parliamentn.¹

Brit.

/ˈpɑːlᵻm(ə)nt/, U.S.

/ˈpɑrləm(ə)nt/

Forms: Middle English paralament (probably transmission error), Middle English parleamente, Middle English parlemen, Middle English parlemente, Middle English parlementt, Middle English parllement, Middle English parlment, Middle English parlyamente, Middle English parlyment, Middle English parlymente, Middle English perlement, Middle English perliamente, Middle English perlyment, Middle English–1500s perlyament, Middle English–1600s parlament, Middle English–1600s parleament, Middle English–1600s parliamente, Middle English–1600s parliment, Middle English–1600s parlyament, Middle English–1600s perlament, Middle English–1700s parlement, Middle English– parliament, 1500s perlementt, 1500s perliament, 1600s pareliament, 1600s parleement, 1600s parliamen, 1600s parliamentt; Scottish pre-1700 pairlament, pre-1700 pairliament, pre-1700 parlaiment, pre-1700 parleament, pre-1700 parlieament, pre-1700 parliement, pre-1700 parlment, pre-1700 parlyament, pre-1700 parlyment, pre-1700 perlament, pre-1700 perlement, pre-1700 perliament, pre-1700 perlyament, pre-1700 pralement (transmission error), pre-1700 1700s parlement, pre-1700 1700s– parlament, pre-1700 1700s– parliament, 1800s paurleement, 1800s paurliament, 1800s perliment.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French parlement, parliament.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman parlement, parliment, parliament and Old French, Middle French parlement (French parlement ) discussion, conversation, meeting, negotiation (c1100), deliberative council or assembly (c1165–81), council or assembly sitting in the court of justice (1176), assembly of notables called to deliberate or take an important decision (c1208), the royal council in judiciary session, the sovereign court of justice (1260; in official use in France until 1798, subsequently historical), (in England) court or council summoned by the monarch (1258 with reference to the Provisions of Oxford) < parler parle v. + -ment -ment suffix. Compare post-classical Latin parlamentum (in British sources also frequently parliamentum ) meeting, discussion, parley (12th cent.; from 13th cent. in British sources), court or council summoned by the monarch (13th cent.; frequently 1236–1588 in British sources), and also Italian parlamento (1219 in sense 5b; compare also post-classical Latin parlamentum, 12th cent. in this sense).The development of the forms in -ia- has not been fully explained, nor is it clear in which language they first developed. They perhaps arose by analogy with French verbs in -ier and Latin verbs in -iare and their derivatives (compare e.g. post-classical Latin maniamentum at manyment n., post-classical Latin merciamentum and Anglo-Norman merciament at merciament n., etc.). Occasional forms in -men may show loss of final -t after n (see further E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §398). In senses 5a and 5b after French parlement and Italian parlamento respectively; compare also later unassimilated borrowing of the two words:1877 J. Morley Crit. Misc. 2nd Ser. 228 The parlements took up their judicial arms in defence of abuses and against reform.1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 428/1 When little more than twenty-one years of age he was..appointed one of the three advocates-general to the parlement of Paris.1987 I. Scouloudi Huguenots in Brit. 161 The articles [of the Edict of Nantes] were accompanied by two royal brevets..not submitted to the parlements for registration.1925 C. Roth Last Florentine Republic 337 On 4 April 1532, a Parlamento was held—the last in the history of Florence.1978 D. Kent Rise of Medici 6 The ‘people’ of a Parlamento were always coerced by armed force in the piazza; the Parliament was not called to gain popular consent, but to take government out of the hands of the people. With sense 7 compare Anglo-Norman parliament (beginning of the 14th cent. of a gathering of birds); on bird assemblies in medieval literature see W. E. Farnham The Fowls in Chaucer's Parlement in Wisc. Univ. Stud. in Lang. & Lit. (1918) 2 340–366.

I. Senses relating to organized assemblies.

1. A formal conference or council, esp. an assembly of magnates summoned (usually by a monarch) for the discussion of some matter or matters of general importance. Now historical except as an earlier stage of sense 2, into which, in later use, it merged.Used spec. to denote (a) the assembly of the great lords of the kingdom in the early period of the French monarchy; (b) (in 13th-cent. England) one of the Great Councils of the early Plantagenet Kings; (c) (retrospectively) one of the councils of earlier kings before and after the Norman Conquest; (d) (in extended or allusive use) a similar council of ancient times, or of a foreign nation.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > council of state > [noun]

hustinga1030

Great Councilc1275

council1297

parliamentc1300

privy councilc1390

divan1586

Council of State1611

legislative council1651

c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) 531 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 121 Þo heo comen to þe parlement [to clarindone], þe king axede heom a-non Ȝweþur heo wolden holde þe lawes ase heore Auncestres heolden.

c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) 216 (MED) Make ȝou þan a parlement & chese ȝou a newe king.

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 310 (MED) Hit ys ordeynt be parlyment among ous to ben yholde, þat wat be rewarded be tweyre assent þe þridde assenty sholde.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 5497 (MED) Þar ras an vncut king Þat..gedir[d] him a parlement [a1400 Fairf. lete cry a parlement; a1400 Gött. made..ane parlement].

a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Washington) (1965) 522 (MED) Anoon þei alle forth wente And made a ful greet parlemente [v.r. kepte a grete perliamente].

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 111 After that he kepede a parliament [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. made a parlemente] at Oxenford, where Ynglische men and Danes were acorded to observe the lawes of kynge Edgarus.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 9379 Palomydon a perlement puruait anon, And the grete of þe grekes gedrit he somyn.

1565 A. Golding tr. Caesar Martiall Exploytes in Gallia i. f. 22 They made request that it might be lawfull for them to sommon a Parlament of Gallia at a certain day.

1587 J. Hooker Chron. Ireland 120/2 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II It was more like a bearebaiting of disordered persons, than a parlement of wise and graue men.

1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 3 I could name him who from his private house wrote that discourse to the Parlament of Athens, that perswades them to change the forme of Democraty that was then establisht.

1762 D. Hume Hist. Eng. to Henry VII II. xii. 9 In a parliament, summoned at Oxford (for the great councils began about this time [sc. 1222] to receive that appellation).

1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. i. iii. 15 In the reign of Edward I the word ‘Parliaments’ was frequently applied to the assemblies of the four great courts as well as to the Great Council of the realm.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xiv. §175 (margin) Parliament of 1242. First report of a debate.

1907 Catholic Encycl. II. 501/1 A parliament was convoked at Vezelay in Burgundy in 1134, and Bernard preached before the assembly.

1998 Britannica Online (Version 98.2) The Curia Regis members..often remained to complete business after the magnates had been sent home; the proceedings of Parliament were not formally ended until they had accomplished their tasks.

2. Frequently with capital initial. The supreme executive legislature of the United Kingdom, consisting of the Sovereign, the House of Lords, composed of peers and bishops, and the House of Commons, composed of the elected members.

a. Successive assemblies of the members of this legislature, viewed as a continuous or permanent institution.In this sense usually without article, except in speaking of such institutions in different countries, as ‘the Irish Parliament’, ‘the Scottish Parliament’, etc. (see sense 3).Act of Parliament, Clerk of the Parliaments, High Court of Parliament, Imperial Parliament, Member of Parliament, Writ of Parliament: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > [noun]

mootOE

councilc1275

mootingc1275

dayc1300

assembly1366

consistoryc1374

house1389

parliamentc1390

convention1554

synodal1573

synod1578

synedrion1581

convenement1603

gemot1643

consessus1646

legislative council1651

national assembly1702

council-general1817

concilium1834

runanga1857

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > English or British parliament > [noun]

High Courtc1300

parliamentc1390

Westminster1845

Mother of Parliaments1865

c1390 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 153 (MED) Þis pore prechour þei wolen apeche At counseyl and at parliment.

c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. iv. 34 (MED) Þanne com pes into þe parlement & putte vp a bille How wrong, aȝen his wil, hadde his wyf take.

?c1430 (?1383) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 329 (MED) Þes worldly prelatis..sitten in Perlement and conseilen þat oure gentelmen schullen goo out of oure lond to werre wiþ Cristene men.

1454 Rolls of Parl. V. 239/2 The said Thomas shuld be relessed by Privelegge of Parlement.

1614 C. Cornwallis in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 166 What I had conceited to speak in Parliament.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. ii. x. §164. f. 109 ^v Parliament is the highest and most honourable and absolute court of justice in England, consisting of the king, the lords of parliament, and the commons.

1706 Act 6 Anne c. 11. §3 That the United Kingdom of Great Britain be represented by One and the same Parliament to be stiled The Parliament of Great Britain.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. ii. 161 Some have not scrupled to call its power, by a figure rather too bold, the omnipotence of parliament.

1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 161 This Shire and that of Cathness send a Member to Parlement alternatly.

1862 Sat. Rev. 5 July 13 The extraordinary scene that would ensue if Parliament should..suddenly enact that the custom of Borough-English should prevail through the realm.

1964 C. V. Wedgwood Trial of Charles I (1967) i. 11 These concessions would have transformed Parliament from an advisory body—which was what it had always been in practice, into the governing power of the nation which it had long striven to be.

1988 Bella 4 Apr. 11/4 If I'd called it the General Holidays Act, it probably would never have got through Parliament.

2002 Independent 17 June i. 15/2 A means of informing Parliament on matters the Government wished to make known to the House.

b. An assembly of the members of this legislature, as summoned by a sovereign for a particular period; esp. such an assembly between one dissolution and the next (a period now limited to a maximum of five years, but formerly unfixed and unlimited, as was the interval between assemblies). Usually preceded by the definite or indefinite article.This sense is, in origin, merely a development of sense 1, corresponding to the gradual evolution of the modern parliament from the Great Council (see note at sense 1). Following the chroniclers, historians and writers have used ‘parliament’ to denote councils held from the mid 13th cent. onwards, but the first parliament to include representations from the boroughs was established during the reign of Edward I (1272–1307).Particular parliaments have also been individualized by distinctive names, either contemporaneously or by later historians and writers, as addled, Barebone's, cavalier, convention, devil's, good, great, lack-learning, lay, little, long, marvellous, merciless, nominated, pension, pensionary, pensioner, rump, short, unlearned, unmerciful, unreported, useless, wonderful, wonder-working Parliament: see the first element. Parliament of bats n. (also Parliament of bludgeons) now historical the parliament of 1426, which outlawed the carrying of swords. Parliament of Dunces n. [after post-classical parliamentum indoctorum (early 15th cent. in a British source)] historical (another name for) the Unlearned Parliament of 1404, from which lawyers were excluded.

ΘΚΠ

parliamenta1513

Unlearned Parliament1643

Exclusion Parliament1700

Parliament of bats1875

Parliament of Dunces1889

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 244 To London he [sc. Edward I] went..He sent to his barouns, a parlement to hold.

1426–7 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 11 Be billes in þe too last parlementz holden at Westminster and at Leycestre.

a1500 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 120 (MED) Ye schal haue a new king At a new parlement.

1503–4 Act 19 Hen. VII xxviii. Preamb. His Highnes is not mynded..to calle & somone a newe parliament.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. clxxvi^v This was clepyd of the Comon people the parlyament of Battes the cause was for Proclamacyons were made y^t men shulde leue theyr Swerdes... The people toke great battes & stauys.

1546 Supplic. Poor Commons sig. a.iiii ^v They were not al sturdie beggers that were in the parlament when this lawe was stablessed.

1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 50 Hee thought to make his Vantage upon his Parliament.

