particularismn.

Brit.

/pəˈtɪkjᵿlərɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/pə(r)ˈtɪkjələˌrɪz(ə)m/,

/pɑrˈtɪkjələˌrɪz(ə)m/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; perhaps modelled on a French lexical item, or perhaps modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: particular adj., -ism suffix.

Etymology: < particular adj. + -ism suffix, after French particularisme doctrine of particular election and redemption (1689), personal interest or egotism (a1772), principle determining political situation of states annexed to Prussia (1850), tendency of ethnic or national groups to preserve their particular traits (1871) or German Partikularismus (1776 or earlier theological use; 1842 or earlier in sense 3; 1819 in an isolated attestation as Particularism ; compare also quot. 1845 at sense 2). Compare slightly later particularist n.

1. Theology (Christian Church and Judaism). The doctrine that some but not all people are chosen by God for salvation; the doctrine of particular election and particular redemption. See particular adj. 1c.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > salvation, redemption > doctrine of salvation > [noun] > particularism

particular redemption1651

particularism1713

partialism1843

1713 tr. P. Poiret Divine Œconomy I. xiii. 188 (heading) Four Capital and Artificial Difficulties against the System of Universal Grace in favour of Supralapsism and Particularism.

1828 E. B. Pusey Hist. Enq. Rationalist Char. I. i. 144 The sole object of the Epistle to the Romans, was to oppose the particularism of the Jews, and to prove that the heathen also might attain eternal life.

1847 C. W. Buch tr. K. R. Hagenbach Compend. Hist. Doctr. II. 255 The Calvinists..adopted the notion of particular redemption (Particularism).

1986 N. de Lange Judaism i. 21 Jewish particularism sees the covenant with Israel as complete in itself; the universal role of God as father and king of all mankind is not denied, but is of little concern for the Jew.

1998 Church Times 20 Feb. 15/3 The range of discussion..concludes with a comparison of universalism and particularism in Judaism and Christianity.

2. Exclusive attachment or devotion to one's own nation, party, sect, etc.; exclusiveness; partisanship; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > a coterie or clique > quality

coterieism1825

particularisma1834

cliquism1852

cliquishness1853

sectionalism1858

cliquiness1927

a1834 S. T. Coleridge Lit. Remains (1838) III. 82 A jealous spirit of monopoly and particularism, counterfeiting catholicity by a negative totality.

1845 ‘G. Eliot’ in J. W. Cross George Eliot's Life (1885) I. 135 ‘Habits of thought’ is not a translation of the word particularismus... If he decidedly objects to particularism, ask him to be so good as substitute exclusiveness.

1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) IV. 36 An abstract principle..strong enough to override all the particularisms of mankind.

1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South iii. i. 218 The old local patriotism and particularism native to the South.

1973 Daily Tel. 4 May 18 He attacks the concept of youth particularism, stating that as a group youth has few common interests or problems.

1995 Economist 28 Oct. 96/2 A fatty dish that mainland Japanese shrink from and the islanders of Okinawa love. But Mr Chibana does more than promote culinary particularism.

3. Politics. The principle of leaving each state, race, etc., in an empire or federation free to govern itself and promote its own interests, without reference to those of the whole.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > principles of or attachment to types of government > [noun] > for each federal state

particularism1853

statism1854

1853 Tait's Edinb. Mag. 20 387 The other..protests against all centralization, seeks to confederate the estates, to establish universal independence, separation and extreme division of powers; which has lately been denominated particularism in Germany.

1869 Daily News 22 Apr. The faults and excesses of ‘particularism’—weakness abroad, discord at home, and obstacles in the way of trade and traffic.

1891 Spectator 4 July The majority returned at recent elections [in New South Wales] is believed to be opposed to Federation, and in favour of particularism.

1912 Q. Rev. Jan. 212 A recognition of Albanian particularism would create a precedent of which all other nationalities would take advantage.

1965 Mod. Law Rev. 28 v. 616 He may well be right in affirming that regional particularism..call[s] for a redrawing along provincial lines.

1995 M. Lind Next Amer. Nation vi. 235 Two of the leaders..were devising plans for accommodating ethnic particularism within a unitary, supranational social state.

4. Exclusive attention to a particular subject; excessive specialism.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > learning > study > [noun] > specialized study

speciality1839

specialism1846

particularism1872

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [noun] > action or process of becoming specialized > excessively

particularism1872

overspecialization1886

1872 E. Tuckerman Genera Lichenum 1 The marked particularism which has characterized the study of Lichens for the last thirty years.

