Pashtoadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈpaʃtəʊ/,

/ˈpaʃtuː/,

/ˈpʌʃtəʊ/,

/ˈpʌʃtuː/, U.S.

/ˈˌpɑʃˈˌtoʊ/

Forms: 1700s– Pushto, 1800s Pastu, 1800s Pooshtoo, 1800s– Pashto, 1800s– Pashtu, 1800s– Pushtoo, 1800s– Pushtu, 1900s– Pustu.

Origin: A borrowing from Pashto. Etymon: Pashto pax̌to.

Etymology: Representing Pashto regional (southern) pronunciation of Pashto pax̌to < an unattested Old Iranian base cognate with Old Persian Pārsa (see Persian n. and adj.) and Parθava (see Parthian n. and adj.). Compare Pakhto n. and adj.The second consonant, written in the modified Arabic script used for Pashto as sin with dot above and below and now usually transliterated x̌ , is pronounced differently in the various dialects: it developed as a retroflex s , and is still so pronounced in the south-western dialects, while in south-eastern ones it has become palatalized and approximates to /ʃ/; both of these pronunciations have often been rendered as sh by English speakers. In early use this spelling was apparently reinforced by Persian pronunciation:1784 H. Vansittart Let. 3 Mar. in Asiatick Researches (1791) 2 68 I also submit a specimen of their language, which is called by them Pukhto; but this word is softened in Persian into Pushto. In the north-western and central dialects of Pashto the sound became prepalatal, and in north-eastern ones merged with the velar fricative /x/; these pronunciations have tended to be rendered as kh by English speakers (see Pakhto n. and adj.). The second vowel is often rendered oo or u, probably also reflecting Persian pronunciation, in which historically long ō has merged with long ū.

A. adj.

Of, relating to, or designating an Eastern Iranian language spoken esp. in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan, and written in a modified form of the Arabic script; Afghan, Pakhto, or Pathan.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Iranian > Pashto or Saka

push?1560

Afghan1793

Pakhto1861

Saka1932

Pashto1962

1784 H. Vansittart Let. 3 Mar. in Asiatick Researches (1791) 2 67 A book written in the Pushto language by Husain.

1791 Asiatick Researches 2 76 The Pushto language, of which I have seen a dictionary, has a manifest resemblance to the Chaldaick.

1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. ii. 168 The principal person present..repeats a Pushtoo verse, importing that ‘Events are with God, but deliberation is allowed to man’.

1842 C. Masson Narr. var. Journeys II. 207 The Ghiljis, although..employing the Pashto, or Afghân dialect, are..a mixed race.

1907 Imperial Gazetteer India (new ed.) I. Index 557 Pathāns or speakers of the Pashto language.

1962 O. L. Chavarria-Aguilar & H. Penzl in F. W. Householder & S. Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 238 Pashto is taught in the elementary schools of West Pakistan's Pashto-speaking areas.

1997 M. Shamsie Dragonfly in Sun 203 Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi and Pashto writers..read and translated their work.

B. n.

The Eastern Iranian language of the Pathans; Afghan, Pakhto.Pashto has been the official language of Afghanistan since 1936; also called Afghan. There are several major dialect groups with varying degrees of mutual intelligibility.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Iranian > east Scythian > Pashto

push?1560

Pakhto1784

Afghani1826

Afghan1933

Pashto1964

Pashtun1973

1784 F. Gladwin tr. A. Allâmî Ayeen Akbery II. 202 No less than eleven languages are in use in the Soobah of Cabul..; viz. Turkish,..Afghany, Pushtowey, [etc.].]

1834 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 4 295 The people were now quite changed; they were Afghans, and spoke Pooshtoo.

1841 J. Wilson in G. Smith Life J. Wilson (1878) vii. 153 He talks nothing but Persian and Pushtoo.

1878 R. N. Cust Sketch Mod. Lang. E. Indies 29 The Pushtu, or Pakhtu, is the Language of the Afghans or Putáns.

1890 G. L. Gomme Village Community 35 The Pathán tribes of the Peshawar district..are believed to be of Indian origin. Their language is called Pashto or Pakhto and is an Aryan speech.

1939 L. H. Gray Found. Lang. 320 Besides Persian, the Modern Iranian dialects are Kurdish.., Balōčī and Afghān or Puštū, each with two principal sub-divisions, and..Ossetic.

1964 H. H. Paper tr. D. A. Shafeev Short Gram. Outl. Pashto Introd. Pashto is the language of the people who inhabit Afghanistan and the northwest part of Pakistan.

1987 Indian Bookworm's Jrnl. Autumn 5/2 Her thesis..is that there has been ‘Urdu imperialism’ in Pakistan at the expense of the regional literatures—namely Sindhi, Punjabi, Baluchi, Pashtu and Saraiki.

