paran.1
/ˈparə/, U.S. /ˈpɛrə/ 1. A Turkish monetary unit, equal to one-fortieth of a piastre. Now historical.The last coin to be denominated in para was a 10 para piece in the 1940s.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > Turkish coins
zecchino1572
serapha1576
manghir1585
chequina1587
asper1587
sultane1612
sultanina1613
sultanya1613
sherifi1615
piastre1617
sequin1617
sultana1656
sultaness1661
para1687
medjidie1855
kurus1882
metalik1895
1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant ii. 62 The Piastre Ryal is worth eight Chais, and each Chai five Paras, and the Para four Aspres, which are all pieces of Silver.
1704 J. Pitts True Acct. Mohammetans vii. 68 Three or four Parrahs, i.e. Pence.
1776 R. Chandler Trav. Greece 123 The [Albanian] girls wear a red skull-cap plated with peraus or Turkish pennies of silver perforated, and ranged like the scales of a fish.
a1785 A. Parsons Trav. (1808) i. 3 Small fish..sell for a para, or three farthings English for a Turkish oka, which is forty-two English ounces.
1880 J. Nichol Byron x. 196 He discarded animal food, and lived..on toast, vegetables, and cheese, olives and light wine, at the rate of forty paras a day.
1935 H. Edib Clown & his Daughter xvii. 90 ‘Rabia Abla, ten paras' worth of chewing-gum!’ shouted a shrill voice from the street.
2. A monetary unit of Serbia (and formerly of Yugoslavia), equal to one-hundredth of a dinar.Before the formation of Yugoslavia, the para was a monetary unit in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia.
ΚΠ
1885 Cassell's Encycl. Dict. V. i. (at cited word) The Para of Servia is the equivalent of the French centime.
1907 Macmillan's Mag. Sept. 839 In Belgrade..they gauged my ignorance of the number of nickel paras and piastres that go to the dinar, or franc.
1960 O. Manning Great Fortune i. 12 He took the coins from his pocket... They comprised a few lire, filler and para.
1971 Daily Tel. 18 Sept. 7/7 The first stamps issued in 1941 took the form of the Yugoslavian issues overprinted ‘Nezavisna Drzava Hrvatska’ (Independent State, Croatia). Denominations ranged from 50 paras to 5·50 dinars.
2003 S. Wales Echo (Nexis) 14 Mar. 9 Monetary unit: Dinar = 100 paras (Serbia), Euro (Montenegro).
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
Paran.2
/pəˈrɑː/, U.S. /pəˈrɑ/ I. Compounds.
1. Para nut n. a Brazil nut (see Brazil n.2 Compounds).
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > edible nuts or nut-trees > [noun] > brazil nut
juvia?1841
Para nut1848
nigger toe1853
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > nut > [noun] > Brazil nut
Para nut1848
nigger toe1853
1848 J. Craig New Universal Dict. Para Nut, the fruit of the tree, Bertholetia excelsa.
1884 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 761/1 Para-nut or Brazil-nut oil, yielded by the kernels of Bertholletia excelsa, is employed in South America as a food-oil and for soap-making.
1931 B. Miall tr. C. Guenther Naturalist in Brazil iv. 77 It [sc. the sapucaja] yields..edible fruits..whose nuts, known to the trade as Pará-nuts, appear on our Christmas dinner-tables as Brazil-nuts.
2003 Cosmetics (Nexis) May 56 They can choose between..Body Nourishing Lotion, that nourishes due to para nut oil, and extracts of hibiscus seed, vitamin E and luffa oil.