1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. iv. xvii. sig. Gg7^v Grievances..for whose prevention, or redress, Parliaments are wont to be assembled, and Laws to be enacted.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. ii. 104 In this interval, between the sealing the Writs and the convention of a Parliament, the Lord keeper Coventry died.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. ii. 160 These are the constituent parts of a parliament; the king, the lords spiritual and temporal, and the commons.

1860 C. Innes Scotl. in Middle Ages vii. 213 The earliest Parliament that can be proved..to have resembled the present legislative constitution of England by summons of citizens and burgesses is 49 Hen. III, a.d. 1265.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. III. xviii. 103 Called by the annalists the parliament of bats or bludgeons.

1885 W. E. Gladstone Speech in Comm. 16 Nov. After sitting in 12 Parliaments a man begins to have, if he has any brains at all, the capacity and faculty of knowing what a particular Parliament can do and is likely to do.

1889 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Parliament of Dunces, a Parliament convened at Coventry by Henry IV. in 1404; so called because all lawyers were excluded from it.

1945 W. S. Churchill in Times 22 May 4/1 Let us discuss means of taking the nation's opinion..on the issue whether in these conditions the life of this Parliament should be further prolonged.

1997 Economist 25 Jan. 31/2 He [sc. a British prime minister] can go to the country at any time he chooses before the end of a Parliament's five years.

2002 Courier (Aberystwth Univ. Students' Union) June 10/1 Promises made last year about ‘no-top up fees in this parliament’ are being recalled.

c. Usually with capital initial. The members of Parliament, or of a particular parliament, esp. when acting in unison or regarded as having a single purpose, will, etc.Not always clearly distinguishable from the assembly or the institution (see senses 2a, 2b).

ΚΠ

c1475 J. Hardyng Chron. (Selden) f. 154^v The parlament than for his misgou^ernauⁿce Deposid him [sc. Richard II].

1549 Duke of Somerset in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) II. vi. 409 Parliament cannot be assembled before Allhallowntide.

1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Suffolk xxii. 1 [They] applyed the Parliament with billes.

1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 215 The Dislike the Parliament had of Gaoling of them.

1661 A. Marvell Let. 18 May in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 24 The Parlament is always very nice & curious in this point.

1714 J. Swift Free Thoughts upon Present State Affairs in Miscell. Prose (1742) 362 The Regents appointed by Parliament upon the Demise of the Crown.

a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) II. xvi. 262 The Games of Rowly Powly and Passage..were suppressed by Parliament, and,..not to be played after the 25th of March 1745.

1774 T. Jefferson Rights of Brit. Amer. in Writings (1984) 120 He therefore applied to parliament who passed an act for that purpose.

1896 Law Q. Rev. July 201 We are pretty sure it is not the law Parliament intended to make.

1919 M. Beer Hist. Brit. Socialism I. ii. iv. 156 In 1816 Parliament declared it [sc. gold] to be the only legal tender.

1980 M. Shoard Theft of Countryside iii. xiii. 150 It cannot be compulsorily acquired by government departments..or any other agency without Parliament's approval.

2001 Times 11 Dec. ii. 21/3 Parliament did consider extending its [sc. the Environmental Protection Act of 1990] scope to floodlights and security lights but decided against it.

d. The place where Parliament meets; Parliament House.In later use, without article, frequently merging with sense 2a.

ΘΚΠ

Painted Chamberc1543

parliament1547

1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes sig. Fiij^v This was done in Parliamente, by consente of the thre estates.

1558 J. Knox First Blast against Monstruous Regiment Women f. 10^v A woman sitteth crowned in parliament amongest the middest of men.

1628 Earl of Manchester in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 268 Werden tells me he hath provided you [with a lodging] not far from the Parliament.

1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. viii. 217 In five Years together, he went but twice up to Parliament .

1879 Harper's Mag. Dec. 42/1 There have been persons in the halls of Parliament and on the floor of Congress who have attempted to assert themselves Englishmen and Americans, with the intent to be impressive in their patriotism.

1939 P. G. Wodehouse Let. 23 Apr. in Yours, Plum (1990) iii. 87 Someone ought to get up in Parliament and call Hitler a swine.

1992 Dogs Today Aug. (BNC) Pit Bull owners demonstrate outside Parliament.

3. The title of the corresponding legislative bodies in other countries. Formerly: applied to the legislative assemblies of Scotland and Ireland, and the local deliberative assemblies of some British colonies (now historical). In modern use: the title of the legislative bodies of certain other countries (esp. former British dependencies, as Australia, Canada, etc.). Also applied to the modern Scottish assembly, and, more generally, to the legislative assemblies of other countries, as France, Germany, Russia, etc. (cf. also sense 5). (European Parliament n. at European adj. and n. Compounds 2b.)

a. A meeting, session, or term of office of such a legislature (in early use spec. in Scotland and Ireland); (also as a mass noun) the members of this legislature. Cf. senses 2a, 2c.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > other national governing or legislative bodies > [noun] > in Scotland, Ireland, or colonies

parliament1398

Holyrood1998

1398 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 573 Item it is ordanyt þat ilke yhere þe kyng sal halde a parlement.

1428 Close Roll of Ireld. 7 Hen. VI Y^e lordes spiritual and temporels, & communes of your land of Ireland, at your parliament last holden at your citie of Dyvelin [sc. Dublin].

1477 Crown Office Writ Reg. House No. 68 The quhilk is the first day of the parliament gif it hauldis.

a1525 Bk. Sevyne Sagis 2604, in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 83 Than happinnit þe king Incontinent To set a generale parliament.

1537 in T. Blount Law Dict. (1670) Absentees or des Absentees, was a Parliament so called, held at Dublin.

1621 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times James I (1849) (modernized text) II. 267 The King of Denmark..is gone back to a Parliament in Denmark.

1767 B. Franklin in London Chron. 9 Apr. Some..having been of the opinion that an assembly is a kind of little parliament in America, not an executive officer, and as such oblig'd to obey and execute orders.

1834 S. Laing Jrnl. Resid. Norway (1836) 115 The Parliament, or Storthing, is elected and assembled once in three years, and sits for three months, or until the business is dispatched.

1923 Contemp. Rev. Sept. 332 Parliament has been sitting continuously ever since the last Dail elections.

1958 S. Hurwitz in Public Law Autumn 236 A precedent existed in Sweden, where a ‘Justitieombudsman’ and a ‘Militieombudsman’, appointed by Parliament, were introduced in 1809 and in 1915 respectively.

1997 Observer 13 July 24/5 If elections go ahead as planned in 1999 and the Queen opens the first Scottish parliament for three centuries one year later, Mr Dewar will write himself into history.

b. Such a legislature regarded as a permanent institution; (also) the building housing it (cf. senses 3a, 2d).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > [noun] > the executive or the legislature

parliament1427

legislaturea1676

executive1787

exec1896

1427 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 15/1 That the smal baronis..nede nocht to cum to parliament is nor general consalys.

1498–9 Acts Lords of Council II. 298 According to the lawis and statutis of parliament.

1540 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 383/1 The samin to be actit and insert in his graces bukis of parliament.

a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 99 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) How will those be redressed by Parlament, when as the Irish which sway most in Parlament..shall oppose themselves against them?

1639 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1870) V. 250/2 That his hienes commissionar and estates of parliament may ryd solemnelie fra the said palace [sc. Holyroodhouse] in parliament the said day to the parliament house at Edinburghe.

1706 (title) Speech in the Scotch Parliament concerning the Union.

1778 F. Burney Evelina III. xvi. 176 A senator of the nation! a member of the noblest parliament in the world!

1800 H. Grattan Speech 26 May in Speeches (1822) IV. 21 Connection is a wise and a profound policy; but connection without an Irish Parliament, is connection without its own principle..without the pride of honour that should attend it.

1825 Colonial Advocate (Toronto) 20 Jan. 2/5 A corn broom, or a hot brick, has turned the House of Parliament out of doors.

1896 W. E. H. Lecky Democracy & Liberty (1899) I. i. 14 The system of direct election of members of Parliament was not established in France till 1817.

1906 Ann. Rep. Board of Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1905 287 Until a Parliament for Iceland was established in 930 these chieftains were the rulers of the island, each in his district or ‘land-take’.

1966 Style Man. Austral. Govt. Publ. 39 The ranks and decorations of members of the Commonwealth Parliament..are shown in the Commonwealth Directory.

1991 Nation (N.Y.) 23 Sept. 326/1 The young Jew murdered by anticonstitutional mutineers outside the Russian Parliament.

4. Any of various other consultative assemblies.

a. Law. A consultative assembly of the members of the Middle or the Inner Temple.The legislative bodies of the Middle and Inner Temple parliaments were originally composed of all the Inn's members and government of the Inns was thus democratic in nature. Since the late 16th cent., however, effective control of the Inn's parliaments, along with executive power in the Inns, has resided in the hands of the benchers.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal profession > lawyer > [noun] > member of Inns of Court > consultative assembly of

parliament1557

pension1570

Temple parliament1641

1557 in J. B. Williamson Hist. Temple, London (1924) iii. 163 Yt is enacted at this parliament that everye man shall offer th'accustomable offeringe dayes.

1681 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) I. 94 Last week there was a parliament held in the Inner Temple..to debate the affaires of the house.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) (at cited word) The Societies of the two Temples, or Inns of Court, do likewise call that Assembly a Parliament, wherein they consult about the common Affairs of their respective Houses.

1861 Illustr. London News 39 480/1 The Treasurer..conducted him [sc. the Prince of Wales] to the new Parliament Chamber... A Parliament was then formed of the Masters of the Bench present.

1924 D. P. Barton et al. Story Inns of Court 11 In the Inner Temple and in the Middle Temple a meeting of Benchers for the transaction of the Society's business, is called a ‘Parliament’.

1938 W. S. Holdsworth Hist. Eng. Law xii. 18 At the Middle Temple in 1730 the baristers [sic] and Ardents claimed to have the right to assemble in a Parliament in the vacation, and to propose reforms in the government of the Inn.

1988 Times (Nexis) 7 Nov. On November 10, 1922, a parliament of the Inner Temple ordered him [sc. Mahatma Gandhi] to be disbarred and he was never readmitted.

b. An organization or convocation representing a particular group of workers (now historical); spec. (in the stannaries of Devon and Cornwall) a representative assembly of tin miners and tin workers, formerly held to settle grievances and to oversee the general regulation of the mines and smelting works.The Stannary Parliament was formed in 1198 to control tin-mining. In 1508 Henry VII granted it a charter, still effective today, giving it authority over all taxes imposed on those connected with the tin industry.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > types of deliberative or legislative assembly > [noun] > assembly in Stannaries

parliament1574

1574 in T. Pearce Laws & Customs Stannaries (1725) 240 The Great Court, or Parliament, of our Sovereign Lady Elizabeth..of the Dutchy of Cornwall holden at Crockerrentorre..before..Frances Earl of Bedford..Lord Warden of the Stannaries of Devon and Cornwall.

a1640 T. Risdon Chorogr. Surv. Devon (1811) (modernized text) §215 223 A high rock, called Crocken-Torr, where the parliament for stannary causes is kept.

1686 in Calr. Treasury Papers (1868) 18 His Lordship's letter for the speedy calling a convocation or parliament of tinners.

1752 in Laws of Stannaries (1808) 14 We, the above-said four and twenty stannators being duly elected..to serve in this present convocation, or parliament of Tinners, do agree that [etc.].

1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism i. 26 The formation of temporary organizations, or ‘parliaments’, of wage-earners, which goes on in London even before the end of the thirteenth century..[is] a proof that the conditions which produced modern trade unionism were not unknown.

1989 Times (Nexis) 29 Aug. Mr Carl Skewes, who represents Penwith and Skerrier in the parliament, said the Stannary exemption extended beyond Cornwall to all tin-miners.

