pariahn.adj.

Brit.

/pəˈrʌɪə/, U.S.

/pəˈraɪə/

Forms: 1600s parea, 1600s parjar, 1600s parrier, 1600s piriawe, 1700s bareier, 1700s parrear, 1700s perrea, 1700s–1800s paria, 1700s–1800s pariar, 1700s–1800s parriar, 1700s– pariah, 1700s– parriah, 1800s pareiya.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Tamil. Partly a borrowing from Malayalam. Etymons: Tamil paṟaiyaṉ; Malayalam paṟayan.

Etymology: < Tamil paṟaiyaṉ (plural paṟaiyar) and its cognate Malayalam paṟayan, literally ‘(hereditary) drummer’, respectively < Tamil paṟai and Malayalam paṟa drum. Compare French paria (1655; 1575 in Middle French as pareaz; 1828 in sense ‘despised person, social outcast’), Portuguese paria (1607 as pareá), Dutch paria (first half of 18th cent. as parria).The extended sense probably gained widespread use through the influence of French works popular in Britain, especially B. de Saint-Pierre La Chaumière indienne (1791; tr. E. A. Kendall, The Indian Cottage (1799)). N.E.D. (1904) gives the pronunciation as (pē^ə·riă, pā·riă) /ˈpɛərɪə/ /ˈpɑːrɪə/. 19th-cent. dictionaries show the stress only as falling on the first syllable. They show variation in the vowel of this syllable between the sound of a in parent and that of a in par, British dictionaries tending to favour the former and American ones the latter. The sound of a in parrot is occasionally attested in the 19th cent., and is given as the preferred form in British dictionaries of the first half of the 20th cent. From the early 20th cent. Webster gives a pronunciation with stress on the second syllable, followed in Britain by H. C. Wyld Universal Eng. Dict. (1932), but otherwise not until the 1970s by other British dictionaries.

A. n.

1. Usually with capital initial. A member of a scheduled tribe of South India concentrated in southern Kerala and Tamil Nadu, originally functioning notably as sorcerers and ceremonial drummers and also as labourers and servants, but later increasingly as ‘untouchables’ in insanitary occupations. Now historical.Since Pariahs are in origin an indigenous tribal people outside the authentic caste system, it is misleading to classify them as a caste; but cf. Panchama Bandham n.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > other people of low rank or condition > [noun] > member of any low Hindu caste > member of specific low Hindu caste

Kunbi1598

pariah1613

Shudra1630

Vaishya1665

chuckler1759

bhangi1823

Kori1839

Mahar1855

sweeper1859

Kola1873

Sansi1882

Panchama1893

untouchable1909

Harijan1931

Scheduled Caste1935

Dalit1948

Scheduled Tribe1957

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 494 The Pareas are of worse esteeme,..reputed worse than the Diuell.

1626 Methold in S. Purchas Pilgrimage (ed. 4) ix. xv. 998 The worst whereof are the abhorred Piriawes.

1717 J. T. Phillips Acct. People Malabar xxxii. 127 Bareier (or a sort of poor People that eat all sort of Flesh).

1807 F. Buchanan Journey from Madras I. i. 20 The Parriar, and other impure tribes..would be beaten, were they to attempt joining in a procession of any of the gods of the Bráhmans.

1856 R. Caldwell Compar. Gram. Dravidian Lang. App. 494 The Pariars [1875 Pareiyas] constitute a well defined, distinct, ancient caste,..and..has subdivisions of its own,..its own traditions, and its own jealousy of the encroachments of the castes which are above it and below it.

1886 H. Yule & A. C. Burnell Hobson-Jobson (at cited word) There are several castes in the Tamil country considered to be lower than the Pariahs, e.g. the caste of shoemakers, and the lowest caste of washermen. And the Pariah deals out the same disparaging treatment to these that he himself receives from higher castes.

1992 Sunday Times of India 19 Apr. (Review section) 3/2 Thakazhy, during Pillai's childhood some 70 years ago, consisted of a handful of upper-caste, matrilineal Nair families and their lower-caste dependents like the Ezhavas, Pariahs and the Pulayas.

2. In extended use.

a. A member of any low caste; a person of no caste, an outcaste. Now historical.Originally used by Europeans in India.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > other people of low rank or condition > [noun] > member of any low Hindu caste

pariah1711

1711 in J. T. Wheeler Madras in Olden Time (1861) II. 125 A resort of basket makers, Scavengers,..and other Parriars, to drink Toddy.

1798 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. 6 550 As little..[to] be looked for..as a brave heroic spirit among the outcast Parias of the Hindoos now.