2. Para grass n. (a) (also paragrass) a coarse fodder grass, Brachiaria mutica, native to South America and West Africa and widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions; †(b) piassava fibre (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular fodder plants > [noun] > grasses used for hay or pasture
windlestrawc1000
red grass1582
spring grass1643
sweet-grass1709
herd-grass1747
Guinea grass1756
vernal grass1762
vernal1771
Paspalum1772
buffalo grass1784
Rhode Island bent1790
red-top1792
finetop1824
kangaroo-grass1827
gamagrass1831
sweet vernal grass1839
yellow-top1839
grama1844
sesame grass1845
sacate1848
Para grass1850
Hungarian1859
alfilaria1860
sacaton1865
Mitchell grass1867
teosinte1877
Landsborough grass1883
turnip-grass1889
brown top1891
ichu1891
manna1897
Rhodes grass1903
Sudan1911
Kikuyu grass1913
never-fail1923
buffel grass1955
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > plants, grasses, or reeds > [noun] > vegetable fibre > other plant fibre
palmite1555
coir1582
pita1648
kitul1681
silk-cotton1697
pita-thread1748
abaca1751
khus khus1798
gomuti1811
coco fibre1813
Manila hemp1814
pineapple fibre1834
moog1840
piassava1841
Para grass1850
raffia1850
African hair1851
ambari1851
diss1855
munj1855
monkey grass1858
crin vegetal1859
mung1866
lauhala1880
bass?1881
raphia bast1882
istle1883
raphia grass1885
settler's twine1898
tucum1901
Manila fibre1921
bassine1923
sotol1942
1850 S. Austral. Govt. Gaz. (Adelaide) 28 Feb. 128/1 The cultivation of Para Grass is effected by means of seed or cuttings.
1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Para-grass, a name for the fibres of the leaves of the Attalea funifera.
1929 J. W. Bews World's Grasses vi. 230 ‘Para grass’ (a perennial, with stout stolons, as much as 15 feet long..)..is cultivated for forage.
1958 J. Carew Black Midas iv. 65 Here and there amidst lotus lilies, reeds or paragrass were alligator's eyes.
1986 J. A. Samson Trop. Fruits (ed. 2) iv. 49 Under high rainfall Para grass and most other weeds are suppressed by Pueraria phaseoloides.
3. Para cress n. a plant, Spilanthes oleracea (family Asteraceae ( Compositae)), cultivated in tropical countries as a salad plant.
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the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > leaf vegetables > [noun] > cress
cressa700
town cresseOE
nasturtiumOE
watercressa1400
cresson1657
tongue-grass1726
poor man's pepper1738
mustard and cress1808
fen-cress1818
Para cress1857
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > culinary herbs > other culinary herbs
Para cress1857
1857 H. Beasley Druggist's Gen. Receipt Bk. (ed. 4) 268 Paraguay-roux, or Compound Tincture of Para Cress.
1882 Garden 30 Sept. 295/3 S[pilanthus] oleracea and S. fusca are both known as the Brazil Cress, the first named species being also called Para Cress.
1999 People (Nexis) 21 Nov. (Features section) 34 A French seed company..are offering for salads or flavouring a Madagascar favourite, Para Cress, a pretty plant and an alternative to basil, but spicy with it.
4. Para rubber n. rubber obtained from the coagulated latex of the tree Hevea brasiliensis (family Euphorbiaceae), esp. in the Amazon region to which it is native.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > rubber > [noun] > from specific trees or places
hule1846
seringa1847
jintawan1851
Para rubber1857
biscuit1869
Honduras rubber1870
thimble-rubber1881
Para1897
caucho1899
thimble1909
1857 T. Hancock Personal Narr. Caoutchouc Index 281. Para rubber.
1898 Daily News 31 Aug. 5/1 The area producing Para rubber extends over 1,000 square miles.
1968 A. S. Craig Dict. Rubber Technol. (1969) 112 Para rubber was the best variety of all wild rubber but the advent of plantation rubber steadily reduced its importance until it is now of little significance in world rubber production.
1996 Ethnohistory 43 39 Similar attempts were made to wrest the exploitation of the Para rubber tree away from smallholders.
5. Para piassava n. piassava derived from the palm Leopoldinia piassaba; (also) the palm itself.
ΚΠ
1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. Para piassaba, a finer and more valuable kind of Piassaba, obtained from Leopoldinia Piassaba.
1887 R. Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 5) 713 Two kinds of Piassaba fibre are known in commerce—one, the finer variety, imported from Para, and therefore known in commerce as Para Piassaba.
1902 W. I. Hannan Textile Fibres Commerce 145 Bass, Monkey, or Grass, Leopoldinia Piassava or Para Piassava.
1985 J. W. Purseglove Trop. Crops: Monocotyledons 425 Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace, Para Piassava Palm.