1936 Nature 25 Apr. 681/1 The advance of science is along two roads: the first is in the direction of greater intensity, particularism and of empiricism, and the second, from intensity, particularism and empiricism, towards extensity, generalisation and synthesis.

1985 K. J. Gregory Nature of Physical Geogr. (BNC) 85 Bowen..sees progress..diminishing what Butzer..saw as particularism—the tendency for individual specialists or groups to regard their own field as the cornerstone for others.

a. Chiefly Philosophy. Belief in the existence or primacy of particular entities, as opposed to universals. In Ethics: the view that particular features of a situation make an action morally right or wrong, rather than general rules.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > epistemology > [noun] > relativism > particularism

particularism1939

1939 J. Dewey in P. A. Schilpp Philos. J. Dewey 544 In philosophy there is also the need to find an alternative for that combination of atomistic particularism with respect to empirical material and Platonic a priori realism with respect to universals.

1963 R. M. Hare Freedom & Reason ii. 19 Such a philosopher could indeed embrace..the extremest form of particularism.

1994 Amer. Spectator Mar. 72/1 This was a tension—like the anthropologists' conflict between universalism and particularism—that radicals resolved in favor of moral relativism.

1995 H. Lawson-Tancred in A. C. Grayling Philos. 422 The intuitive pull of common-sense ontological particularism.

b. Sociology and Economics. The fact or state of having a particular or fixed nature rather than a universal, general, or mobile nature.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories

mutualism1842

pluralism1917

possibilism1925

primitivism1934

universalism1939

particularism1949

unilinealism1957

1949 T. Parsons Ess. Sociol. Theory viii. 197 In all these cases though in different ways and degrees, particularism tends to replace universalism.

1959 B. F. Hoselitz Sociol. Aspects Econ. Growth (1960) ii. 32 We must not expect the principle of particularism in assigning economic roles to appear in complete purity in all societies on a low level of economic advancement.

