Parman.¹

Brit.

/ˈpɑːmə/, U.S.

/ˈpɑrmə/

Forms: also with lower-case initial.

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Parma.

Etymology: < Parma, the name of a city in northern Italy, with which both the flower and the type of ham were originally associated.

1. In full Parma violet.

a. A kind of cultivated violet, probably derived from Viola odorata, with very fragrant, usually double flowers, of varied colours but esp. a deep or medium purple. Also: a crystallized violet of this kind.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > pea flowers > violet and allied flowers > allied flowers

pansyc1450

heartsease1530

pansy flower1530

three (also two) faces under (or in) a (or one) hood1548

bulbous violet1578

love-in-idleness1578

sweet violet1578

pensea1592

cull-me-to-you1597

dog's tooth violet1597

dog violet1597

kiss-me-ere-I-rise1597

live in idleness1597

wild violet1597

yellow violet1597

love-and-idle1630

love-in-idle1664

trinity1699

fancy1712

wood violet1713

marsh violet1753

tree violet1753

kiss-me-at-the-gate1787

bird's-foot violet1802

Parma violet1812

Johnny-jump-up1827

stepmother1828

Neapolitan violet1830

garden gate1842

butterfly pea1848

kissa1852

pinkany-John1854

viola1871

kiss-me1877

pink-eyed John1877

face and hood1886

roosterhead1894

trout-lily1909

1812 W. Wheeler Let. 18 Aug. (1951) 91 A pretty palefaced black-eyed maid would modestly offer a nosegay or sprig of parma or of olive.

1856 ‘E. S. Delamer’ Flower Garden 106 The Parma Violet has very light-blue double flowers.

1919 ‘K. Mansfield’ in Art & Lett. II. 155 A stout lady in blue serge, with a bunch of artificial ‘parmas’ at her bosom.

1938 G. L. Zambra Violets vii. 62 The family of Parma violets gives the sweetest perfume, the longest flowering season, and the handsomest foliage of all the double violets.

1977 Times 14 June 18/6 Women in the chocolate factory..place walnuts and Parma violets on to the store's handmade confectionery.

2003 Providence (Rhode Island) Jrnl.-Bull. (Nexis) 20 Apr. k2 Parma violets are double, intensely fragrant and quite large (as violets go), which has made them romantic favorites for more than a century.

b. The colour most commonly associated with this violet; a deep or medium shade of purple.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > purple or purpleness > [noun] > deep purple

royal purple1605

imperial purple1750

Parma violet1822

Modena1879

prelate purple1881

pontiff purple1900

violette de Parme1904

1822 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 11 May 2/1 The favourite colours are jonquil, milk chocolate, Egyptian reed, and Parma violet.

1898 Westm. Gaz. 5 May 3/2 The coat was of Parma violet velvet and the skirt moonstone-grey.

1922 Weekly Disp. 10 Dec. 15 A leather set in the new shade of violet. Something between purple and parma, this hue will soon be the rage.

1923 Daily Mail 12 Feb. 1 (advt.) Shades: Fawn, Grey, Lovat, Parma, Browns.

1974 Country Life 25 Apr. 1025/2 Using parma violet or electric blue, she sprinkles these vibrating colours through the wardrobe.

1999 Daily Tel. 28 Sept. 7/5 Skirts in ostrich dyed tan or parma violet.

c. A perfume made from a violet of this kind or imitating it.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > specifically

ewrosec1350

stacte1382

oil of rosesa1398

rose watera1398

sandalc1400

musk?a1425

damask water?1520

malabathrum1543

orris1545

civet1553

ambracan1555

rose cake1559

lavender-water1563

oil of spikenard1565

zibet1594

orange-flower water1595

orris powder?1600

spike-oil1611

angel water1634

cypress-powder1634

angelica1653

jasmine1670

jessamy1671

rosat1674

frangipane1676

marechale1676

orangery1676

tuberose1682

jasmine-water1750

otto1759

rose geranium1773

millefleurs1775

new-mown hay1789

attar1798

eau-de-Cologne1802

Cologne1814

dedes1817

eau de Portugal1825

verbena1837

rondeletia1838

bay-rum1840

Florida water1840

citronelle1841

patchouli1843

citronella1849

gardenia1851

sandalwood oil1851

Ess Bouquet1855

marmala water1857

mignonette1858

spikenard oil1861

sandalwood1865

serpolet1866

ylang-ylang1876

flower-water1886

lily1890

lilac1895

stephanotis1895

tea rose1897

chypre1898

Peau d'Espagne1898

violette de Parme1904

poppy1905

Parma violet1907

wallflower1907

1907 Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 521/1 Perfumes... Opoponax. Parma Violet. Peau d'Espagne.