II. Simple uses.
6. Para rubber.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > rubber > [noun] > from specific trees or places
hule1846
seringa1847
jintawan1851
Para rubber1857
biscuit1869
Honduras rubber1870
thimble-rubber1881
Para1897
caucho1899
thimble1909
1897 Outing 30 280/1 The crude rubber, which..is the best up-river Para that the market affords.
1922 Encycl. Brit. XXX. 35/1 In 1916 some resistance to petrol was introduced by using pure para heavily loaded with mineral matter and rather over-vulcanized.
1954 H. J. Stern Rubber i. 17 Apart from some domestic consumption the wild rubber of South America is now of small commercial importance, although the so-called ‘fine hard Para’ is still favoured in some quarters.
1971 Jrnl. Afr. Hist. 12 88 Much more valuable were the lots labelled ‘white ball’ or ‘Krepi ball’ rubber..which..fetched a price nearly equal to the ‘fine, hard Para’ of Brazil.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
paran.3
/ˈparə/, U.S. /ˈpɛrə/ Now chiefly colloquial.
A paragraph.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > written text > layout > [noun] > distinct passage of closely connected sentences
paraph1395
paragrapha1500
pericopea1657
par1844
para1856
1856 Bombay Gaz. 4 Nov. 3/5 Great ideas of original thinkers..are dismissed, rather than fairly met, in a cloud of paras orthodox enough in the slang of Bureaucracy.
1885 R. Kipling Let. 26 Sept. in C. E. Carrington Rudyard Kipling (1955) iv. 70 How am I to tackle your letter... Para. two from the butt end asks me if I know The City of Dreadful Night.
1938 ‘G. Orwell’ in New English Weekly 9 June 169/1 Casual half-inch paras in every issue of the newspapers.
1951 P. G. Wodehouse Old Reliable x. 123 There is a morality clause in my contract..Para Six.
1988 M. Gee Grace iii. 35 Write us a para, if you feel like it.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
paran.4
/ˈparə/, U.S. /ˈpɛrə/, New Zealand English /ˈpʌrʌ/, /ˈpɛrə/ New Zealand.
A large evergreen tropical fern, Marattia fraxinea (family Marattiaceae); (also) its swollen rhizome, formerly used by Maoris as food. Also called horseshoe fern, king fern.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > ferns > [noun] > horseshoe fern or part
king fern1829
para1869
potato fern1881
synangium1881
horseshoe-fern1898
1855 J. D. Hooker Bot. Antarctic Voy.: Flora Novæ-Zelandiæ II. 49 Marattia salicina..Northern and eastern parts of the Northern Island... Nat. name, ‘Para’,..(Cultivated at Kew.).]
1869 Trans. & Proc. N.Z. Inst. 1868 (1875) 1 261 The following roots and plants were often eaten, viz., the roots..of the large Fern, Para.
1882 T. H. Potts Out in Open 17 Para, the rootstock or rhizome of a giant fern.
1911 Trans. & Proc. N.Z. Inst. 1910 43 205 The para..is not uncommon in gullies in the Maungataniwha Ranges.
1930 H. E. L. Pricay tr. A. Reischek Yesterdays in Maoriland (1933) 194 I went..into the Pirongia Range to look for para, a kind of fern which the Maoris plant in the bush. When the bulbs are ripe, they are dug up and boiled in the hangis.
1946 Jrnl. Polynesian Soc. 55 149 If there is no distinguishing suffix para is understood to mean the fern-tuber [of Marattia fraxinea].
1961 W. Martin Flora N.Z. (ed. 4) 116 The Para or Horseshoe Fern..is often spoken of as the king fern, but this name belongs more appropriately to Todea barbara, a close relative of the British royal fern (Osmunda).
1989 P. J. Brownsey & J. C. Smith-Dodsworth N.Z. Ferns 36/2 Marattia salicina J. E. Smith. King fern, Para.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
paran.5adj.2
/ˈparə/, U.S. /ˈpɛrə/ Obstetrics.
A parous woman who has given birth to a specified number of children (indicated by a preceding or following roman or arabic numeral). Also as adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [noun] > reproduction rate > woman who has specific number of deliveries
para1881
1881 Trans. Edinb. Obstetr. Soc. 6 70 Of the 48 cases, 26 were primiparæ and 22 multiparæ, as follows: ii. paræ, 11; iii. paræ, 4; [etc.].