1816 S. W. Singer Researches Hist. Playing Cards 317 To shew that Gipsies..were of the lowest and most degraded cast of Parias or Suders.

1842 J. C. Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 164 This may be true with respect to the Parriahs, or outcasts.

1913 L. Woolf Village in Jungle (1961) ii. 25 Go and lie with your brother, the madman, the vedda, the pariah.

1948 O. C. Cox Caste, Class, & Race 33 The high-caste man will be veritably horror-stricken if by accident he should come into contact with a Pariah.

1986 Sunday Mail (New Delhi) 21 Sept. 5/4 On their own, they were nobody—worse than pariahs.

b. A member of a despised class of any kind; someone or something shunned or avoided; a social outcast.The word is considered highly offensive in this sense in southern India.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > exclusion from society > [noun] > rendering outcast > outcast

outcastc1390

outwalea1400

abjection1447

abject1528

overcast1574

rejectament1681

castaway1799

pariah1818

leper1825

cagot1844

Ishmaelite1848

hinin1884

expellee1888

eta1897

Ishmael1899

reject1917

1818 C. R. Maturin Women III. viii. 192 The most miserable feature in the situation of these Parias of humanity, is that their bare representation furnishes a subject of wonder and curiosity to their more enlightened fellow-creatures.

1834 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Seine 245 A king's daughter..thrown forth to prowl with the Pariahs of society.

1884 Expositor Feb. 106 The sparrow, a very Pariah amongst the feathered tribes!

1901 Academy 23 Mar. 244 Ibsen is the supreme pariah of the English stage.

1966 B. Malamud Fixer viii. iv. 289 The rabbi calls me to my face, pariah.

1997 Wine Mar. 82/3 Back in the days when South Africa was a pariah whose wines and apples were either excluded..or..vigorously side-stepped by consumers.

3. = pariah dog n. at Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > ownerless

street dog1775

pariah dog1780

pariah1816

pye-dog1864

pye1886

stray1892

1816 ‘Quiz’ Grand Master 39 But soon some Paria's appear. Note, The Paria puppies of Bombay.

1895 B. M. Croker Village Tales (1896) 58 I'll get you an old pariah out of the bazaar, and give you fifty rupees to buy him a collar!

1947 M. Lowry Under Volcano iv. 115 It was certainly hard to reconcile this dog with the pariahs one saw in town, those dreadful creatures that seemed to shadow his brother everywhere.

2002 J. Cunliffe Encycl. Dog Breeds (new ed.) 171/2 Pariahs, also called Pi dogs, are found widely in Asia and North Africa, primarily living as scavengers, forming packs and keeping strictly within the bounds of their own quarter.

B. adj. (attributive).

Of, belonging to, or consisting of Pariahs; that is a pariah (in various senses).

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > other people of low rank or condition > [adjective] > belonging to low Hindu caste

pariah1711

sweeper1837

low-caste1894

Panchama1898

1711 C. Lockyer Acct. Trade India i. 20 The Company allows two or three Peons to attend at the Gate, and a Parrear Fellow to keep all clean.

1716 in J. T. Wheeler Madras in Olden Time (1861) II. 230 A Pariah woman of the Right hand castes.

1837 Lett. fr. Madras (1843) 121 People here talk of high-caste and Pariah horses, Pariah dogs, &c.

1860 R. W. Emerson Behaviour in Conduct of Life (London ed.) 164 Some men appear to feel that they belong to a Pariah caste.

1897 A. M. Knapp Feudal & Mod. Japan I. v. 173 No pariah class of any nation has ever been under a greater ban of disdain and contempt than have the eta of Japan.

1966 C. G. Seligman Races of Afr. (ed. 4) v. 79 Geographical position suggests the mention in this chapter of the outcast, or more picturesquely ‘pariah’, tribes of Eastern Africa and Ethiopia.

1991 Washington Post 27 Jan. 3/1 It's not easy representing a pariah regime.

Compounds

† pariah-arrack n. Obsolete (historical in later use) a powerful distilled liquor made in South Asia.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > distilled drink > other distilled liquor > [noun] > others

koumiss1598

nugs of balm1609

rakia1613

pariah-arrack1671

stalagma1684

fenouillette1706

aguardiente1752

fennel water1757

rakia1778

mahua1810

mahua-arrack1813

kirschwasser1819

mescal1826

still-spirit1832

mobbie1833

zibib1836

potato spirit1839

mowra1846

tequila1849

Jersey lightning1852

petit baume1858

kirsch1869

mastic1876

Hoochinoo1877

mastic brandy1883

mastika1889

hooch1897

ouzo1897

milk-whisky1906

mahua spirit1920

shochu1938

mirabelle1940

tsipouro1947

mahua liquor1961

Mao-tai1962

changaa1975

reposado1982

1671–2 Sir W. Langhorne in J. T. Wheeler Madras in Olden Time (1861) III. 422 The unwholesome liquor called Parrier arrack.