2003 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 6 May The tin miners of Dartmoor's four stannary towns once held their courts and parliaments here.

5. Chiefly representing translations of foreign usages.

a. In France, before the Revolution of 1789: any one of the twelve supreme courts of justice (the most important being the Parliament of Paris), in which the edicts, declarations, and ordinances of the king were also registered. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > courts in France

Court of Aids1523

parliament1560

presidial1576

presidial court1576

presidial seat1611

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ccccliiij The Senate of Paris, whiche they cal the Parliament.

1626 Let. 3 Nov. in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times Charles I (1848) (modernized text) I. 84 The French king, by sentence of the parliament of Rouen and Rennes hath arrested and in his possession above the worth of £300,000 of our merchants' goods.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word) In France, those high Courts of Justice..are called Sedentary Parlements; and their Assembly of States General is onely equivalent to our Parliament.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The Parliament of Paris is the Principal, and that whose Jurisdiction is of the greatest Extent. This is the chief Court of Justice throughout the Realm.

1772 Ann. Reg. 1771 82 His majesty has thought fit to branch the parliament of Paris into five different parliaments, under the denomination of superior courts.

1994 R. E. Asher & J. M. Y. Simpson Encycl. Lang. & Linguistics I. 416/2 De Brosses made a brilliant career in the Dijon Parliament of which he became President (1741).

b. Chiefly historical. Any of various local or national assemblies in Italy; spec. a public meeting of the citizens of the medieval city-state of Florence, a parlamento.

ΘΚΠ

parliament1832

1832 J.-C.-L. S. de Sismondi Hist. Ital. Republics i. 22 This meeting of all the men of the state capable of bearing arms was called a parliament.

1900 E. G. Gardner Florence ii. 56 The State was reorganised, and a new constitution confirmed in a solemn Parliament held in the Piazza.

1978 D. Kent Rise of Medici 6 The ‘people’ of a Parlamento were always coerced by armed force in the piazza; the Parliament was not called to gain popular consent, but to take government out of the hands of the people.

1989 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 202/1 Originating primarily from the earlier feudal assemblies, the parliaments of the 13th and 14th centuries reflected an attempt to give the towns..an influential place in the political structure of the monarchical states.

II. Speech, discussion.

a. A period of speaking; a discourse, speech, talk, conversation; esp. a discussion, consultation, or debate between two or more people; a meeting. Now regional.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > [noun]

speechc725

spellc888

tonguec897

spellingc1000

wordOE

mathelingOE

redec1275

sermonc1275

leeda1300

gale13..

speakc1300

speaking1303

ledenc1320

talea1325

parliamentc1325

winda1330

sermoningc1330

saying1340

melinga1375

talkingc1386

wordc1390

prolationa1393

carpinga1400

eloquencec1400

utteringc1400

language?c1450

reporturec1475

parleyc1490

locutionc1500

talk1539

discourse1545

report1548

tonguec1550

deliverance1553

oration1555

delivery1577

parling1582

parle1584

conveying1586

passage1598

perlocution1599

wording1604

bursta1616

ventilation1615

loquency1623

voicinga1626

verbocination1653

loquence1677

pronunciation1686

loquel1694

jawinga1731

talkee-talkee?1740

vocification1743

talkation1781

voicing1822

utterancy1827

voicing1831

the spoken word1832

outness1851

verbalization1851

voice1855

outgiving1865

stringing1886

praxis1950

the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > conferring or consulting > a conference

councilc1275

parliamentc1325

consultationc1425

interview1514

talk1551

parle1552

colloquy1570

parley?a1580

enterparle1584

interparley1590

conference1592

enterparley1594

enterparlance1595

consult1600

antiparle1602

deliberation1632

consulto1659

conversation1703

palaver1735

consulta1768

korero1807

powwow1812

council-general1817

concilium1834

talk-in1966

think-in1966

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 3519 (MED) Þere he huld is parlement, wat were best to done.

c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 500 Takeþ good tent Þat ȝe holde no parlyment Wiþ no cristen mon Whon ȝe come þe Churche with-Inne.

?a1425 (?a1350) T. Castleford Chron. (1940) 24921 (MED) Erels, dukes, kinges and princes..To gider þai gadrede..in to legecestres cite; Þar in þai helde aparlement.

1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) (1859) i. ix. 5 Thenne herde I within the curteyne a longe parlament.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) vi. 136 After Bourgoyns hadde taken Tholouse, he made a grete parliamente to his folke, And sayd to theym, ‘Lordes, ye knowe well [etc.]’.

a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 521 (MED) Thus ended the parlement be-twene the fader and the sone.

1542 E. Harvel in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) IX. 219 Who wil shortely..comme to Bononye to be at parlement with thEmperour.

1822 T. L. Beddoes Brides' Trag. ii Look you here, as I disperse the wicked syllables Met in this little parliament of words, And give them to the light and careless winds, So do I bid him tear the thoughts of me Out of his breast.

1893 W. Raymond Gentleman Upcott's Daughter 218 Why, it's quite a parliament.

1903 in Eng. Dial. Dict. IV. 425/1 We held a parliament as to whether it had best be repaired.

1911 A. Warrack Scots Dial. Dict. Addenda s.v. Parliament, ‘a free parliament’, freedom of speech.

†b. A meeting between enemies to discuss terms; a parley. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > peace > pacification > peace treaty > [noun] > peace talks or conference

parliament?a1400

parle1552

parley?a1580

peace talk1789

peace conference1852

Locarno1925

the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > conferring or consulting > a conference > particular types of

parliament?a1400

diet1471

symposiac1603

by-conference1625

guestling1629

sanhedrim1653

comitia1684

symposium1784

assembly1794

powwow1812

neighbourhood meeting1823

colloquium1861

congress1861

party conference1875

indaba1894

press conference1908

case conference1913

story conference1920

telemeeting1973

poster session1974

START1981

presser1988

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 7728 Þorh treist & treus on on assent, þei set a dai of þe parlement opon þe plain of Salesberi.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 147 (MED) Þe Kyng of France & he..Held a parlement [Fr. parlement], gode sikernes to make.

a1450–1509 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (A-version) (1913) 3231 (MED) Þe Sarezynes myȝte nouȝt endour; þey ffledde into þe heyȝe tour And cryede trewes and parlement.

1596 T. Danett tr. P. de Commynes Hist. v. xv. 186 Wherefore they fell to parlament and yeelded it by composition.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. ii. 194 In Carbry, after a certaine Parliament ended betweene the Irish and English, there were taken prisoners.

III. Extended uses.

7. gen. A gathering, meeting; a conference or convocation; a legislative body suggestive of a parliament; a multitude.Often used of a noisy gathering of birds, esp. rooks, probably after Chaucer (see quot. a1400).

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > of people or animals

lathingc897

sameningc950

gatheringc1000

ymongOE

droveOE

companya1275

routc1300

assembly1330

queleta1382

sembly1389

parliamenta1400

sankinga1400

concoursec1440

riotc1440

ensemblyc1500

unity1543

resorta1557

congress1639

resemblance1662

boorach1704

group1711

parade1722

assemblage1742

roll-up1861

agora1886

a1400 G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Retraction 1086 The book of Seint Valentynes day of the parlement [v.r. parliment] of briddes.

c1460 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 782 (MED) The roial lioun leete calle a parlement [v.r. perlement].

1591 H. Smith Preparatiue to Mariage 42 A man neuer abandoneth euill, vntill hee abandon euill companie: for no good is concluded in this parliament.

a1634 J. Day (title) An olde manuscript conteyneing the parlament of bees.

1728 H. Fielding Love in Several Masques ii. i. 15 I sometimes look on my Drawing-Room as a little Parliament of Fools, to which every different Body sends its Representatives.

1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 323 This would bear a smart Debate, I fansy, in a Parliament of Women.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 105 Till..the battle-flags were furl'd In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.

1849 H. Melville Redburn xxxiii. 209 In the collective spars and timbers of these ships, all the forests of the globe are represented, as in a grand parliament of masts.

1893 J. H. Barrows (title) The World's Parliament of Religions..held in Chicago in connection with the Columbian Exposition of 1893.

1903 Daily Chron. 9 Dec. 4/4 The Cricket Parliament at Lord's.

1905 R. B. Smith Bird Life x. 386 Two such ‘Parliaments of rooks’ I have had the opportunity of watching, from early times.

1968 J. Lipton Exaltation of Larks 57 (caption) A parliament of owls.

1998 Times (Nexis) 28 May (Sport section) No sooner had my ideas for gingering up Formula One been printed..than I get a chance to present them to the one man who might push them through racing's parliament.

8. Short for parliament cake n. at Compounds 3. Now rare (in later use historical).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > gingerbread

gingerbreada1450

dry leach1570

pepper-gingerbread1598

pepper bread1611

gingerbread nut1734

ginger cake1758

ginger nut1786

parkin1800

parliament gingerbread1809

parliament1812

parliament cake1818

parley1825

spice-nut1829

Pfefferkuchen1856

Hoosier cake1859

1812 H. Smith & J. Smith Rejected Addr. 52 Crisp parliament with lollypops, And fingers of the Lady.

1828 D. M. Moir Life Mansie Wauch iii. 30 As for the ginger-bread, I shall not attempt a description... Roundabouts, and snaps,..and parliaments.

1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxxviii. 343 Gorging the boy with apples and parliament.

1881 Proc. Geogr. Soc. 3 515 They [sc. the walls] look exactly as if they were made of the sort of gingerbread called ‘parliament’.

1905 Daily Chron. 31 Aug. 4/7 Our correspondent who wondered as to the precise nature of the ‘parliament’ consumed by Thackeray's Georgy Osborne may be interested to learn that it was a species of gingerbread, sold in small, thin, hard cakes.

Phrases

to go into Parliament: to become a member of Parliament.

ΚΠ

1761 A. Murphy Way to keep Him (ed. 4) 26 Did I not go into parliament, Madam, to please you?

1765 C. Johnstone Chrysal III. i. xiv. 85 If I should grow tired of idleness, go into Parliament there, and turn Patriot, and make speeches for the good of my country.

1795 T. Gisborne Enq. Duties Men (ed. 2) I. p. xiii A Barrister should not prematurely go into Parliament.

1888 J. McCarthy & R. C. Praed Ladies' Gallery I. iii. 62 He wanted to go into Parliament.

1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 2 Sept. 547/2 The German medical profession used to encourage and subsidize candidates from the profession who wanted to go into parliament.

2001 S. Macintyre in J. Faulkner & S. Macintyre True Believers ii. 27 Those comrades who went into Parliament drifted out of active involvement.

Compounds

C1. (In the sense ‘of or belonging to a (or the) parliament’, parliamentary.)

† parliament-barge n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1606 in Nichols Progr. Jas. I (1828) II. 53 The King of Great Britain passed in the Parliament-barge to Gravesend.

† parliament book n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1640 R. Baillie Let. 12 Dec. (1841) I. 281 The Cancelling..was registrate in the Parliament-books of that second session.

1897 Dict. National Biogr. at Selden, John For his connection with Inner Temple: the entries in the parliament books under respective dates.

parliament buildings n.

ΚΠ

1846 Littell's Living Age 7 Nov. 385/2 The members of both branches of the legislature, who, in their way to, and return from, parliament-buildings, had to walk almost underneath it twice a day during the session.

1871 Proc. Royal Soc. 1870–71 19 124 It was ascertained that the National Standards of Length and Weight (then preserved in the Parliament-buildings) were entirely ruined.