1970 I. Origo Images & Shadows ii. 60 The ladies in summer gowns..leaving behind them a faint aroma of lavender and Parma violet.

2002 SPC Asia (Nexis) June 8 The alcohol-free L'Eau d'Issey summer fragrance for women is a floral scent with notes of mandarin, blackcurrant leaves, lily of the valley, sweet tuberose, parma violet and rosewater.

d. British. A type of violet-coloured sweet, used esp. as a breath freshener.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > confections or sweetmeats > sweets > [noun] > a sweet > other sweets

scrochat1448

gobbet riala1500

Portugal1560

sugar-pellet1591

muscadine1599

moscardino1616

rock candy1653

covering-seeds1687

lollipop1784

turn-over1798

lavender-sugar1810

humbug1825

kiss1825

elecampane1826

Gibraltar1831

yellow man1831

rose cake1834

cockle1835

maple candy1840

butterscotch1847

sponge candy1850

squib1851

honeycomb1857

marshmallow1857

motto kiss1858

fondant1861

coffee cream1868

candy-braid1870

candy bar1885

suckabob1888

nut bar1896

crackerjack1902

teiglach1903

red-hot1910

violet cream1912

mouldy1916

patty1916

lace1919

Tootsie Roll1925

sugar mouse1931

Parma1971

cinder toffee1979

1971 Flavour Industry June 333/3 Fizzy sweets in tablet form, including such well- known lines as..Fruit Fizzers, Double Lollies, Sherbits [sic], Parma Violets and Carlton Mints.

1986 H. Dunmore Sea Skater 42 Her inner pockets are stuffed with pension book, handkerchiefs and tubes of Parma Violet sweets for the breath.

2013 Wall St. Jrnl. (Electronic ed.) 17 Oct. I have even known one Master of Wine student who used to eat Parma Violet sweets so that he could detect the faint trace of violet in Malbec.

2. In full Parma ham n. A type of cured ham eaten uncooked. Cf. prosciutto n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > animals for food > pork > [noun] > ham

gammon?1521

skink1630

ham1650

schinkel1654

jambon1655

bacon-ham1796

schinken1848

Yorkshire ham1849

prosciutto crudo1855

picnic ham1890

prosciutto1891

York ham1897

Bradenham1906

short-cut1906

Prague ham1909

picnic1910

Parma ham1937

Black Forest1961

1865 Dublin Internat. Exhib. Arts & Manuf.: Official Catal. (ed. 2) 89 Carpi Telesforo, Parma.—Ham; shoulder ham.]

1937 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 8 Apr. 40/5 Anjou Pears and Parma Ham.

1954 E. David Ital. Food 61 A properly matured Parma ham should be of a good pale-red colour, mild, sweet-flavoured and tender, and at its best is perhaps the most delicious food in all Italy.

1966 ‘J. Melville’ Nell Alone i. 21 She's doing a lot of eating..Parma ham, tinned stuff, the best coffee.

1971 Sunday Times 27 June (Colour Suppl.) 50/3 Parma ham..and Westphalian smoked ham, all eaten raw, have always been popular with gourmets.

1996 Eat Soup Dec. 151/3 Best dish: Vincigrassi—baked pasta with porcini mushrooms, truffles, Parma ham and a rich béchamel sauce.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

Parman.²

Brit.

/ˈpɑːmə/, U.S.

/ˈpɑrmə/, Australian English

/ˈpʌːmə/

Forms: 1800s Pama, 1800s– Parma. Also with lower-case initial.

Origin: A borrowing from Dharawal. Etymon: Dharawal bama.

Etymology: < Dharawal (New South Wales) bama.

Originally Australian.

In full Parma wallaby or Parma kangaroo. A small dark brown wallaby with a white throat and white cheek stripe, Macropus parma, native to New South Wales and introduced to Kawau Island, New Zealand.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Implacenta > subclass Marsupialia (marsupials) > [noun] > family Macropodidae > wallaby > wallabies of genus Macropus

Parmac1842

toolache1879

pretty-face wallaby1887

scrub wallaby1896

c1842 H. A. Longman John Gould's Notes for John Gilbert in Mem. Queensland Mus. (1921) 7 291 Three kinds of wallaby run in brushes of Illawarra, viz., Halmaturus ualabatus, H. Tithys (the common pademellan, a red-necked kind), and a nearly allied species called ‘Pama’ by the natives.