1908 Practitioner Aug. 312 Fromme records the case of a vi-para, aged 34, who developed pyæmia after an abortion.
1923 Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynæcol. 30 568 In one patient, a iii-para,..the second stage of labour occupied 1½ hours.
1950 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. 59 737 The second maternal death occurred in a 40-year-old, para ii, gravida iv, whose diabetes was of two years' standing.
1977 Lancet 23 Apr. 910/1 A 36-week gestation 2·2 kg Black male infant was born to a 36-year-old gravida 7, para 5 mother by vaginal delivery.
1991 E. A. Scarborough Nothing Sacred (1992) iii. 90 I had never had a baby—I was gravida zero, para zero.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
paran.6
/ˈparə/, U.S. /ˈpɛrə/ A paratrooper; (British) spec. a member of the Parachute Regiment.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by branch of army > [noun] > paratrooper
skyman1910
paratroop1937
paratrooper1940
para-skier1942
trooper1942
para1958
1948 E. Partridge et al. Dict. Forces' Slang 137 Paraboys, members of the parachute regiments. (Army.)]
1958 Spectator 20 June 807/2 This has not greatly endeared him to the ‘paras’.
1967 L. Forrester Girl called Fathom xii. 148 Commandant Daniel Jules Delavigne, late of the Paras—Indo-China, Algeria.
1973 Listener 26 Apr. 534/1 A gun battle between the Paras and the Provos.
1999 Independent on Sunday 11 July i. 6/8 Not surprisingly, the Paras revel in their image as the hardest of the hard.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
paran.7
/ˈparə/, U.S. /ˈpɛrə/ slang.
A paraplegic person.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [noun] > palsy or paralysis > types of > person
general paralytica1398
hemiplegiac1802
paretic1881
hemiplegic1890
paraplegic1890
tetraplegic1911
quadriplegic1948
para1961
quad1974
1961 E. Partridge Dict. Slang (ed. 5) II. 1213/2 Para, a paraplegic (a spinal-cord paralytic): Canadian doctors' and nurses': since ca. 1946.
1969 Sun (Melbourne) 18 Apr. 7/3 I'd like to say it's a disgrace that quadras (quadraplegics) and paras (paraplegics) have to wait so long before courts get around to clearing up the mess.
1990 Gay Times Dec. (Centre section) 2/4 Paras and other disabled especially welcome.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
paran.8
/ˈparə/, U.S. /ˈpɛrə/ U.S. colloquial.
A paraprofessional; esp. one who works in education.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to status > [noun] > unqualified or trained for specific task
paraprofessional1962
para1973
1973 Learning Today 6 Summer 22 (heading) The para and the pro.
1980 Contemp. Sociol. 9 721/2 Optimum utilization of paras requires considerable training of both para and supervising professional.
1992 New Republic 10 Aug. 21/2 (advt.) The paras were originally mostly high school dropouts who got jobs as class-room assistants and a chance to continue their education.
This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
paraadj.1adv.
/ˈparə/, U.S. /ˈpɛrə/ A. adj.1
1. Chemistry. Now frequently italicized. Designating a configuration of a benzene ring in which substituent groups are attached to two opposite carbon atoms (e.g. in the 1,4 configuration); characterized by or having this configuration; located at the carbon atom opposite a given substituent. Cf. meta adj. 1, ortho adj.1 1, para- prefix1 3b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemistry as a science > naming conventions > [adjective] > independent words
meta1876
ortho1876
para1876
P1899
onium1905
ol1907
oxo1935
nido1967
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [adjective] > benzene > position prefix
meta1876
ortho1876
para1876
1876 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 29 240 An influence is exercised by the NO2-group in favouring the displacement of Cl, Br,..&c., only when it is in the ortho (1:2) or para (1:4) position relatively to one or other of these radicles.
1903 A. J. Walker & O. E. Mott tr. A. F. Holleman Text-bk. Org. Chem. II. 446 There remains no possibility, except the para-structure, for the third hydroxybenzoic acid melting at 210°.
1977 J. March Adv. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) viii. 242 For example, o-t-butylbenzoic acid is about 10 times as strong as the para isomer, because the carboxyl group is forced out of the plane by the t-butyl group.