1991 Canad. Geographic Dec. 28/1 The log drive was once a fixture in the Canadian landscape; the 1973 issue of the $1 bill depicted logs and a tugboat on the Ottawa River, beneath the Parliament buildings.

parliament business n.

ΚΠ

1621 Earl of Southampton Answer in Proc. & Deb. House of Commons 1620 & 1621 (1766) II. App. sig. Aaa8^v When he went out he spake with them..of what was doing in their House, and of other Parliament Businesses.

1691 T. D'Urfey Love for Money iii. ii. 34 I'le have him hang'd, I'le make a Parliament business of it.

1904 N.E.D. at Parliament sb.¹ Parliament business.

2003 BBC Monitoring Internat. Rep. (Nexis) 10 Aug. The MMA warned the government of not letting it run the parliament business till the resolution of basic and contentious constitutional issues.

parliament censure n.

ΚΠ

1904 N.E.D. at Parliament sb.¹ Parliament censure.

1976 Facts on File World News Digest (Nexis) 14 Aug. (Other Nations section) West Berlin Mayor..weathered a city parliament censure attempt by a majority of 77–65.

2002 Associated Press Worldstream (Nexis) 5 Feb. (Internat. News section) A political imbroglio in Canada, where Defense Minister..faces possible Parliament censure for making conflicting statements.

parliament day n.

ΚΠ

?a1592 W. Elderton Merry Newes (1606) 2 They agreed to haue a Parliament day, To set the decrees at an excellent stay.

1868 T. Carlyle in O. Cromwell Lett. & Speeches II. vii. 8 Next Parliament-day we do fix a limit, Three years hence, 3d November, 1654.

1904 N.E.D. at Parliament sb.¹ Parliament day.

parliament diary n.

ΚΠ

1738 T. Birch Life Milton I. App. 70 Lord Altham declar'd, That he had been turning over his Father's Papers, amongst which he found a Parliament-Diary, written by himself.

2000 Financial Times (Nexis) 13 May (Off Centre section) 8 This says a lot about the narrow gauge of Brussels life, a place which dances to the drumbeat of the Commission and parliament diary.

† parliament fee n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1560 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1875) III. 73 William Henrisoun constable deputt..had..vsit extortioun of custome at the portis of this burgh, alledgeand the samyn to pertene to him as his perliament fie.

1581 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 428 Certane small custumes, callit of auld the Parliament fee or archearis wyne.

1600 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1927) V. 275 Dischairge..the touns customeris of all taking of doubill customes quhilk thai callit parliament feis.

parliament fine n.

ΚΠ

a1686 J. Turner Mem. (1829) 143 Threttie horse were appointed to follow me for bringing the parliaments fines as they were called.

2000 Associated Press Worldstream (Nexis) 6 Mar. (Internat. News section) The party filed a 75-page complaint in a Berlin court against the parliament fine.

† parliament gentleman n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1629 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times Charles I (1848) (modernized text) II. 35 What passed between the judges and our parliament gentlemen upon their appearance the first day of the term, the enclosed will inform you.

1788 A. Falconbridge Acct. Slave Trade 8 They [sc. the Kings of Bonny] are assisted in the government by a small number of persons of a certain rank, who stile themselves parliament gentlemen; an office which they generally hold for life.

1880 A. Trollope Duke's Children III. xviii. 208 I thought all you Parliament gentlemen were going through your ceremonies.

parliament journal n.

ΚΠ

1858 Littell's Living Age 10 Apr. 85/1 The young counsellers uttered magnificent harangues, says the ‘Parliament Journal’, which had in them something of old Rome.

1904 N.E.D. at Parliament sb.¹ Parliament journal.

parliament knight n.

ΚΠ

1904 N.E.D. at Parliament sb.¹ Parliament knight.

parliament news n.

ΚΠ

1858 Littell's Living Age 26 June 1007/1 I'm tellin' The Parliament news, fit to blister my tongue! Oppress'd and out-voted, my bosom is swellin'.

2002 Business Line (Nexis) 13 Dec. Doordarshan should make its Parliamentary coverage lively by including video-clippings from the day's proceedings in Parliament in its evening programmes ‘Parliament News’ and ‘Doordarshan Samachaar’.

parliament people n.

ΚΠ

1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier ii. 199 If the Parliament People had seen those things abroad, as I had, they would not have complained.

1868 T. Carlyle Cromwell II. ix. 228 We did hint these things to the Parliament people by several persons, who acquainted them therewith.

2003 Fox on Rec. with G. Van Susteren (transcription of TV programme) (Nexis) 31 July The parliament people, at that time, they was [sic] like the marionette, just like our parliament now.

† parliament prisoner n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1629 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times Charles I (1848) (modernized text) II. 15 Proceedings against the parliament prisoners in the Star Chamber.

1866 E. R. Charles Draytons & Davenants 292 At first they talked of treating all the Parliament prisoners as traitors.

parliament robe n.

ΚΠ

1453 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1855) II. 192 (MED) I will yat Thomas, my son, have my parlement robe.

1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum ii. ii. 42 The last day of that Parliament or session the Prince commeth in person in his Parliament robes.

1622 in Sc. Antiquary (1899) 13 162 The parliament roab..of ride crimsone velvet.

1895 Dict. National Biogr. at Perrot, Sir John He had taken with him his parliament robes and cloth of state.

1984 16th Cent. Jrnl. 15 374 She first examines the members of the House and their chamber, including in sequence the king, the prince, seating in the chamber, parliament robes and daily attire [etc.].

parliament time n.

ΚΠ

1442 in J. Graves Proc. King's Council Ireland (1877) 286 (MED) I hade noo knowleche þerof at þe Parliament tyme be cause of mynn newe comyng into youer seide lande.

1671 F. Philipps Regale Necessarium 467 He refused to give leave..to distrein the Bishop of St. Davids in Parliament time.

1890 Dict. National Biogr. at Harpsfield, Nicholas He was..one of the eight learned catholics who were appointed to hold a disputation with a like number of protestant champions at Westminster in parliament time.

2002 World Markets Anal. (Nexis) 25 Oct. (In Brief section) With parliament dissolved today ahead of the presidential elections slated for December, the bill is unlikely to see any parliament time this year.

C2. In the sense ‘made or ordained by Parliament’ (esp. in hostile contexts).

† parliament-church n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > kinds of church government > establishmentarianism > [noun] > instance of

parliament-faith1565

parliament religion1565

Established Church1628

state church1644

national church1645

parliament-church1707

establishmenta1732

law-church1826

1707 G. Hickes Two Treat. Pref. p. ccxxxiv We have a Parliament-Religion,..Parliament-Bishops, and a Parliament-Church.

1726 J. Trapp Popery i. 63 They call our Church..a Parliament-church.

† parliament-faith n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > kinds of church government > establishmentarianism > [noun] > instance of

parliament-faith1565

parliament religion1565

Established Church1628

state church1644

national church1645

parliament-church1707

establishmenta1732

law-church1826

1565 T. Harding Confut. Apol. Church of Eng. vi. ii. f. 278 Let vs not be blamed, if we call it parlament religion, parlament gospell, parlament faith.

1658 F. Osborne Trad. Mem. Reign Elizabeth 77 in Hist. Mem. Reigns Elizabeth & Iames The Doctrine professed most generally in England borne in forraigne nations the name of Parliament-Faith.

parliament law n.

ΚΠ

1609 Bible (Douay) I. 2 Kings v. comm. Those that..goe to church, to shew them selves obedient to the Parliament law.

1868 Harper's Mag. Apr. 602/2 Hence the Parliament-law is invariably against Unions.

2003 Times (Nexis) 28 June (Overseas News section) 19 His power to push through parliament laws.

† parliament religion n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > kinds of church government > establishmentarianism > [noun] > instance of

parliament-faith1565

parliament religion1565

Established Church1628

state church1644

national church1645

parliament-church1707

establishmenta1732

law-church1826

1565 T. Harding Confut. Apol. Church of Eng. vi. ii. f. 278 Let vs not be blamed, if we call it parlament religion, parlament gospell, parlament faith.

1707 G. Hickes Two Treat. Pref. p. ccxxxiv We have a Parliament-Religion,..Parliament-Bishops, and a Parliament-Church.

1894 Overland Monthly June 674 (advt.) World's Parliament Religions. By Dr. John Henry Barrows, in two volumes of 800 pages each.

C3.

Parliament Army n. now historical (also with lower-case initials) the Parliamentarian forces in the English Civil War; = parliamentary army n. at parliamentary adj. and n. Compounds, New Model Army n. at new model n. and adj. Compounds.

ΚΠ

1645 Relation of Victory on Naseby Field in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1899) 14 17 News being brought them..that Iron~sides was comming to joyne with the Parliament's Army.]

1650 A. B. Mutatus Polemo 16 The poor Cabbs had been all surprised, if not surrendred to our Parliament Army.

1771 O. Goldsmith Hist. Eng. III. 277 One of the generals of the parliament army.

1887 Harper's Mag. June 39/2 Some of them that were new come said that the Parliament army was broken, and others that the King's men were being borne back.

2003 Times (Nexis) 2 May (Features section) 25 Thomas, Lord Fairfax of Cameron, Lord General of the Parliament Army.

parliament cake n. a thin flat type of gingerbread.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > gingerbread

gingerbreada1450

dry leach1570

pepper-gingerbread1598

pepper bread1611

gingerbread nut1734

ginger cake1758

ginger nut1786

parkin1800

parliament gingerbread1809

parliament1812

parliament cake1818

parley1825

spice-nut1829

Pfefferkuchen1856

Hoosier cake1859

1818 Examiner 24 May 331/2 One sort [of cake] are bought and sold almost in every town in England..Parliament cakes.

1965 ‘M. Innes’ Appleby at Allington i. vi. 51 Bewildering Mrs. Pecover by referring to her gingerbread as parliament-cake.

2002 Daily Mail (Nexis) 15 Feb. 78 The traditional recipe for Parliament cake is: 4 oz butter or margarine 2 oz caster sugar 8 oz flour 1 large egg 2tbsp golden syrup or black treacle 1tsp ground ginger.

Parliament chamber n. a room in which Parliament or a parliament meets (formerly spec. that in the Old Palace of Westminster).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > [noun] > place of meeting

Parliament chamber1410

parliament house1440

senatoire1474

senatory1474

senate-house?1556

state house1608

senate1616

Thing-field1847

Thing-stead1847

1410 in M. T. Löfvenberg Contrib. Middle Eng. Lexicogr. & Etymol. (1946) 95 [At] Lambhethe [in a great chamber then called the] Parlement Chambre.

1540 Act 31 Hen. VIII c. 10 No person (except only the Kings children) shal at any time hereafter..presume, to sit or haue place at any side of the cloth of estate in the Parliament chamber.

1702 F. Atterbury Case Schedule Stated 26 The Place of that Common Parlance was call'd the Parliament Chamber.

1896 Law Times 102 123/2 A Parliament chamber [sc. in the Inns of Court] is close tiled, except for purposes of discipline affecting character.

1954 G. Godwin Middle Temple 130 In the Parliament Chamber of the Middle Temple there is a portrait of Hyde, the first Earl of Clarendon, by Sir Peter Lely.

1994 Social Forces 73 779 The possibility that ‘public space’, such as the sports arena, parliament chambers, and parade ground, has moved into the living room.

† Parliament Christmas n. Obsolete an opprobrious name for Christmas as dated according to the Gregorian calendar (introduced by the British Parliament in 1751).

