paratonicadj.

Brit.

/ˌparəˈtɒnɪk/, U.S.

/ˌpɛrəˈtɑnɪk/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: para- prefix¹, tonic adj.

Etymology: < para- prefix¹ + tonic adj. Compare ancient Greek παράτονος stretched beside or beyond. In specific use in sense 1 after French paratonique (1929 or earlier). In sense 2 after German paratonisch (1868 in the passage translated in quots. 1875¹ at sense 2a, 1875² at sense 2a).R. G. Mayne (see quot. 1857 at sense 1) gives a Latin form paratonicus, and a Latin noun paratonia.

1. Medicine. Of or relating to strain or spasm (of muscle); spec. designating muscle rigidity occurring in response to passive movement, seen in various disorders of the cerebral cortex.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders affecting muscles > [adjective] > sprain or strain

wrenched1556

sprained1606

strained1611

raxed1824

ricked1839

paratonic1857

wrangled1876

sprung1912

pulled1913

1857 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) Paratonicus, of or belonging to Paratonia: paratonic.

1954 P. I. Yakovlev in Jrnl. Neuropathol. & Exper. Neurol. 13 269 Dupré described this changing type of rigidity of movement rather than of posture under the noncommittal term of paratonic rigidity, and I have borrowed the term to distinguish it from the uniform plastic rigidity of the Parkinson's syndrome, and from spasticity of the hemiplegic contracture.

1968 Brain 91 38 A later survey of 50 elderly female patients who were bedridden..revealed a much greater incidence of paratonic rigidity and pelvicrural flexion than in ambulatory patients.

1998 Neurology 51 968 Paratonia, an alteration of tone to passive movement, can be divided into oppositional paratonia (‘gegenhalten,’ ‘paratonic rigidity’) and facilitory paratonia.

2. Botany.

a. Originally: designating or relating to movements of plants in response to change in the intensity of light; nyctinastic. Later: designating plant movements caused by external stimuli of any kind.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > growth, movement, or curvature of parts > [adjective] > undergoing tropism

geotropic1875

heliotropic1875

paratonic1875

apheliotropic1880

apogeotropic1880

nyctitropic1880

paraheliotropic1880

plagiotropic1882

phototropic1883

selenotropic1883

rheotropic1884

orthotropic1885

thermotropic1885

haptotropic1888

traumatropic1898

plagiotropous1900

aphototropic1903

orthotropous1909

the world > life > biology > biological processes > movement > movement in response to stimuli > [adjective]

paratonic1875

1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 677 In most leaves endowed with periodic movements the paratonic influence of light is so strong that it neutralises them.

1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 678 Both the periodic and paratonic movement..is lost when they [sc. the plants] have remained in the dark for a considerable time, such as a whole day; in other words, they become rigid by long exposure to darkness.

1878 W. R. McNab Bot. 136 In other cases the nutations are due to the action of external causes on growth. Such nutations are called paratonic or kinetic.

1887 H. M. Ward tr. J. von Sachs Lect. Physiol. Plants xxxvi. 628 I have since 1865 proposed to term those effects of light which cause the opening of leaves as the intensity increases, and their closure as darkness comes on, Paratonic effects; because they only take place if the leaves are in the normal vital condition which I term Phototonus.

1909 E. Warming et al. Oecol. Plants vii. 33 Other plants having compound leaves execute paratonic movements when the sky darkens, before the rain itself descends.

1941 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 28 250/2 The movement was due to a combination of an autonomic periodicity and a paratonic reaction to the daily variation of environment.

1973 A. Cronquist Basic Bot. xxvi. 412/2 Some growth movements are self-controlled (autonomic); others are induced by external stimuli (paratonic)... Paratonic movements are further classified as tropisms and nasties.

†b. Designating a retarding effect of light on the growth of plant parts other than leaves. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Paratonic... As employed by other vegetable physiologists, the word implies also the retarding influence of light upon growing organs, in distinction from the phototonic or stimulating effect upon leaves.