1754 in J. Williams Select. Unpublished Rec. Govt. (1869) 51 The people cannot here have the opportunity of intoxicating and killing themselves with Pariar Arrack.

1859 I. S. Homans & I. S. Homans Cycl. Commerce & Commerc. Navigation (ed. 2) 61/1 It is not clear whether the term pariah-arrack be meant to imply that it is an inferior spirit, or an adulterated compound.

pariah brig n. (in South Asia) a deep-water vessel of local construction.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > [noun] > built in India

pariah brig1929

1929 F. C. Bowen Sea Slang 101 Pariah brigs, deep-sea native vessels in India.

1935 M. H. Beattie On Hooghly 116 She was what was termed a pariah brig, or native craft, which would find her way to Kedgeree and there pick up a native pilot.

1946 ‘Shalimar’ Ships & Men 122 Indian pariah brigs were taken up to replace coasting steamers.

pariah dog n. a half-wild stray dog that lives by scavenging; = pye-dog n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > ownerless

street dog1775

pariah dog1780

pariah1816

pye-dog1864

pye1886

stray1892

1780 I. Munro Narr. Mil. Operations (1789) iv. 36 A species of the common cur, called a pariar dog.

1878 E. Arnold Pref. P. Robinson's In my Indian Garden 9 The very pariah-dogs are classic to those who know Indian fables.

1984 N. Barber Woman of Cairo ii. xxi. 242 No one noticed..the half-starved pariah dogs lolling, tongues open, in the sun, or howling piteously at night as they searched for scraps.

pariah kite n. (in South Asia) the black kite, Milvus migrans.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [noun] > kites > haliastur indus

Brahminy kite1762

pariah kite1877

1877–8 V. Ball Jungle Life India (1880) xiv. 655 The scavenger or pariah kites (Milvus govinda)..though generally to be seen about the tents, are not common in the jungles.