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > liturgical year > feast, festival > specific Christian festivals > Christmas > [noun] > new style

Parliament Christmas1837

1837 R. Southey Doctor IV. 71 There were people..who refused to keep what they called Parliament Christmas.

† parliament gingerbread n. Obsolete = parliament cake n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > gingerbread

gingerbreada1450

dry leach1570

pepper-gingerbread1598

pepper bread1611

gingerbread nut1734

ginger cake1758

ginger nut1786

parkin1800

parliament gingerbread1809

parliament1812

parliament cake1818

parley1825

spice-nut1829

Pfefferkuchen1856

Hoosier cake1859

1809 L. Hunt in Examiner 10 Dec. 788/1 They might well have said, because Sir William Curtis was about to make Parliament-gingerbread.

1861 C. M. Yonge Stokesley Secret iii. 39 A stall full of parliament gingerbread.

† parliament heel n. Nautical Obsolete the inclination of a ship caused by a shift of ballast, or when deliberately listed so that part of its side is exposed above the waterline for cleaning, painting, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > [noun] > fitting out or equipping ships > cleaning and recoating bottom > tilting ship to clean side

parliament heel1769

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine sig. Ee2 Parliament-heel, the situation of a ship, when she is made to stoop a little to one side, so as to clean the upper part of her bottom on the other side.

1784 Ann. Reg. 1782 Hist. Europe 225*/2 The Royal George..should receive a sort of slight careen, which the seamen..call a parliament heel.

parliament hinge n. a hinge which projects from a wall or frame far enough to allow a door or shutter to swing back against the wall.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > hinge > other types of hinge

window band1419

garnet1459

cross-garnet1659

side hinge1678

H hinge1726

strap hinge1737

butt1765

setback hinges1833

parliament hinge1841

pin hinge1910

1841 C. Cist Cincinnati in 1841 247 The lighter castings kept in hardware stores—butt and parliament hinges, for example—will be made here.

1999 Daily Record (Glasgow) (Nexis) 20 Mar. 33 Parliament hinges. You can buy these in steel or brass, and they have projecting knuckles which let the door swing clear of the frame when you open it.

parliament ordinance n. an ordinance enacted by Parliament.

ΚΠ

1678 I. Walton Life of Sanderson sig. f2^v [At Oxford] they that complied not in taking the Covenant, Negative Oath, and Parliament Ordinance for Church Discipline and Worship, were under a sad and daily apprehension of expulsion.

2003 www.doktorindia.com 24 Oct. (O.E.D. Archive) Hitherto, the bids were directly called by the ministry before a Parliament ordinance of 1998 warranted a change in the bid pattern.

Parliament Roll n. now historical one of a series of rolled documents in which the acts and proceedings of the British Parliament were formerly recorded.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > record > written record > [noun] > official record

libel1297

lettersc1300

rolla1325

billc1374

sealc1380

Parliament Roll1444

enrolment1603

1444 Rolls of Parl. V. 73/1 More pleynly it may appere be an Acte therof made in this Parlement Rolle.

a1656 R. Gordon Geneal. Hist. Earldom of Sutherland (1813) 426 In the which parlament roll the Earle of Southerland is..ranked immediately before the Earl of Mar.

1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. i. iv. 17 The practice commenced..of entering the petitions..on the Parliament Rolls.