1843 J. E. Gray List Specimens Mammalia Brit. Mus. 91 The Parma. Halmaturus Parma.

1846 G. R. Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mammalia I. 149 Macropus (Halmaturus) Parma. Parma Kangaroo... Fur moderate; general colour rich rufous brown, pencilled with whitish.

1894 R. Lydekker Handbk. Marsupialia & Monotremata 40 Parma Wallaby... This species seems to be very rare and locally distributed.

1980 C. Allison Hunter's Man. Austral. & N.Z. 48 Some animals, such as the Parma wallaby, are greatly endangered if not quite yet extinct.

1997 Sunday Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 1 June (Agenda section) 5 In the 1960s, a thriving colony of Parmas was found on Kawau Island, near Auckland, where they had lived happily since being released last century.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

parman.³

Brit.

/ˈpɑːmə/, U.S.

/ˈpɑrmə/

Origin: A borrowing from Russian. Etymon: Russian parma.

Etymology: < Russian parma (1881 or earlier; now chiefly in place names) < Komi parma wooded mountain ridge, forest.

Physical Geography. Now rare.

A chain of broad, low, dome-shaped formations running parallel to the main axis of a line of fold mountains; an individual dome in such a chain.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > level land > [noun] > plateau > types of

puna1604

potrero1872

sand glacier1875

parma1888

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 4/1 The section [of the Urals] between the 64th and 61st parallels has..a wholly distinct character... From the broad plateaus, or parmas, which stretch towards the north-west, it might be conjectured..that the structure is more complicated.

1904 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 168 469 This may mean that no true axis or ‘parma’ was in existence during Richmond time, but it does seem to show that the Wabash parma at least indicates the strike for the then highest land.

1904 H. B. C. Sollas & W. J. Sollas tr. E. Suess Face of Earth I. ii. xii. 601 We see great folded chains merge with gradually flattening undulations into the similar foreland, where they form secondary folds, or ‘parmas’—this is the case in the Urals and the Appalachians.

1913 A. W. Grabau Princ. Stratigr. xx. 808 Many of the low-dipping domes are perceptible as such only by the erosion which has removed their central portion, often leaving a topographic depression. Such low domes have also been called parmas.