1982 A. Desai Village by Sea i. 17 Only the pariah kites wheeled in the sky, looking down..from their great height and distance.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pariah
释义	pariahn.adj. Brit. /pəˈrʌɪə/, U.S. /pəˈraɪə/ Forms: 1600s parea, 1600s parjar, 1600s parrier, 1600s piriawe, 1700s bareier, 1700s parrear, 1700s perrea, 1700s–1800s paria, 1700s–1800s pariar, 1700s–1800s parriar, 1700s– pariah, 1700s– parriah, 1800s pareiya. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Tamil. Partly a borrowing from Malayalam. Etymons: Tamil paṟaiyaṉ; Malayalam paṟayan. Etymology: < Tamil paṟaiyaṉ (plural paṟaiyar) and its cognate Malayalam paṟayan, literally ‘(hereditary) drummer’, respectively < Tamil paṟai and Malayalam paṟa drum. Compare French paria (1655; 1575 in Middle French as pareaz; 1828 in sense ‘despised person, social outcast’), Portuguese paria (1607 as pareá), Dutch paria (first half of 18th cent. as parria).The extended sense probably gained widespread use through the influence of French works popular in Britain, especially B. de Saint-Pierre La Chaumière indienne (1791; tr. E. A. Kendall, The Indian Cottage (1799)). N.E.D. (1904) gives the pronunciation as (pē^ə·riă, pā·riă) /ˈpɛərɪə/ /ˈpɑːrɪə/. 19th-cent. dictionaries show the stress only as falling on the first syllable. They show variation in the vowel of this syllable between the sound of a in parent and that of a in par, British dictionaries tending to favour the former and American ones the latter. The sound of a in parrot is occasionally attested in the 19th cent., and is given as the preferred form in British dictionaries of the first half of the 20th cent. From the early 20th cent. Webster gives a pronunciation with stress on the second syllable, followed in Britain by H. C. Wyld Universal Eng. Dict. (1932), but otherwise not until the 1970s by other British dictionaries. A. n. 1. Usually with capital initial. A member of a scheduled tribe of South India concentrated in southern Kerala and Tamil Nadu, originally functioning notably as sorcerers and ceremonial drummers and also as labourers and servants, but later increasingly as ‘untouchables’ in insanitary occupations. Now historical.Since Pariahs are in origin an indigenous tribal people outside the authentic caste system, it is misleading to classify them as a caste; but cf. Panchama Bandham n. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > other people of low rank or condition > [noun] > member of any low Hindu caste > member of specific low Hindu caste Kunbi1598 pariah1613 Shudra1630 Vaishya1665 chuckler1759 bhangi1823 Kori1839 Mahar1855 sweeper1859 Kola1873 Sansi1882 Panchama1893 untouchable1909 Harijan1931 Scheduled Caste1935 Dalit1948 Scheduled Tribe1957 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 494 The Pareas are of worse esteeme,..reputed worse than the Diuell. 1626 Methold in S. Purchas Pilgrimage (ed. 4) ix. xv. 998 The worst whereof are the abhorred Piriawes. 1717 J. T. Phillips Acct. People Malabar xxxii. 127 Bareier (or a sort of poor People that eat all sort of Flesh). 1807 F. Buchanan Journey from Madras I. i. 20 The Parriar, and other impure tribes..would be beaten, were they to attempt joining in a procession of any of the gods of the Bráhmans. 1856 R. Caldwell Compar. Gram. Dravidian Lang. App. 494 The Pariars [1875 Pareiyas] constitute a well defined, distinct, ancient caste,..and..has subdivisions of its own,..its own traditions, and its own jealousy of the encroachments of the castes which are above it and below it. 1886 H. Yule & A. C. Burnell Hobson-Jobson (at cited word) There are several castes in the Tamil country considered to be lower than the Pariahs, e.g. the caste of shoemakers, and the lowest caste of washermen. And the Pariah deals out the same disparaging treatment to these that he himself receives from higher castes. 1992 Sunday Times of India 19 Apr. (Review section) 3/2 Thakazhy, during Pillai's childhood some 70 years ago, consisted of a handful of upper-caste, matrilineal Nair families and their lower-caste dependents like the Ezhavas, Pariahs and the Pulayas. 2. In extended use. a. A member of any low caste; a person of no caste, an outcaste. Now historical.Originally used by Europeans in India. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > other people of low rank or condition > [noun] > member of any low Hindu caste pariah1711 1711 in J. T. Wheeler Madras in Olden Time (1861) II. 125 A resort of basket makers, Scavengers,..and other Parriars, to drink Toddy. 1798 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. 6 550 As little..[to] be looked for..as a brave heroic spirit among the outcast Parias of the Hindoos now. 1816 S. W. Singer Researches Hist. Playing Cards 317 To shew that Gipsies..were of the lowest and most degraded cast of Parias or Suders. 1842 J. C. Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 164 This may be true with respect to the Parriahs, or outcasts. 1913 L. Woolf Village in Jungle (1961) ii. 25 Go and lie with your brother, the madman, the vedda, the pariah. 1948 O. C. Cox Caste, Class, & Race 33 The high-caste man will be veritably horror-stricken if by accident he should come into contact with a Pariah. 1986 Sunday Mail (New Delhi) 21 Sept. 5/4 On their own, they were nobody—worse than pariahs. b. A member of a despised class of any kind; someone or something shunned or avoided; a social outcast.The word is considered highly offensive in this sense in southern India. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > exclusion from society > [noun] > rendering outcast > outcast outcastc1390 outwalea1400 abjection1447 abject1528 overcast1574 rejectament1681 castaway1799 pariah1818 leper1825 cagot1844 Ishmaelite1848 hinin1884 expellee1888 eta1897 Ishmael1899 reject1917 1818 C. R. Maturin Women III. viii. 192 The most miserable feature in the situation of these Parias of humanity, is that their bare representation furnishes a subject of wonder and curiosity to their more enlightened fellow-creatures. 1834 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Seine 245 A king's daughter..thrown forth to prowl with the Pariahs of society. 1884 Expositor Feb. 106 The sparrow, a very Pariah amongst the feathered tribes! 1901 Academy 23 Mar. 244 Ibsen is the supreme pariah of the English stage. 1966 B. Malamud Fixer viii. iv. 289 The rabbi calls me to my face, pariah. 1997 Wine Mar. 82/3 Back in the days when South Africa was a pariah whose wines and apples were either excluded..or..vigorously side-stepped by consumers. 3. = pariah dog n. at Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > ownerless street dog1775 pariah dog1780 pariah1816 pye-dog1864 pye1886 stray1892 1816 ‘Quiz’ Grand Master 39 But soon some Paria's appear. Note, The Paria puppies of Bombay. 1895 B. M. Croker Village Tales (1896) 58 I'll get you an old pariah out of the bazaar, and give you fifty rupees to buy him a collar! 1947 M. Lowry Under Volcano iv. 115 It was certainly hard to reconcile this dog with the pariahs one saw in town, those dreadful creatures that seemed to shadow his brother everywhere. 2002 J. Cunliffe Encycl. Dog Breeds (new ed.) 171/2 Pariahs, also called Pi dogs, are found widely in Asia and North Africa, primarily living as scavengers, forming packs and keeping strictly within the bounds of their own quarter. B. adj. (attributive). Of, belonging to, or consisting of Pariahs; that is a pariah (in various senses). ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > other people of low rank or condition > [adjective] > belonging to low Hindu caste pariah1711 sweeper1837 low-caste1894 Panchama1898 1711 C. Lockyer Acct. Trade India i. 20 The Company allows two or three Peons to attend at the Gate, and a Parrear Fellow to keep all clean. 1716 in J. T. Wheeler Madras in Olden Time (1861) II. 230 A Pariah woman of the Right hand castes. 1837 Lett. fr. Madras (1843) 121 People here talk of high-caste and Pariah horses, Pariah dogs, &c. 1860 R. W. Emerson Behaviour in Conduct of Life (London ed.) 164 Some men appear to feel that they belong to a Pariah caste. 1897 A. M. Knapp Feudal & Mod. Japan I. v. 173 No pariah class of any nation has ever been under a greater ban of disdain and contempt than have the eta of Japan. 1966 C. G. Seligman Races of Afr. (ed. 4) v. 79 Geographical position suggests the mention in this chapter of the outcast, or more picturesquely ‘pariah’, tribes of Eastern Africa and Ethiopia. 1991 Washington Post 27 Jan. 3/1 It's not easy representing a pariah regime. Compounds † pariah-arrack n. Obsolete (historical in later use) a powerful distilled liquor made in South Asia. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > distilled drink > other distilled liquor > [noun] > others koumiss1598 nugs of balm1609 rakia1613 pariah-arrack1671 stalagma1684 fenouillette1706 aguardiente1752 fennel water1757 rakia1778 mahua1810 mahua-arrack1813 kirschwasser1819 mescal1826 still-spirit1832 mobbie1833 zibib1836 potato spirit1839 mowra1846 tequila1849 Jersey lightning1852 petit baume1858 kirsch1869 mastic1876 Hoochinoo1877 mastic brandy1883 mastika1889 hooch1897 ouzo1897 milk-whisky1906 mahua spirit1920 shochu1938 mirabelle1940 tsipouro1947 mahua liquor1961 Mao-tai1962 changaa1975 reposado1982 1671–2 Sir W. Langhorne in J. T. Wheeler Madras in Olden Time (1861) III. 422 The unwholesome liquor called Parrier arrack. 1754 in J. Williams Select. Unpublished Rec. Govt. (1869) 51 The people cannot here have the opportunity of intoxicating and killing themselves with Pariar Arrack. 1859 I. S. Homans & I. S. Homans Cycl. Commerce & Commerc. Navigation (ed. 2) 61/1 It is not clear whether the term pariah-arrack be meant to imply that it is an inferior spirit, or an adulterated compound. pariah brig n. (in South Asia) a deep-water vessel of local construction. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > [noun] > built in India pariah brig1929 1929 F. C. Bowen Sea Slang 101 Pariah brigs, deep-sea native vessels in India. 1935 M. H. Beattie On Hooghly 116 She was what was termed a pariah brig, or native craft, which would find her way to Kedgeree and there pick up a native pilot. 1946 ‘Shalimar’ Ships & Men 122 Indian pariah brigs were taken up to replace coasting steamers. pariah dog n. a half-wild stray dog that lives by scavenging; = pye-dog n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > ownerless street dog1775 pariah dog1780 pariah1816 pye-dog1864 pye1886 stray1892 1780 I. Munro Narr. Mil. Operations (1789) iv. 36 A species of the common cur, called a pariar dog. 1878 E. Arnold Pref. P. Robinson's In my Indian Garden 9 The very pariah-dogs are classic to those who know Indian fables. 1984 N. Barber Woman of Cairo ii. xxi. 242 No one noticed..the half-starved pariah dogs lolling, tongues open, in the sun, or howling piteously at night as they searched for scraps. pariah kite n. (in South Asia) the black kite, Milvus migrans. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [noun] > kites > haliastur indus Brahminy kite1762 pariah kite1877 1877–8 V. Ball Jungle Life India (1880) xiv. 655 The scavenger or pariah kites (Milvus govinda)..though generally to be seen about the tents, are not common in the jungles. 1982 A. Desai Village by Sea i. 17 Only the pariah kites wheeled in the sky, looking down..from their great height and distance. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1613
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