1992 Weekly Law Rep. 4 Dec. 1000 This was not only an order of the Sovereign but an Act by the Parliament, since it is in the Parliament Rolls and under the authority of Parliament.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	parliament
释义	parliamentn.¹ Brit. /ˈpɑːlᵻm(ə)nt/, U.S. /ˈpɑrləm(ə)nt/ Forms: Middle English paralament (probably transmission error), Middle English parleamente, Middle English parlemen, Middle English parlemente, Middle English parlementt, Middle English parllement, Middle English parlment, Middle English parlyamente, Middle English parlyment, Middle English parlymente, Middle English perlement, Middle English perliamente, Middle English perlyment, Middle English–1500s perlyament, Middle English–1600s parlament, Middle English–1600s parleament, Middle English–1600s parliamente, Middle English–1600s parliment, Middle English–1600s parlyament, Middle English–1600s perlament, Middle English–1700s parlement, Middle English– parliament, 1500s perlementt, 1500s perliament, 1600s pareliament, 1600s parleement, 1600s parliamen, 1600s parliamentt; Scottish pre-1700 pairlament, pre-1700 pairliament, pre-1700 parlaiment, pre-1700 parleament, pre-1700 parlieament, pre-1700 parliement, pre-1700 parlment, pre-1700 parlyament, pre-1700 parlyment, pre-1700 perlament, pre-1700 perlement, pre-1700 perliament, pre-1700 perlyament, pre-1700 pralement (transmission error), pre-1700 1700s parlement, pre-1700 1700s– parlament, pre-1700 1700s– parliament, 1800s paurleement, 1800s paurliament, 1800s perliment. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French parlement, parliament. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman parlement, parliment, parliament and Old French, Middle French parlement (French parlement ) discussion, conversation, meeting, negotiation (c1100), deliberative council or assembly (c1165–81), council or assembly sitting in the court of justice (1176), assembly of notables called to deliberate or take an important decision (c1208), the royal council in judiciary session, the sovereign court of justice (1260; in official use in France until 1798, subsequently historical), (in England) court or council summoned by the monarch (1258 with reference to the Provisions of Oxford) < parler parle v. + -ment -ment suffix. Compare post-classical Latin parlamentum (in British sources also frequently parliamentum ) meeting, discussion, parley (12th cent.; from 13th cent. in British sources), court or council summoned by the monarch (13th cent.; frequently 1236–1588 in British sources), and also Italian parlamento (1219 in sense 5b; compare also post-classical Latin parlamentum, 12th cent. in this sense).The development of the forms in -ia- has not been fully explained, nor is it clear in which language they first developed. They perhaps arose by analogy with French verbs in -ier and Latin verbs in -iare and their derivatives (compare e.g. post-classical Latin maniamentum at manyment n., post-classical Latin merciamentum and Anglo-Norman merciament at merciament n., etc.). Occasional forms in -men may show loss of final -t after n (see further E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §398). In senses 5a and 5b after French parlement and Italian parlamento respectively; compare also later unassimilated borrowing of the two words:1877 J. Morley Crit. Misc. 2nd Ser. 228 The parlements took up their judicial arms in defence of abuses and against reform.1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 428/1 When little more than twenty-one years of age he was..appointed one of the three advocates-general to the parlement of Paris.1987 I. Scouloudi Huguenots in Brit. 161 The articles [of the Edict of Nantes] were accompanied by two royal brevets..not submitted to the parlements for registration.1925 C. Roth Last Florentine Republic 337 On 4 April 1532, a Parlamento was held—the last in the history of Florence.1978 D. Kent Rise of Medici 6 The ‘people’ of a Parlamento were always coerced by armed force in the piazza; the Parliament was not called to gain popular consent, but to take government out of the hands of the people. With sense 7 compare Anglo-Norman parliament (beginning of the 14th cent. of a gathering of birds); on bird assemblies in medieval literature see W. E. Farnham The Fowls in Chaucer's Parlement in Wisc. Univ. Stud. in Lang. & Lit. (1918) 2 340–366. I. Senses relating to organized assemblies. 1. A formal conference or council, esp. an assembly of magnates summoned (usually by a monarch) for the discussion of some matter or matters of general importance. Now historical except as an earlier stage of sense 2, into which, in later use, it merged.Used spec. to denote (a) the assembly of the great lords of the kingdom in the early period of the French monarchy; (b) (in 13th-cent. England) one of the Great Councils of the early Plantagenet Kings; (c) (retrospectively) one of the councils of earlier kings before and after the Norman Conquest; (d) (in extended or allusive use) a similar council of ancient times, or of a foreign nation. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > council of state > [noun] hustinga1030 Great Councilc1275 council1297 parliamentc1300 privy councilc1390 divan1586 Council of State1611 legislative council1651 c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) 531 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 121 Þo heo comen to þe parlement [to clarindone], þe king axede heom a-non Ȝweþur heo wolden holde þe lawes ase heore Auncestres heolden. c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) 216 (MED) Make ȝou þan a parlement & chese ȝou a newe king. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 310 (MED) Hit ys ordeynt be parlyment among ous to ben yholde, þat wat be rewarded be tweyre assent þe þridde assenty sholde. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 5497 (MED) Þar ras an vncut king Þat..gedir[d] him a parlement [a1400 Fairf. lete cry a parlement; a1400 Gött. made..ane parlement]. a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Washington) (1965) 522 (MED) Anoon þei alle forth wente And made a ful greet parlemente [v.r. kepte a grete perliamente]. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 111 After that he kepede a parliament [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. made a parlemente] at Oxenford, where Ynglische men and Danes were acorded to observe the lawes of kynge Edgarus. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 9379 Palomydon a perlement puruait anon, And the grete of þe grekes gedrit he somyn. 1565 A. Golding tr. Caesar Martiall Exploytes in Gallia i. f. 22 They made request that it might be lawfull for them to sommon a Parlament of Gallia at a certain day. 1587 J. Hooker Chron. Ireland 120/2 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II It was more like a bearebaiting of disordered persons, than a parlement of wise and graue men. 1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 3 I could name him who from his private house wrote that discourse to the Parlament of Athens, that perswades them to change the forme of Democraty that was then establisht. 1762 D. Hume Hist. Eng. to Henry VII II. xii. 9 In a parliament, summoned at Oxford (for the great councils began about this time [sc. 1222] to receive that appellation). 1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. i. iii. 15 In the reign of Edward I the word ‘Parliaments’ was frequently applied to the assemblies of the four great courts as well as to the Great Council of the realm. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xiv. §175 (margin) Parliament of 1242. First report of a debate. 1907 Catholic Encycl. II. 501/1 A parliament was convoked at Vezelay in Burgundy in 1134, and Bernard preached before the assembly. 1998 Britannica Online (Version 98.2) The Curia Regis members..often remained to complete business after the magnates had been sent home; the proceedings of Parliament were not formally ended until they had accomplished their tasks. 2. Frequently with capital initial. The supreme executive legislature of the United Kingdom, consisting of the Sovereign, the House of Lords, composed of peers and bishops, and the House of Commons, composed of the elected members. a. Successive assemblies of the members of this legislature, viewed as a continuous or permanent institution.In this sense usually without article, except in speaking of such institutions in different countries, as ‘the Irish Parliament’, ‘the Scottish Parliament’, etc. (see sense 3).Act of Parliament, Clerk of the Parliaments, High Court of Parliament, Imperial Parliament, Member of Parliament, Writ of Parliament: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > [noun] mootOE councilc1275 mootingc1275 dayc1300 assembly1366 consistoryc1374 house1389 parliamentc1390 convention1554 synodal1573 synod1578 synedrion1581 convenement1603 gemot1643 consessus1646 legislative council1651 national assembly1702 council-general1817 concilium1834 runanga1857 society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > English or British parliament > [noun] High Courtc1300 parliamentc1390 Westminster1845 Mother of Parliaments1865 c1390 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 153 (MED) Þis pore prechour þei wolen apeche At counseyl and at parliment. c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. iv. 34 (MED) Þanne com pes into þe parlement & putte vp a bille How wrong, aȝen his wil, hadde his wyf take. ?c1430 (?1383) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 329 (MED) Þes worldly prelatis..sitten in Perlement and conseilen þat oure gentelmen schullen goo out of oure lond to werre wiþ Cristene men. 1454 Rolls of Parl. V. 239/2 The said Thomas shuld be relessed by Privelegge of Parlement. 1614 C. Cornwallis in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 166 What I had conceited to speak in Parliament. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. ii. x. §164. f. 109 ^v Parliament is the highest and most honourable and absolute court of justice in England, consisting of the king, the lords of parliament, and the commons. 1706 Act 6 Anne c. 11. §3 That the United Kingdom of Great Britain be represented by One and the same Parliament to be stiled The Parliament of Great Britain. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. ii. 161 Some have not scrupled to call its power, by a figure rather too bold, the omnipotence of parliament. 1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 161 This Shire and that of Cathness send a Member to Parlement alternatly. 1862 Sat. Rev. 5 July 13 The extraordinary scene that would ensue if Parliament should..suddenly enact that the custom of Borough-English should prevail through the realm. 1964 C. V. Wedgwood Trial of Charles I (1967) i. 11 These concessions would have transformed Parliament from an advisory body—which was what it had always been in practice, into the governing power of the nation which it had long striven to be. 1988 Bella 4 Apr. 11/4 If I'd called it the General Holidays Act, it probably would never have got through Parliament. 2002 Independent 17 June i. 15/2 A means of informing Parliament on matters the Government wished to make known to the House. b. An assembly of the members of this legislature, as summoned by a sovereign for a particular period; esp. such an assembly between one dissolution and the next (a period now limited to a maximum of five years, but formerly unfixed and unlimited, as was the interval between assemblies). Usually preceded by the definite or indefinite article.This sense is, in origin, merely a development of sense 1, corresponding to the gradual evolution of the modern parliament from the Great Council (see note at sense 1). Following the chroniclers, historians and writers have used ‘parliament’ to denote councils held from the mid 13th cent. onwards, but the first parliament to include representations from the boroughs was established during the reign of Edward I (1272–1307).Particular parliaments have also been individualized by distinctive names, either contemporaneously or by later historians and writers, as addled, Barebone's, cavalier, convention, devil's, good, great, lack-learning, lay, little, long, marvellous, merciless, nominated, pension, pensionary, pensioner, rump, short, unlearned, unmerciful, unreported, useless, wonderful, wonder-working Parliament: see the first element. Parliament of bats n. (also Parliament of bludgeons) now historical the parliament of 1426, which outlawed the carrying of swords. Parliament of Dunces n. [after post-classical parliamentum indoctorum (early 15th cent. in a British source)] historical (another name for) the Unlearned Parliament of 1404, from which lawyers were excluded. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > English or British parliament > [noun] > a particular English or British parliament parliamenta1513 Unlearned Parliament1643 Exclusion Parliament1700 Parliament of bats1875 Parliament of Dunces1889 ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 244 To London he [sc. Edward I] went..He sent to his barouns, a parlement to hold. 1426–7 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 11 Be billes in þe too last parlementz holden at Westminster and at Leycestre. a1500 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 120 (MED) Ye schal haue a new king At a new parlement. 1503–4 Act 19 Hen. VII xxviii. Preamb. His Highnes is not mynded..to calle & somone a newe parliament. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. clxxvi^v This was clepyd of the Comon people the parlyament of Battes the cause was for Proclamacyons were made y^t men shulde leue theyr Swerdes... The people toke great battes & stauys. 1546 Supplic. Poor Commons sig. a.iiii ^v They were not al sturdie beggers that were in the parlament when this lawe was stablessed. 1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 50 Hee thought to make his Vantage upon his Parliament. 1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. iv. xvii. sig. Gg7^v Grievances..for whose prevention, or redress, Parliaments are wont to be assembled, and Laws to be enacted. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. ii. 104 In this interval, between the sealing the Writs and the convention of a Parliament, the Lord keeper Coventry died. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. ii. 160 These are the constituent parts of a parliament; the king, the lords spiritual and temporal, and the commons. 1860 C. Innes Scotl. in Middle Ages vii. 213 The earliest Parliament that can be proved..to have resembled the present legislative constitution of England by summons of citizens and burgesses is 49 Hen. III, a.d. 1265. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. III. xviii. 103 Called by the annalists the parliament of bats or bludgeons. 1885 W. E. Gladstone Speech in Comm. 16 Nov. After sitting in 12 Parliaments a man begins to have, if he has any brains at all, the capacity and faculty of knowing what a particular Parliament can do and is likely to do. 1889 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Parliament of Dunces, a Parliament convened at Coventry by Henry IV. in 1404; so called because all lawyers were excluded from it. 1945 W. S. Churchill in Times 22 May 4/1 Let us discuss means of taking the nation's opinion..on the issue whether in these conditions the life of this Parliament should be further prolonged. 1997 Economist 25 Jan. 31/2 He [sc. a British prime minister] can go to the country at any time he chooses before the end of a Parliament's five years. 2002 Courier (Aberystwth Univ. Students' Union) June 10/1 Promises made last year about ‘no-top up fees in this parliament’ are being recalled. c. Usually with capital initial. The members of Parliament, or of a particular parliament, esp. when acting in unison or regarded as having a single purpose, will, etc.Not always clearly distinguishable from the assembly or the institution (see senses 2a, 2b). ΚΠ c1475 J. Hardyng Chron. (Selden) f. 154^v The parlament than for his misgou^ernauⁿce Deposid him [sc. Richard II]. 1549 Duke of Somerset in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) II. vi. 409 Parliament cannot be assembled before Allhallowntide. 1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Suffolk xxii. 1 [They] applyed the Parliament with billes. 1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 215 The Dislike the Parliament had of Gaoling of them. 1661 A. Marvell Let. 18 May in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 24 The Parlament is always very nice & curious in this point. 