2001 Daily Tel. 19 Sept. 6/1 Pushtu, or Pashto, is the language of the Pathans and of the Taliban, who come from southern Afghanistan.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pashto
释义	Pashtoadj.n. Brit. /ˈpaʃtəʊ/, /ˈpaʃtuː/, /ˈpʌʃtəʊ/, /ˈpʌʃtuː/, U.S. /ˈˌpɑʃˈˌtoʊ/ Forms: 1700s– Pushto, 1800s Pastu, 1800s Pooshtoo, 1800s– Pashto, 1800s– Pashtu, 1800s– Pushtoo, 1800s– Pushtu, 1900s– Pustu. Origin: A borrowing from Pashto. Etymon: Pashto pax̌to. Etymology: Representing Pashto regional (southern) pronunciation of Pashto pax̌to < an unattested Old Iranian base cognate with Old Persian Pārsa (see Persian n. and adj.) and Parθava (see Parthian n. and adj.). Compare Pakhto n. and adj.The second consonant, written in the modified Arabic script used for Pashto as sin with dot above and below and now usually transliterated x̌ , is pronounced differently in the various dialects: it developed as a retroflex s , and is still so pronounced in the south-western dialects, while in south-eastern ones it has become palatalized and approximates to /ʃ/; both of these pronunciations have often been rendered as sh by English speakers. In early use this spelling was apparently reinforced by Persian pronunciation:1784 H. Vansittart Let. 3 Mar. in Asiatick Researches (1791) 2 68 I also submit a specimen of their language, which is called by them Pukhto; but this word is softened in Persian into Pushto. In the north-western and central dialects of Pashto the sound became prepalatal, and in north-eastern ones merged with the velar fricative /x/; these pronunciations have tended to be rendered as kh by English speakers (see Pakhto n. and adj.). The second vowel is often rendered oo or u, probably also reflecting Persian pronunciation, in which historically long ō has merged with long ū. A. adj. Of, relating to, or designating an Eastern Iranian language spoken esp. in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan, and written in a modified form of the Arabic script; Afghan, Pakhto, or Pathan. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Iranian > Pashto or Saka push?1560 Afghan1793 Pakhto1861 Saka1932 Pashto1962 1784 H. Vansittart Let. 3 Mar. in Asiatick Researches (1791) 2 67 A book written in the Pushto language by Husain. 1791 Asiatick Researches 2 76 The Pushto language, of which I have seen a dictionary, has a manifest resemblance to the Chaldaick. 1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. ii. 168 The principal person present..repeats a Pushtoo verse, importing that ‘Events are with God, but deliberation is allowed to man’. 1842 C. Masson Narr. var. Journeys II. 207 The Ghiljis, although..employing the Pashto, or Afghân dialect, are..a mixed race. 1907 Imperial Gazetteer India (new ed.) I. Index 557 Pathāns or speakers of the Pashto language. 1962 O. L. Chavarria-Aguilar & H. Penzl in F. W. Householder & S. Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 238 Pashto is taught in the elementary schools of West Pakistan's Pashto-speaking areas. 1997 M. Shamsie Dragonfly in Sun 203 Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi and Pashto writers..read and translated their work. B. n. The Eastern Iranian language of the Pathans; Afghan, Pakhto.Pashto has been the official language of Afghanistan since 1936; also called Afghan. There are several major dialect groups with varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Iranian > east Scythian > Pashto push?1560 Pakhto1784 Afghani1826 Afghan1933 Pashto1964 Pashtun1973 1784 F. Gladwin tr. A. Allâmî Ayeen Akbery II. 202 No less than eleven languages are in use in the Soobah of Cabul..; viz. Turkish,..Afghany, Pushtowey, [etc.].] 1834 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 4 295 The people were now quite changed; they were Afghans, and spoke Pooshtoo. 1841 J. Wilson in G. Smith Life J. Wilson (1878) vii. 153 He talks nothing but Persian and Pushtoo. 1878 R. N. Cust Sketch Mod. Lang. E. Indies 29 The Pushtu, or Pakhtu, is the Language of the Afghans or Putáns. 1890 G. L. Gomme Village Community 35 The Pathán tribes of the Peshawar district..are believed to be of Indian origin. Their language is called Pashto or Pakhto and is an Aryan speech. 1939 L. H. Gray Found. Lang. 320 Besides Persian, the Modern Iranian dialects are Kurdish.., Balōčī and Afghān or Puštū, each with two principal sub-divisions, and..Ossetic. 1964 H. H. Paper tr. D. A. Shafeev Short Gram. Outl. Pashto Introd. Pashto is the language of the people who inhabit Afghanistan and the northwest part of Pakistan. 1987 Indian Bookworm's Jrnl. Autumn 5/2 Her thesis..is that there has been ‘Urdu imperialism’ in Pakistan at the expense of the regional literatures—namely Sindhi, Punjabi, Baluchi, Pashtu and Saraiki. 2001 Daily Tel. 19 Sept. 6/1 Pushtu, or Pashto, is the language of the Pathans and of the Taliban, who come from southern Afghanistan. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1784
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