Derivatives

† paratonically adv. Obsolete rare in a paratonic manner.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > growth, movement, or curvature of parts > [adverb]

sinistrally1854

heliotropically1875

apheliotropically1880

apogeotropically1880

geotropically1880

paratonically1880

basifugally1882

sinistrorsally1884

phototropically1899

plagiotropously1900

hydrotropically1915

basipetally1939

1880 C. Darwin & F. Darwin Power of Movement in Plants 123 But cotyledons, besides being heliotropic, are affected paratonically (to use Sachs' expression) by light.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	paratonic
释义	paratonicadj. Brit. /ˌparəˈtɒnɪk/, U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈtɑnɪk/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: para- prefix¹, tonic adj. Etymology: < para- prefix¹ + tonic adj. Compare ancient Greek παράτονος stretched beside or beyond. In specific use in sense 1 after French paratonique (1929 or earlier). In sense 2 after German paratonisch (1868 in the passage translated in quots. 1875¹ at sense 2a, 1875² at sense 2a).R. G. Mayne (see quot. 1857 at sense 1) gives a Latin form paratonicus, and a Latin noun paratonia. 1. Medicine. Of or relating to strain or spasm (of muscle); spec. designating muscle rigidity occurring in response to passive movement, seen in various disorders of the cerebral cortex. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders affecting muscles > [adjective] > sprain or strain wrenched1556 sprained1606 strained1611 raxed1824 ricked1839 paratonic1857 wrangled1876 sprung1912 pulled1913 1857 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) Paratonicus, of or belonging to Paratonia: paratonic. 1954 P. I. Yakovlev in Jrnl. Neuropathol. & Exper. Neurol. 13 269 Dupré described this changing type of rigidity of movement rather than of posture under the noncommittal term of paratonic rigidity, and I have borrowed the term to distinguish it from the uniform plastic rigidity of the Parkinson's syndrome, and from spasticity of the hemiplegic contracture. 1968 Brain 91 38 A later survey of 50 elderly female patients who were bedridden..revealed a much greater incidence of paratonic rigidity and pelvicrural flexion than in ambulatory patients. 1998 Neurology 51 968 Paratonia, an alteration of tone to passive movement, can be divided into oppositional paratonia (‘gegenhalten,’ ‘paratonic rigidity’) and facilitory paratonia. 2. Botany. a. Originally: designating or relating to movements of plants in response to change in the intensity of light; nyctinastic. Later: designating plant movements caused by external stimuli of any kind. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > growth, movement, or curvature of parts > [adjective] > undergoing tropism geotropic1875 heliotropic1875 paratonic1875 apheliotropic1880 apogeotropic1880 nyctitropic1880 paraheliotropic1880 plagiotropic1882 phototropic1883 selenotropic1883 rheotropic1884 orthotropic1885 thermotropic1885 haptotropic1888 traumatropic1898 plagiotropous1900 aphototropic1903 orthotropous1909 the world > life > biology > biological processes > movement > movement in response to stimuli > [adjective] paratonic1875 1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 677 In most leaves endowed with periodic movements the paratonic influence of light is so strong that it neutralises them. 1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 678 Both the periodic and paratonic movement..is lost when they [sc. the plants] have remained in the dark for a considerable time, such as a whole day; in other words, they become rigid by long exposure to darkness. 1878 W. R. McNab Bot. 136 In other cases the nutations are due to the action of external causes on growth. Such nutations are called paratonic or kinetic. 1887 H. M. Ward tr. J. von Sachs Lect. Physiol. Plants xxxvi. 628 I have since 1865 proposed to term those effects of light which cause the opening of leaves as the intensity increases, and their closure as darkness comes on, Paratonic effects; because they only take place if the leaves are in the normal vital condition which I term Phototonus. 1909 E. Warming et al. Oecol. Plants vii. 33 Other plants having compound leaves execute paratonic movements when the sky darkens, before the rain itself descends. 1941 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 28 250/2 The movement was due to a combination of an autonomic periodicity and a paratonic reaction to the daily variation of environment. 1973 A. Cronquist Basic Bot. xxvi. 412/2 Some growth movements are self-controlled (autonomic); others are induced by external stimuli (paratonic)... Paratonic movements are further classified as tropisms and nasties. †b. Designating a retarding effect of light on the growth of plant parts other than leaves. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Paratonic... As employed by other vegetable physiologists, the word implies also the retarding influence of light upon growing organs, in distinction from the phototonic or stimulating effect upon leaves. Derivatives † paratonically adv. Obsolete rare in a paratonic manner. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > growth, movement, or curvature of parts > [adverb] sinistrally1854 heliotropically1875 apheliotropically1880 apogeotropically1880 geotropically1880 paratonically1880 basifugally1882 sinistrorsally1884 phototropically1899 plagiotropously1900 hydrotropically1915 basipetally1939 1880 C. Darwin & F. Darwin Power of Movement in Plants 123 But cotyledons, besides being heliotropic, are affected paratonically (to use Sachs' expression) by light. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1857
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