1714 J. Swift Free Thoughts upon Present State Affairs in Miscell. Prose (1742) 362 The Regents appointed by Parliament upon the Demise of the Crown. a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) II. xvi. 262 The Games of Rowly Powly and Passage..were suppressed by Parliament, and,..not to be played after the 25th of March 1745. 1774 T. Jefferson Rights of Brit. Amer. in Writings (1984) 120 He therefore applied to parliament who passed an act for that purpose. 1896 Law Q. Rev. July 201 We are pretty sure it is not the law Parliament intended to make. 1919 M. Beer Hist. Brit. Socialism I. ii. iv. 156 In 1816 Parliament declared it [sc. gold] to be the only legal tender. 1980 M. Shoard Theft of Countryside iii. xiii. 150 It cannot be compulsorily acquired by government departments..or any other agency without Parliament's approval. 2001 Times 11 Dec. ii. 21/3 Parliament did consider extending its [sc. the Environmental Protection Act of 1990] scope to floodlights and security lights but decided against it. d. The place where Parliament meets; Parliament House.In later use, without article, frequently merging with sense 2a. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > English or British parliament > [noun] > place of Painted Chamberc1543 parliament1547 1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes sig. Fiij^v This was done in Parliamente, by consente of the thre estates. 1558 J. Knox First Blast against Monstruous Regiment Women f. 10^v A woman sitteth crowned in parliament amongest the middest of men. 1628 Earl of Manchester in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 268 Werden tells me he hath provided you [with a lodging] not far from the Parliament. 1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. viii. 217 In five Years together, he went but twice up to Parliament . View more context for this quotation 1879 Harper's Mag. Dec. 42/1 There have been persons in the halls of Parliament and on the floor of Congress who have attempted to assert themselves Englishmen and Americans, with the intent to be impressive in their patriotism. 1939 P. G. Wodehouse Let. 23 Apr. in Yours, Plum (1990) iii. 87 Someone ought to get up in Parliament and call Hitler a swine. 1992 Dogs Today Aug. (BNC) Pit Bull owners demonstrate outside Parliament. 3. The title of the corresponding legislative bodies in other countries. Formerly: applied to the legislative assemblies of Scotland and Ireland, and the local deliberative assemblies of some British colonies (now historical). In modern use: the title of the legislative bodies of certain other countries (esp. former British dependencies, as Australia, Canada, etc.). Also applied to the modern Scottish assembly, and, more generally, to the legislative assemblies of other countries, as France, Germany, Russia, etc. (cf. also sense 5). (European Parliament n. at European adj. and n. Compounds 2b.) a. A meeting, session, or term of office of such a legislature (in early use spec. in Scotland and Ireland); (also as a mass noun) the members of this legislature. Cf. senses 2a, 2c. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > other national governing or legislative bodies > [noun] > in Scotland, Ireland, or colonies parliament1398 Holyrood1998 1398 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 573 Item it is ordanyt þat ilke yhere þe kyng sal halde a parlement. 1428 Close Roll of Ireld. 7 Hen. VI Y^e lordes spiritual and temporels, & communes of your land of Ireland, at your parliament last holden at your citie of Dyvelin [sc. Dublin]. 1477 Crown Office Writ Reg. House No. 68 The quhilk is the first day of the parliament gif it hauldis. a1525 Bk. Sevyne Sagis 2604, in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 83 Than happinnit þe king Incontinent To set a generale parliament. 1537 in T. Blount Law Dict. (1670) Absentees or des Absentees, was a Parliament so called, held at Dublin. 1621 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times James I (1849) (modernized text) II. 267 The King of Denmark..is gone back to a Parliament in Denmark. 1767 B. Franklin in London Chron. 9 Apr. Some..having been of the opinion that an assembly is a kind of little parliament in America, not an executive officer, and as such oblig'd to obey and execute orders. 1834 S. Laing Jrnl. Resid. Norway (1836) 115 The Parliament, or Storthing, is elected and assembled once in three years, and sits for three months, or until the business is dispatched. 1923 Contemp. Rev. Sept. 332 Parliament has been sitting continuously ever since the last Dail elections. 1958 S. Hurwitz in Public Law Autumn 236 A precedent existed in Sweden, where a ‘Justitieombudsman’ and a ‘Militieombudsman’, appointed by Parliament, were introduced in 1809 and in 1915 respectively. 1997 Observer 13 July 24/5 If elections go ahead as planned in 1999 and the Queen opens the first Scottish parliament for three centuries one year later, Mr Dewar will write himself into history. b. Such a legislature regarded as a permanent institution; (also) the building housing it (cf. senses 3a, 2d). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > [noun] > the executive or the legislature parliament1427 legislaturea1676 executive1787 exec1896 1427 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 15/1 That the smal baronis..nede nocht to cum to parliament is nor general consalys. 1498–9 Acts Lords of Council II. 298 According to the lawis and statutis of parliament. 1540 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 383/1 The samin to be actit and insert in his graces bukis of parliament. a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 99 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) How will those be redressed by Parlament, when as the Irish which sway most in Parlament..shall oppose themselves against them? 1639 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1870) V. 250/2 That his hienes commissionar and estates of parliament may ryd solemnelie fra the said palace [sc. Holyroodhouse] in parliament the said day to the parliament house at Edinburghe. 1706 (title) Speech in the Scotch Parliament concerning the Union. 1778 F. Burney Evelina III. xvi. 176 A senator of the nation! a member of the noblest parliament in the world! 1800 H. Grattan Speech 26 May in Speeches (1822) IV. 21 Connection is a wise and a profound policy; but connection without an Irish Parliament, is connection without its own principle..without the pride of honour that should attend it. 1825 Colonial Advocate (Toronto) 20 Jan. 2/5 A corn broom, or a hot brick, has turned the House of Parliament out of doors. 1896 W. E. H. Lecky Democracy & Liberty (1899) I. i. 14 The system of direct election of members of Parliament was not established in France till 1817. 1906 Ann. Rep. Board of Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1905 287 Until a Parliament for Iceland was established in 930 these chieftains were the rulers of the island, each in his district or ‘land-take’. 1966 Style Man. Austral. Govt. Publ. 39 The ranks and decorations of members of the Commonwealth Parliament..are shown in the Commonwealth Directory. 1991 Nation (N.Y.) 23 Sept. 326/1 The young Jew murdered by anticonstitutional mutineers outside the Russian Parliament. 4. Any of various other consultative assemblies. a. Law. A consultative assembly of the members of the Middle or the Inner Temple.The legislative bodies of the Middle and Inner Temple parliaments were originally composed of all the Inn's members and government of the Inns was thus democratic in nature. Since the late 16th cent., however, effective control of the Inn's parliaments, along with executive power in the Inns, has resided in the hands of the benchers. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal profession > lawyer > [noun] > member of Inns of Court > consultative assembly of parliament1557 pension1570 Temple parliament1641 1557 in J. B. Williamson Hist. Temple, London (1924) iii. 163 Yt is enacted at this parliament that everye man shall offer th'accustomable offeringe dayes. 1681 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) I. 94 Last week there was a parliament held in the Inner Temple..to debate the affaires of the house. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) (at cited word) The Societies of the two Temples, or Inns of Court, do likewise call that Assembly a Parliament, wherein they consult about the common Affairs of their respective Houses. 1861 Illustr. London News 39 480/1 The Treasurer..conducted him [sc. the Prince of Wales] to the new Parliament Chamber... A Parliament was then formed of the Masters of the Bench present. 1924 D. P. Barton et al. Story Inns of Court 11 In the Inner Temple and in the Middle Temple a meeting of Benchers for the transaction of the Society's business, is called a ‘Parliament’. 1938 W. S. Holdsworth Hist. Eng. Law xii. 18 At the Middle Temple in 1730 the baristers [sic] and Ardents claimed to have the right to assemble in a Parliament in the vacation, and to propose reforms in the government of the Inn. 1988 Times (Nexis) 7 Nov. On November 10, 1922, a parliament of the Inner Temple ordered him [sc. Mahatma Gandhi] to be disbarred and he was never readmitted. b. An organization or convocation representing a particular group of workers (now historical); spec. (in the stannaries of Devon and Cornwall) a representative assembly of tin miners and tin workers, formerly held to settle grievances and to oversee the general regulation of the mines and smelting works.The Stannary Parliament was formed in 1198 to control tin-mining. In 1508 Henry VII granted it a charter, still effective today, giving it authority over all taxes imposed on those connected with the tin industry. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > types of deliberative or legislative assembly > [noun] > assembly in Stannaries parliament1574 1574 in T. Pearce Laws & Customs Stannaries (1725) 240 The Great Court, or Parliament, of our Sovereign Lady Elizabeth..of the Dutchy of Cornwall holden at Crockerrentorre..before..Frances Earl of Bedford..Lord Warden of the Stannaries of Devon and Cornwall. a1640 T. Risdon Chorogr. Surv. Devon (1811) (modernized text) §215 223 A high rock, called Crocken-Torr, where the parliament for stannary causes is kept. 1686 in Calr. Treasury Papers (1868) 18 His Lordship's letter for the speedy calling a convocation or parliament of tinners. 1752 in Laws of Stannaries (1808) 14 We, the above-said four and twenty stannators being duly elected..to serve in this present convocation, or parliament of Tinners, do agree that [etc.]. 1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism i. 26 The formation of temporary organizations, or ‘parliaments’, of wage-earners, which goes on in London even before the end of the thirteenth century..[is] a proof that the conditions which produced modern trade unionism were not unknown. 1989 Times (Nexis) 29 Aug. Mr Carl Skewes, who represents Penwith and Skerrier in the parliament, said the Stannary exemption extended beyond Cornwall to all tin-miners. 2003 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 6 May The tin miners of Dartmoor's four stannary towns once held their courts and parliaments here. 5. Chiefly representing translations of foreign usages. a. In France, before the Revolution of 1789: any one of the twelve supreme courts of justice (the most important being the Parliament of Paris), in which the edicts, declarations, and ordinances of the king were also registered. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > courts in France Court of Aids1523 parliament1560 presidial1576 presidial court1576 presidial seat1611 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ccccliiij The Senate of Paris, whiche they cal the Parliament. 1626 Let. 3 Nov. in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times Charles I (1848) (modernized text) I. 84 The French king, by sentence of the parliament of Rouen and Rennes hath arrested and in his possession above the worth of £300,000 of our merchants' goods. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word) In France, those high Courts of Justice..are called Sedentary Parlements; and their Assembly of States General is onely equivalent to our Parliament. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The Parliament of Paris is the Principal, and that whose Jurisdiction is of the greatest Extent. This is the chief Court of Justice throughout the Realm. 1772 Ann. Reg. 1771 82 His majesty has thought fit to branch the parliament of Paris into five different parliaments, under the denomination of superior courts. 1994 R. E. Asher & J. M. Y. Simpson Encycl. Lang. & Linguistics I. 416/2 De Brosses made a brilliant career in the Dijon Parliament of which he became President (1741). b. Chiefly historical. Any of various local or national assemblies in Italy; spec. a public meeting of the citizens of the medieval city-state of Florence, a parlamento. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > other national governing or legislative bodies > [noun] > of Italian republics > of Florence parliament1832 1832 J.-C.-L. S. de Sismondi Hist. Ital. Republics i. 22 This meeting of all the men of the state capable of bearing arms was called a parliament. 1900 E. G. Gardner Florence ii. 56 The State was reorganised, and a new constitution confirmed in a solemn Parliament held in the Piazza. 1978 D. Kent Rise of Medici 6 The ‘people’ of a Parlamento were always coerced by armed force in the piazza; the Parliament was not called to gain popular consent, but to take government out of the hands of the people. 1989 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 202/1 Originating primarily from the earlier feudal assemblies, the parliaments of the 13th and 14th centuries reflected an attempt to give the towns..an influential place in the political structure of the monarchical states. II. Speech, discussion. 6. a. A period of speaking; a discourse, speech, talk, conversation; esp. a discussion, consultation, or debate between two or more people; a meeting. Now regional. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > [noun] speechc725 spellc888 tonguec897 spellingc1000 wordOE mathelingOE redec1275 sermonc1275 leeda1300 gale13.. speakc1300 speaking1303 ledenc1320 talea1325 parliamentc1325 winda1330 sermoningc1330 saying1340 melinga1375 talkingc1386 wordc1390 prolationa1393 carpinga1400 eloquencec1400 utteringc1400 language?c1450 reporturec1475 parleyc1490 locutionc1500 talk1539 discourse1545 report1548 tonguec1550 deliverance1553 oration1555 delivery1577 parling1582 parle1584 conveying1586 passage1598 perlocution1599 wording1604 bursta1616 ventilation1615 loquency1623 voicinga1626 verbocination1653 loquence1677 pronunciation1686 loquel1694 jawinga1731 talkee-talkee?1740 vocification1743 talkation1781 voicing1822 utterancy1827 voicing1831 the spoken word1832 outness1851 verbalization1851 voice1855 outgiving1865 stringing1886 praxis1950 the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > conferring or consulting > a conference councilc1275 parliamentc1325 consultationc1425 interview1514 view1520 talk1551 parle1552 colloquy1570 parley?a1580 enterparle1584 interparley1590 conference1592 enterparley1594 enterparlance1595 consult1600 antiparle1602 deliberation1632 consulto1659 conversation1703 palaver1735 consulta1768 korero1807 powwow1812 council-general1817 concilium1834 talk-in1966 think-in1966 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 3519 (MED) Þere he huld is parlement, wat were best to done. c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 500 Takeþ good tent Þat ȝe holde no parlyment Wiþ no cristen mon Whon ȝe come þe Churche with-Inne. ?a1425 (?a1350) T. Castleford Chron. (1940) 24921 (MED) Erels, dukes, kinges and princes..To gider þai gadrede..in to legecestres cite; Þar in þai helde aparlement. 1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) (1859) i. ix. 5 Thenne herde I within the curteyne a longe parlament. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) vi. 136 After Bourgoyns hadde taken Tholouse, he made a grete parliamente to his folke, And sayd to theym, ‘Lordes, ye knowe well [etc.]’. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 521 (MED) Thus ended the parlement be-twene the fader and the sone. 1542 E. Harvel in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) IX. 219 Who wil shortely..comme to Bononye to be at parlement with thEmperour. 