weltanschauung1868 Weltansicht1892 Weltbild1934 paradigm1962 1962 T. S. Kuhn Struct. Sci. Revol. ii. 10 ‘Normal science’ means research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements..that some particular scientific community acknowledges..as supplying the foundation for its further practice... I..refer to [these achievements] as ‘paradigms’. 1975 Language 51 1009 The publication of Chomsky's Syntactic structures provided a new paradigm for linguistics. 1976 Language 52 286 In a nutshell, paradigms are ‘universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners’. 1977 Dædalus Summer 61 Paradigms supported by the ‘good old boys’ are challenged by new facts, new hypotheses grounded in them. 1988 A. M. Silverstein Hist. Immunol. p. xix It certainly must be restricted in its application to the microenvironment of the normative science of a given time—that is, to a working hypothesis developed within the context of the accepted beliefs (paradigm) of the day. 2002 Bull. Symbolic Logic 8 324 The topic of this workshop is ‘Non-Monotonic and Uncertain Reasoning in the Focus of Competing Paradigms of Cognition’. Compounds paradigm case n. a case or instance to be regarded as representative or typical. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [noun] > typical or representative case paradigm case1869 1869 Lancet 8 May 657/2 The medical clinique at the Infirmary is, as usual, rich in paradigm cases. 1913 C. B. Farrar in W. A. White & S. E. Jelliffe Mod. Treatment Nervous & Mental Diseases I. xii. 543 Depressive states. Stages of the Paradigm Case. 1962 Listener 4 Oct. 516/1 Plato's morality is supported and underlined by his theory of Forms, according to which mathematics is the paradigm case of knowledge. 2001 Kenyon Rev. & Stand Spring 243 The paradigm case of the scientific victim is Rosalind Franklin, researcher in crystallography at Cambridge and London, who played a crucial part in the discovery of DNA. paradigm shift n. a conceptual or methodological change in the theory or practice of a particular science or discipline; (in extended sense) a major change in technology, outlook, etc. ΚΠ 1962 T. S. Kuhn Struct. Sci. Revol. vii. 66 The sorts of discoveries considered in the last section were not..responsible for such paradigm shifts as the Copernican, Newtonian, chemical, and Einsteinian revolutions. 1972 R. D. Johnston in Sociol. Rev. Monogr. 18 125 While there does exist a significant pressure to work within paradigms, it has been recognised that once a paradigm is approaching full exploitation, a paradigm shift can lead to a remarkably new kind of technology. 1995 Libr. Manager Jan. 15/2 For librarians there has to be a paradigm shift. They have to begin to see themselves as information scientists, as opposed to traditional librarians. 2001 Wired Dec. 220/1 The optical clock signals a paradigm shift: It measures time using the femtosecond—one-quadrillionth of a second—making it potentially 1,000 times more precise than today's time leader. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1483
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