1957 Gloss. Geol. (Amer. Geol. Inst.) 212/2 Parma, a low dome or quaquaversal.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	parma
释义	Parman.¹ Brit. /ˈpɑːmə/, U.S. /ˈpɑrmə/ Forms: also with lower-case initial. Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Parma. Etymology: < Parma, the name of a city in northern Italy, with which both the flower and the type of ham were originally associated. 1. In full Parma violet. a. A kind of cultivated violet, probably derived from Viola odorata, with very fragrant, usually double flowers, of varied colours but esp. a deep or medium purple. Also: a crystallized violet of this kind. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > pea flowers > violet and allied flowers > allied flowers pansyc1450 heartsease1530 pansy flower1530 three (also two) faces under (or in) a (or one) hood1548 bulbous violet1578 love-in-idleness1578 sweet violet1578 pensea1592 cull-me-to-you1597 dog's tooth violet1597 dog violet1597 kiss-me-ere-I-rise1597 live in idleness1597 wild violet1597 yellow violet1597 love-and-idle1630 love-in-idle1664 trinity1699 fancy1712 wood violet1713 marsh violet1753 tree violet1753 kiss-me-at-the-gate1787 bird's-foot violet1802 Parma violet1812 Johnny-jump-up1827 stepmother1828 Neapolitan violet1830 garden gate1842 butterfly pea1848 kissa1852 pinkany-John1854 viola1871 kiss-me1877 pink-eyed John1877 face and hood1886 roosterhead1894 trout-lily1909 1812 W. Wheeler Let. 18 Aug. (1951) 91 A pretty palefaced black-eyed maid would modestly offer a nosegay or sprig of parma or of olive. 1856 ‘E. S. Delamer’ Flower Garden 106 The Parma Violet has very light-blue double flowers. 1919 ‘K. Mansfield’ in Art & Lett. II. 155 A stout lady in blue serge, with a bunch of artificial ‘parmas’ at her bosom. 1938 G. L. Zambra Violets vii. 62 The family of Parma violets gives the sweetest perfume, the longest flowering season, and the handsomest foliage of all the double violets. 1977 Times 14 June 18/6 Women in the chocolate factory..place walnuts and Parma violets on to the store's handmade confectionery. 2003 Providence (Rhode Island) Jrnl.-Bull. (Nexis) 20 Apr. k2 Parma violets are double, intensely fragrant and quite large (as violets go), which has made them romantic favorites for more than a century. b. The colour most commonly associated with this violet; a deep or medium shade of purple. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > purple or purpleness > [noun] > deep purple royal purple1605 imperial purple1750 Parma violet1822 Modena1879 prelate purple1881 pontiff purple1900 violette de Parme1904 1822 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 11 May 2/1 The favourite colours are jonquil, milk chocolate, Egyptian reed, and Parma violet. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 5 May 3/2 The coat was of Parma violet velvet and the skirt moonstone-grey. 1922 Weekly Disp. 10 Dec. 15 A leather set in the new shade of violet. Something between purple and parma, this hue will soon be the rage. 1923 Daily Mail 12 Feb. 1 (advt.) Shades: Fawn, Grey, Lovat, Parma, Browns. 1974 Country Life 25 Apr. 1025/2 Using parma violet or electric blue, she sprinkles these vibrating colours through the wardrobe. 1999 Daily Tel. 28 Sept. 7/5 Skirts in ostrich dyed tan or parma violet. c. A perfume made from a violet of this kind or imitating it. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > specifically ewrosec1350 stacte1382 oil of rosesa1398 rose watera1398 sandalc1400 musk?a1425 damask water?1520 malabathrum1543 orris1545 civet1553 ambracan1555 rose cake1559 lavender-water1563 oil of spikenard1565 zibet1594 orange-flower water1595 orris powder?1600 spike-oil1611 angel water1634 cypress-powder1634 angelica1653 jasmine1670 jessamy1671 rosat1674 frangipane1676 marechale1676 orangery1676 tuberose1682 jasmine-water1750 otto1759 rose geranium1773 millefleurs1775 new-mown hay1789 attar1798 eau-de-Cologne1802 Cologne1814 dedes1817 eau de Portugal1825 verbena1837 rondeletia1838 bay-rum1840 Florida water1840 citronelle1841 patchouli1843 citronella1849 gardenia1851 sandalwood oil1851 Ess Bouquet1855 marmala water1857 mignonette1858 spikenard oil1861 sandalwood1865 serpolet1866 ylang-ylang1876 flower-water1886 lily1890 lilac1895 stephanotis1895 tea rose1897 chypre1898 Peau d'Espagne1898 violette de Parme1904 poppy1905 Parma violet1907 wallflower1907 1907 Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 521/1 Perfumes... Opoponax. Parma Violet. Peau d'Espagne. 1970 I. Origo Images & Shadows ii. 60 The ladies in summer gowns..leaving behind them a faint aroma of lavender and Parma violet. 2002 SPC Asia (Nexis) June 8 The alcohol-free L'Eau d'Issey summer fragrance for women is a floral scent with notes of mandarin, blackcurrant leaves, lily of the valley, sweet tuberose, parma violet and rosewater. d. British. A type of violet-coloured sweet, used esp. as a breath freshener. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > confections or sweetmeats > sweets > [noun] > a sweet > other sweets scrochat1448 gobbet riala1500 Portugal1560 sugar-pellet1591 muscadine1599 moscardino1616 rock candy1653 covering-seeds1687 lollipop1784 turn-over1798 lavender-sugar1810 humbug1825 kiss1825 elecampane1826 Gibraltar1831 yellow man1831 rose cake1834 cockle1835 maple candy1840 butterscotch1847 sponge candy1850 squib1851 honeycomb1857 marshmallow1857 motto kiss1858 fondant1861 coffee cream1868 candy-braid1870 candy bar1885 suckabob1888 nut bar1896 crackerjack1902 teiglach1903 red-hot1910 violet cream1912 mouldy1916 patty1916 lace1919 Tootsie Roll1925 sugar mouse1931 Parma1971 cinder toffee1979 1971 Flavour Industry June 333/3 Fizzy sweets in tablet form, including such well- known lines as..Fruit Fizzers, Double Lollies, Sherbits [sic], Parma Violets and Carlton Mints. 