1994 M. B. McBride Environmental Chem. Soils x. 384 Phenols chlorinated at the para position..are resistant to oxidation and can persist in soils for some time.
2001 J. Clayden et al. Org. Chem. xxii. 560 If the reactions occurred merely statistically, we should expect twice as much ortho as para product because there are two ortho positions.
2. para red n. (also para Red) any of various dyes that consist chiefly of the coupling product of diazotized paranitraniline and β-naphthol and are used in printing inks and paints.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [noun] > dye > types of dyes
pallOE
sanders1329
raddlea1350
nutgallc1450
bark1565
logwood1581
sanders-wood1615
catechu1682
cate1698
cachou1708
valonia1722
India wood1742
cutch1759
alizari1769
standard1808
iron buff1836
colorine1838
acid dye1840
garancin1843
French tub1846
suranji1848
morindin1849
water blue1851
union dye1852
indigo-carmine1855
hernant1858
pigment colour1862
rosaniline1862
rose aniline1862
bezetta1863
bottom1863
acid colour1873
paraphenylenediamine1873
indigo-extract1874
tin-pulp1874
phthalein1875
sightening1875
chrome1876
rose bengal1878
azo-colours1879
azine1887
basic dye1892
chromotrope1893
garance1896
ice colour1896
xylochrome1898
cross-dye1901
indanthrene1901
Lithol1903
vat dye1903
thioindigo1906
para red1907
vat colour1912
vat dyestuff1914
indanthrone1920
ionamine1922
Soledon1924
Solochrome1924
Solacet1938
indigoid1939
thioindigoid1943
fluorol1956
Procion1956
1907 Jrnl. Soc. Dyers & Colourists 23 20/2 Para red discharges on indigo have been produced for the last ten years.
1930 A. W. C. Harrison Manuf. Lakes & Precipitated Pigments xii. 163 When Para red is present in old water paint on a wall surface, it is again best to remove the old material.
1972 Materials & Technol. V. xii. 358 Para reds have good light-fastness in full colours only and have poor heat and solvent resistance.
3. Physics and Chemistry. Characterized by or relating to the state of having antiparallel spins. Cf. para- prefix1 4.
ΚΠ
1927 T. Verschoyle tr. A. E. Haas Atomic Theory v. 182 No spectroscopic transition between the normal para-term and the lowest (two-quantum) ortho-term is possible.
1940 S. Glasstone Text-bk. Physical Chem. i. 96 Symmetrical polyatomic molecules, such as water, deuterium oxide, cyanogen and acetylene, exist in ortho- and para-forms; they behave in a manner similar to hydrogen, deuterium and nitrogen molecules, since the other atoms, viz., carbon and oxygen, have no nuclear spins.
1970 P. J. Wheatley Chem. Consequences Nucl. Spin xi. 50 The hydrogen molecule, 1H2... The rotational levels with J even are associated with antisymmetric nuclear states, that is with para states.
1988 F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 5) iii. 87 Molecular H2 (and D2) have ortho and para forms in which the nuclear spins are aligned or opposed, respectively.
B. adv.
Chemistry. Now frequently italicized. In or to a para position; at a carbon atom opposite to another substituent group. Cf. meta adv., ortho adj.1 1, para- prefix1 3b.
ΚΠ
1938 L. F. Fieser in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. ii. 146 There is..no such enormous difference in reaction rate..as there is between the ortho-para directing amines and the meta orienting ammonium salts.
1949 J. English & H. G. Cassidy Princ. Org. Chem. vi. 106 Why should one group orient predominantly ortho and para, and another predominantly meta?
1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xxi. 431 The acidity of a phenol is increased by a nitro group located ortho and/or para to the functional group.
1983 R. O. C. Norman & D. J. Waddington Mod. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) viii. 107 The methyl group in methylbenzene is described as 2-,4-directing (ortho, para-directing).
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
> see also
also refers to : para-prefix1
also refers to : para-prefix2
also refers to : para-comb. form
also refers to : para-comb. form2
<
n.11687n.21848
n.31856n.41869n.5adj.21881n.61958n.71961n.81973
adj.1adv.1876see also