1984 Dædalus Spring 76 The universal values of freedom, progress, & reason were pitted against the particularism of feudalism, reaction, & force.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	particularism
释义	particularismn. Brit. /pəˈtɪkjᵿlərɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /pə(r)ˈtɪkjələˌrɪz(ə)m/, /pɑrˈtɪkjələˌrɪz(ə)m/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; perhaps modelled on a French lexical item, or perhaps modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: particular adj., -ism suffix. Etymology: < particular adj. + -ism suffix, after French particularisme doctrine of particular election and redemption (1689), personal interest or egotism (a1772), principle determining political situation of states annexed to Prussia (1850), tendency of ethnic or national groups to preserve their particular traits (1871) or German Partikularismus (1776 or earlier theological use; 1842 or earlier in sense 3; 1819 in an isolated attestation as Particularism ; compare also quot. 1845 at sense 2). Compare slightly later particularist n. 1. Theology (Christian Church and Judaism). The doctrine that some but not all people are chosen by God for salvation; the doctrine of particular election and particular redemption. See particular adj. 1c. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > salvation, redemption > doctrine of salvation > [noun] > particularism particular redemption1651 particularism1713 partialism1843 1713 tr. P. Poiret Divine Œconomy I. xiii. 188 (heading) Four Capital and Artificial Difficulties against the System of Universal Grace in favour of Supralapsism and Particularism. 1828 E. B. Pusey Hist. Enq. Rationalist Char. I. i. 144 The sole object of the Epistle to the Romans, was to oppose the particularism of the Jews, and to prove that the heathen also might attain eternal life. 1847 C. W. Buch tr. K. R. Hagenbach Compend. Hist. Doctr. II. 255 The Calvinists..adopted the notion of particular redemption (Particularism). 1986 N. de Lange Judaism i. 21 Jewish particularism sees the covenant with Israel as complete in itself; the universal role of God as father and king of all mankind is not denied, but is of little concern for the Jew. 1998 Church Times 20 Feb. 15/3 The range of discussion..concludes with a comparison of universalism and particularism in Judaism and Christianity. 2. Exclusive attachment or devotion to one's own nation, party, sect, etc.; exclusiveness; partisanship; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > a coterie or clique > quality coterieism1825 particularisma1834 cliquism1852 cliquishness1853 sectionalism1858 cliquiness1927 a1834 S. T. Coleridge Lit. Remains (1838) III. 82 A jealous spirit of monopoly and particularism, counterfeiting catholicity by a negative totality. 1845 ‘G. Eliot’ in J. W. Cross George Eliot's Life (1885) I. 135 ‘Habits of thought’ is not a translation of the word particularismus... If he decidedly objects to particularism, ask him to be so good as substitute exclusiveness. 1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) IV. 36 An abstract principle..strong enough to override all the particularisms of mankind. 1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South iii. i. 218 The old local patriotism and particularism native to the South. 1973 Daily Tel. 4 May 18 He attacks the concept of youth particularism, stating that as a group youth has few common interests or problems. 1995 Economist 28 Oct. 96/2 A fatty dish that mainland Japanese shrink from and the islanders of Okinawa love. But Mr Chibana does more than promote culinary particularism. 3. Politics. The principle of leaving each state, race, etc., in an empire or federation free to govern itself and promote its own interests, without reference to those of the whole. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > principles of or attachment to types of government > [noun] > for each federal state particularism1853 statism1854 1853 Tait's Edinb. Mag. 20 387 The other..protests against all centralization, seeks to confederate the estates, to establish universal independence, separation and extreme division of powers; which has lately been denominated particularism in Germany. 1869 Daily News 22 Apr. The faults and excesses of ‘particularism’—weakness abroad, discord at home, and obstacles in the way of trade and traffic. 1891 Spectator 4 July The majority returned at recent elections [in New South Wales] is believed to be opposed to Federation, and in favour of particularism. 1912 Q. Rev. Jan. 212 A recognition of Albanian particularism would create a precedent of which all other nationalities would take advantage. 1965 Mod. Law Rev. 28 v. 616 He may well be right in affirming that regional particularism..call[s] for a redrawing along provincial lines. 1995 M. Lind Next Amer. Nation vi. 235 Two of the leaders..were devising plans for accommodating ethnic particularism within a unitary, supranational social state. 4. Exclusive attention to a particular subject; excessive specialism. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > [noun] > specialized study speciality1839 specialism1846 particularism1872 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [noun] > action or process of becoming specialized > excessively particularism1872 overspecialization1886 1872 E. Tuckerman Genera Lichenum 1 The marked particularism which has characterized the study of Lichens for the last thirty years. 1936 Nature 25 Apr. 681/1 The advance of science is along two roads: the first is in the direction of greater intensity, particularism and of empiricism, and the second, from intensity, particularism and empiricism, towards extensity, generalisation and synthesis. 1985 K. J. Gregory Nature of Physical Geogr. (BNC) 85 Bowen..sees progress..diminishing what Butzer..saw as particularism—the tendency for individual specialists or groups to regard their own field as the cornerstone for others. 5. a. Chiefly Philosophy. Belief in the existence or primacy of particular entities, as opposed to universals. In Ethics: the view that particular features of a situation make an action morally right or wrong, rather than general rules. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > epistemology > [noun] > relativism > particularism particularism1939 1939 J. Dewey in P. A. Schilpp Philos. J. Dewey 544 In philosophy there is also the need to find an alternative for that combination of atomistic particularism with respect to empirical material and Platonic a priori realism with respect to universals. 1963 R. M. Hare Freedom & Reason ii. 19 Such a philosopher could indeed embrace..the extremest form of particularism. 1994 Amer. Spectator Mar. 72/1 This was a tension—like the anthropologists' conflict between universalism and particularism—that radicals resolved in favor of moral relativism. 1995 H. Lawson-Tancred in A. C. Grayling Philos. 422 The intuitive pull of common-sense ontological particularism. b. Sociology and Economics. The fact or state of having a particular or fixed nature rather than a universal, general, or mobile nature. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories mutualism1842 pluralism1917 possibilism1925 primitivism1934 universalism1939 particularism1949 unilinealism1957 1949 T. Parsons Ess. Sociol. Theory viii. 197 In all these cases though in different ways and degrees, particularism tends to replace universalism. 1959 B. F. Hoselitz Sociol. Aspects Econ. Growth (1960) ii. 32 We must not expect the principle of particularism in assigning economic roles to appear in complete purity in all societies on a low level of economic advancement. 1984 Dædalus Spring 76 The universal values of freedom, progress, & reason were pitted against the particularism of feudalism, reaction, & force. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1713
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