1986 H. Dunmore Sea Skater 42 Her inner pockets are stuffed with pension book, handkerchiefs and tubes of Parma Violet sweets for the breath. 2013 Wall St. Jrnl. (Electronic ed.) 17 Oct. I have even known one Master of Wine student who used to eat Parma Violet sweets so that he could detect the faint trace of violet in Malbec. 2. In full Parma ham n. A type of cured ham eaten uncooked. Cf. prosciutto n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > animals for food > pork > [noun] > ham gammon?1521 skink1630 ham1650 schinkel1654 jambon1655 bacon-ham1796 schinken1848 Yorkshire ham1849 prosciutto crudo1855 picnic ham1890 prosciutto1891 York ham1897 Bradenham1906 short-cut1906 Prague ham1909 picnic1910 Parma ham1937 Black Forest1961 1865 Dublin Internat. Exhib. Arts & Manuf.: Official Catal. (ed. 2) 89 Carpi Telesforo, Parma.—Ham; shoulder ham.] 1937 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 8 Apr. 40/5 Anjou Pears and Parma Ham. 1954 E. David Ital. Food 61 A properly matured Parma ham should be of a good pale-red colour, mild, sweet-flavoured and tender, and at its best is perhaps the most delicious food in all Italy. 1966 ‘J. Melville’ Nell Alone i. 21 She's doing a lot of eating..Parma ham, tinned stuff, the best coffee. 1971 Sunday Times 27 June (Colour Suppl.) 50/3 Parma ham..and Westphalian smoked ham, all eaten raw, have always been popular with gourmets. 1996 Eat Soup Dec. 151/3 Best dish: Vincigrassi—baked pasta with porcini mushrooms, truffles, Parma ham and a rich béchamel sauce. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). Parman.² Brit. /ˈpɑːmə/, U.S. /ˈpɑrmə/, Australian English /ˈpʌːmə/ Forms: 1800s Pama, 1800s– Parma. Also with lower-case initial. Origin: A borrowing from Dharawal. Etymon: Dharawal bama. Etymology: < Dharawal (New South Wales) bama. Originally Australian. In full Parma wallaby or Parma kangaroo. A small dark brown wallaby with a white throat and white cheek stripe, Macropus parma, native to New South Wales and introduced to Kawau Island, New Zealand. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Implacenta > subclass Marsupialia (marsupials) > [noun] > family Macropodidae > wallaby > wallabies of genus Macropus Parmac1842 toolache1879 pretty-face wallaby1887 scrub wallaby1896 c1842 H. A. Longman John Gould's Notes for John Gilbert in Mem. Queensland Mus. (1921) 7 291 Three kinds of wallaby run in brushes of Illawarra, viz., Halmaturus ualabatus, H. Tithys (the common pademellan, a red-necked kind), and a nearly allied species called ‘Pama’ by the natives. 1843 J. E. Gray List Specimens Mammalia Brit. Mus. 91 The Parma. Halmaturus Parma. 1846 G. R. Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mammalia I. 149 Macropus (Halmaturus) Parma. Parma Kangaroo... Fur moderate; general colour rich rufous brown, pencilled with whitish. 1894 R. Lydekker Handbk. Marsupialia & Monotremata 40 Parma Wallaby... This species seems to be very rare and locally distributed. 1980 C. Allison Hunter's Man. Austral. & N.Z. 48 Some animals, such as the Parma wallaby, are greatly endangered if not quite yet extinct. 1997 Sunday Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 1 June (Agenda section) 5 In the 1960s, a thriving colony of Parmas was found on Kawau Island, near Auckland, where they had lived happily since being released last century. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). parman.³ Brit. /ˈpɑːmə/, U.S. /ˈpɑrmə/ Origin: A borrowing from Russian. Etymon: Russian parma. Etymology: < Russian parma (1881 or earlier; now chiefly in place names) < Komi parma wooded mountain ridge, forest. Physical Geography. Now rare. A chain of broad, low, dome-shaped formations running parallel to the main axis of a line of fold mountains; an individual dome in such a chain. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > level land > [noun] > plateau > types of puna1604 potrero1872 sand glacier1875 parma1888 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 4/1 The section [of the Urals] between the 64th and 61st parallels has..a wholly distinct character... From the broad plateaus, or parmas, which stretch towards the north-west, it might be conjectured..that the structure is more complicated. 1904 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 168 469 This may mean that no true axis or ‘parma’ was in existence during Richmond time, but it does seem to show that the Wabash parma at least indicates the strike for the then highest land. 1904 H. B. C. Sollas & W. J. Sollas tr. E. Suess Face of Earth I. ii. xii. 601 We see great folded chains merge with gradually flattening undulations into the similar foreland, where they form secondary folds, or ‘parmas’—this is the case in the Urals and the Appalachians. 1913 A. W. Grabau Princ. Stratigr. xx. 808 Many of the low-dipping domes are perceptible as such only by the erosion which has removed their central portion, often leaving a topographic depression. Such low domes have also been called parmas. 1957 Gloss. Geol. (Amer. Geol. Inst.) 212/2 Parma, a low dome or quaquaversal. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1812n.²c1842n.³1888
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Parman.1

Parman.2

parman.3

Parman.¹

Parman.²

parman.³