1822 T. L. Beddoes Brides' Trag. ii Look you here, as I disperse the wicked syllables Met in this little parliament of words, And give them to the light and careless winds, So do I bid him tear the thoughts of me Out of his breast. 1893 W. Raymond Gentleman Upcott's Daughter 218 Why, it's quite a parliament. 1903 in Eng. Dial. Dict. IV. 425/1 We held a parliament as to whether it had best be repaired. 1911 A. Warrack Scots Dial. Dict. Addenda s.v. Parliament, ‘a free parliament’, freedom of speech. †b. A meeting between enemies to discuss terms; a parley. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > peace > pacification > peace treaty > [noun] > peace talks or conference parliament?a1400 parle1552 parley?a1580 peace talk1789 peace conference1852 Locarno1925 the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > conferring or consulting > a conference > particular types of parliament?a1400 diet1471 symposiac1603 by-conference1625 guestling1629 sanhedrim1653 comitia1684 symposium1784 assembly1794 powwow1812 neighbourhood meeting1823 colloquium1861 congress1861 party conference1875 indaba1894 press conference1908 case conference1913 story conference1920 telemeeting1973 poster session1974 START1981 presser1988 ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 7728 Þorh treist & treus on on assent, þei set a dai of þe parlement opon þe plain of Salesberi. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 147 (MED) Þe Kyng of France & he..Held a parlement [Fr. parlement], gode sikernes to make. a1450–1509 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (A-version) (1913) 3231 (MED) Þe Sarezynes myȝte nouȝt endour; þey ffledde into þe heyȝe tour And cryede trewes and parlement. 1596 T. Danett tr. P. de Commynes Hist. v. xv. 186 Wherefore they fell to parlament and yeelded it by composition. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. ii. 194 In Carbry, after a certaine Parliament ended betweene the Irish and English, there were taken prisoners. III. Extended uses. 7. gen. A gathering, meeting; a conference or convocation; a legislative body suggestive of a parliament; a multitude.Often used of a noisy gathering of birds, esp. rooks, probably after Chaucer (see quot. a1400). ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > of people or animals lathingc897 sameningc950 gatheringc1000 ymongOE droveOE companya1275 routc1300 assembly1330 queleta1382 sembly1389 parliamenta1400 sankinga1400 concoursec1440 riotc1440 ensemblyc1500 unity1543 resorta1557 congress1639 resemblance1662 boorach1704 group1711 parade1722 assemblage1742 roll-up1861 agora1886 a1400 G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Retraction 1086 The book of Seint Valentynes day of the parlement [v.r. parliment] of briddes. c1460 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 782 (MED) The roial lioun leete calle a parlement [v.r. perlement]. 1591 H. Smith Preparatiue to Mariage 42 A man neuer abandoneth euill, vntill hee abandon euill companie: for no good is concluded in this parliament. a1634 J. Day (title) An olde manuscript conteyneing the parlament of bees. 1728 H. Fielding Love in Several Masques ii. i. 15 I sometimes look on my Drawing-Room as a little Parliament of Fools, to which every different Body sends its Representatives. 1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 323 This would bear a smart Debate, I fansy, in a Parliament of Women. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 105 Till..the battle-flags were furl'd In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world. 1849 H. Melville Redburn xxxiii. 209 In the collective spars and timbers of these ships, all the forests of the globe are represented, as in a grand parliament of masts. 1893 J. H. Barrows (title) The World's Parliament of Religions..held in Chicago in connection with the Columbian Exposition of 1893. 1903 Daily Chron. 9 Dec. 4/4 The Cricket Parliament at Lord's. 1905 R. B. Smith Bird Life x. 386 Two such ‘Parliaments of rooks’ I have had the opportunity of watching, from early times. 1968 J. Lipton Exaltation of Larks 57 (caption) A parliament of owls. 1998 Times (Nexis) 28 May (Sport section) No sooner had my ideas for gingering up Formula One been printed..than I get a chance to present them to the one man who might push them through racing's parliament. 8. Short for parliament cake n. at Compounds 3. Now rare (in later use historical). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > gingerbread gingerbreada1450 dry leach1570 pepper-gingerbread1598 pepper bread1611 gingerbread nut1734 ginger cake1758 ginger nut1786 parkin1800 parliament gingerbread1809 parliament1812 parliament cake1818 parley1825 spice-nut1829 Pfefferkuchen1856 Hoosier cake1859 1812 H. Smith & J. Smith Rejected Addr. 52 Crisp parliament with lollypops, And fingers of the Lady. 1828 D. M. Moir Life Mansie Wauch iii. 30 As for the ginger-bread, I shall not attempt a description... Roundabouts, and snaps,..and parliaments. 1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxxviii. 343 Gorging the boy with apples and parliament. 1881 Proc. Geogr. Soc. 3 515 They [sc. the walls] look exactly as if they were made of the sort of gingerbread called ‘parliament’. 1905 Daily Chron. 31 Aug. 4/7 Our correspondent who wondered as to the precise nature of the ‘parliament’ consumed by Thackeray's Georgy Osborne may be interested to learn that it was a species of gingerbread, sold in small, thin, hard cakes. Phrases to go into Parliament: to become a member of Parliament. ΚΠ 1761 A. Murphy Way to keep Him (ed. 4) 26 Did I not go into parliament, Madam, to please you? 1765 C. Johnstone Chrysal III. i. xiv. 85 If I should grow tired of idleness, go into Parliament there, and turn Patriot, and make speeches for the good of my country. 1795 T. Gisborne Enq. Duties Men (ed. 2) I. p. xiii A Barrister should not prematurely go into Parliament. 1888 J. McCarthy & R. C. Praed Ladies' Gallery I. iii. 62 He wanted to go into Parliament. 1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 2 Sept. 547/2 The German medical profession used to encourage and subsidize candidates from the profession who wanted to go into parliament. 2001 S. Macintyre in J. Faulkner & S. Macintyre True Believers ii. 27 Those comrades who went into Parliament drifted out of active involvement. Compounds C1. (In the sense ‘of or belonging to a (or the) parliament’, parliamentary.) † parliament-barge n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1606 in Nichols Progr. Jas. I (1828) II. 53 The King of Great Britain passed in the Parliament-barge to Gravesend. † parliament book n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1640 R. Baillie Let. 12 Dec. (1841) I. 281 The Cancelling..was registrate in the Parliament-books of that second session. 1897 Dict. National Biogr. at Selden, John For his connection with Inner Temple: the entries in the parliament books under respective dates. parliament buildings n. ΚΠ 1846 Littell's Living Age 7 Nov. 385/2 The members of both branches of the legislature, who, in their way to, and return from, parliament-buildings, had to walk almost underneath it twice a day during the session. 1871 Proc. Royal Soc. 1870–71 19 124 It was ascertained that the National Standards of Length and Weight (then preserved in the Parliament-buildings) were entirely ruined. 1991 Canad. Geographic Dec. 28/1 The log drive was once a fixture in the Canadian landscape; the 1973 issue of the $1 bill depicted logs and a tugboat on the Ottawa River, beneath the Parliament buildings. parliament business n. ΚΠ 1621 Earl of Southampton Answer in Proc. & Deb. House of Commons 1620 & 1621 (1766) II. App. sig. Aaa8^v When he went out he spake with them..of what was doing in their House, and of other Parliament Businesses. 1691 T. D'Urfey Love for Money iii. ii. 34 I'le have him hang'd, I'le make a Parliament business of it. 1904 N.E.D. at Parliament sb.¹ Parliament business. 2003 BBC Monitoring Internat. Rep. (Nexis) 10 Aug. The MMA warned the government of not letting it run the parliament business till the resolution of basic and contentious constitutional issues. parliament censure n. ΚΠ 1904 N.E.D. at Parliament sb.¹ Parliament censure. 1976 Facts on File World News Digest (Nexis) 14 Aug. (Other Nations section) West Berlin Mayor..weathered a city parliament censure attempt by a majority of 77–65. 2002 Associated Press Worldstream (Nexis) 5 Feb. (Internat. News section) A political imbroglio in Canada, where Defense Minister..faces possible Parliament censure for making conflicting statements. parliament day n. ΚΠ ?a1592 W. Elderton Merry Newes (1606) 2 They agreed to haue a Parliament day, To set the decrees at an excellent stay. 1868 T. Carlyle in O. Cromwell Lett. & Speeches II. vii. 8 Next Parliament-day we do fix a limit, Three years hence, 3d November, 1654. 1904 N.E.D. at Parliament sb.¹ Parliament day. parliament diary n. ΚΠ 1738 T. Birch Life Milton I. App. 70 Lord Altham declar'd, That he had been turning over his Father's Papers, amongst which he found a Parliament-Diary, written by himself. 2000 Financial Times (Nexis) 13 May (Off Centre section) 8 This says a lot about the narrow gauge of Brussels life, a place which dances to the drumbeat of the Commission and parliament diary. † parliament fee n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1560 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1875) III. 73 William Henrisoun constable deputt..had..vsit extortioun of custome at the portis of this burgh, alledgeand the samyn to pertene to him as his perliament fie. 1581 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 428 Certane small custumes, callit of auld the Parliament fee or archearis wyne. 1600 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1927) V. 275 Dischairge..the touns customeris of all taking of doubill customes quhilk thai callit parliament feis. parliament fine n. ΚΠ a1686 J. Turner Mem. (1829) 143 Threttie horse were appointed to follow me for bringing the parliaments fines as they were called. 2000 Associated Press Worldstream (Nexis) 6 Mar. (Internat. News section) The party filed a 75-page complaint in a Berlin court against the parliament fine. † parliament gentleman n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1629 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times Charles I (1848) (modernized text) II. 35 What passed between the judges and our parliament gentlemen upon their appearance the first day of the term, the enclosed will inform you. 1788 A. Falconbridge Acct. Slave Trade 8 They [sc. the Kings of Bonny] are assisted in the government by a small number of persons of a certain rank, who stile themselves parliament gentlemen; an office which they generally hold for life. 1880 A. Trollope Duke's Children III. xviii. 208 I thought all you Parliament gentlemen were going through your ceremonies. parliament journal n. ΚΠ 1858 Littell's Living Age 10 Apr. 85/1 The young counsellers uttered magnificent harangues, says the ‘Parliament Journal’, which had in them something of old Rome. 1904 N.E.D. at Parliament sb.¹ Parliament journal. parliament knight n. ΚΠ 1904 N.E.D. at Parliament sb.¹ Parliament knight. parliament news n. ΚΠ 1858 Littell's Living Age 26 June 1007/1 I'm tellin' The Parliament news, fit to blister my tongue! Oppress'd and out-voted, my bosom is swellin'. 2002 Business Line (Nexis) 13 Dec. Doordarshan should make its Parliamentary coverage lively by including video-clippings from the day's proceedings in Parliament in its evening programmes ‘Parliament News’ and ‘Doordarshan Samachaar’. parliament people n. ΚΠ 1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier ii. 199 If the Parliament People had seen those things abroad, as I had, they would not have complained. 1868 T. Carlyle Cromwell II. ix. 228 We did hint these things to the Parliament people by several persons, who acquainted them therewith. 2003 Fox on Rec. with G. Van Susteren (transcription of TV programme) (Nexis) 31 July The parliament people, at that time, they was [sic] like the marionette, just like our parliament now. † parliament prisoner n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1629 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times Charles I (1848) (modernized text) II. 15 Proceedings against the parliament prisoners in the Star Chamber. 1866 E. R. Charles Draytons & Davenants 292 At first they talked of treating all the Parliament prisoners as traitors. parliament robe n. ΚΠ 1453 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1855) II. 192 (MED) I will yat Thomas, my son, have my parlement robe. 1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum ii. ii. 42 The last day of that Parliament or session the Prince commeth in person in his Parliament robes. 1622 in Sc. Antiquary (1899) 13 162 The parliament roab..of ride crimsone velvet. 1895 Dict. National Biogr. at Perrot, Sir John He had taken with him his parliament robes and cloth of state. 1984 16th Cent. Jrnl. 15 374 She first examines the members of the House and their chamber, including in sequence the king, the prince, seating in the chamber, parliament robes and daily attire [etc.]. parliament time n. ΚΠ 1442 in J. Graves Proc. King's Council Ireland (1877) 286 (MED) I hade noo knowleche þerof at þe Parliament tyme be cause of mynn newe comyng into youer seide lande. 1671 F. Philipps Regale Necessarium 467 He refused to give leave..to distrein the Bishop of St. Davids in Parliament time. 1890 Dict. National Biogr. at Harpsfield, Nicholas He was..one of the eight learned catholics who were appointed to hold a disputation with a like number of protestant champions at Westminster in parliament time. 2002 World Markets Anal. (Nexis) 25 Oct. (In Brief section) With parliament dissolved today ahead of the presidential elections slated for December, the bill is unlikely to see any parliament time this year. C2. In the sense ‘made or ordained by Parliament’ (esp. in hostile contexts). † parliament-church n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > kinds of church government > establishmentarianism > [noun] > instance of parliament-faith1565 parliament religion1565 Established Church1628 state church1644 national church1645 parliament-church1707 establishmenta1732 law-church1826 1707 G. Hickes Two Treat. Pref. p. ccxxxiv We have a Parliament-Religion,..Parliament-Bishops, and a Parliament-Church. 1726 J. Trapp Popery i. 63 They call our Church..a Parliament-church. † parliament-faith n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > kinds of church government > establishmentarianism > [noun] > instance of parliament-faith1565 parliament religion1565 Established Church1628 state church1644 national church1645 parliament-church1707 establishmenta1732 law-church1826 1565 T. Harding Confut. Apol. Church of Eng. vi. ii. f. 278 Let vs not be blamed, if we call it parlament religion, parlament gospell, parlament faith. 1658 F. Osborne Trad. Mem. Reign Elizabeth 77 in Hist. Mem. Reigns Elizabeth & Iames The Doctrine professed most generally in England borne in forraigne nations the name of Parliament-Faith. parliament law n. ΚΠ 1609 Bible (Douay) I. 2 Kings v. comm. Those that..goe to church, to shew them selves obedient to the Parliament law. 1868 Harper's Mag. Apr. 602/2 Hence the Parliament-law is invariably against Unions. 2003 Times (Nexis) 28 June (Overseas News section) 19 His power to push through parliament laws. † parliament religion n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > kinds of church government > establishmentarianism > [noun] > instance of parliament-faith1565 parliament religion1565 Established Church1628 state church1644 national church1645 parliament-church1707 establishmenta1732 law-church1826 1565 T. Harding Confut. Apol. Church of Eng. vi. ii. f. 278 Let vs not be blamed, if we call it parlament religion, parlament gospell, parlament faith. 1707 G. Hickes Two Treat. Pref. p. ccxxxiv We have a Parliament-Religion,..Parliament-Bishops, and a Parliament-Church. 1894 Overland Monthly June 674 (advt.) World's Parliament Religions. By Dr. John Henry Barrows, in two volumes of 800 pages each. C3. Parliament Army n. now historical (also with lower-case initials) the Parliamentarian forces in the English Civil War; = parliamentary army n. at parliamentary adj. and n. Compounds, New Model Army n. at new model n. and adj. Compounds. ΚΠ 1645 Relation of Victory on Naseby Field in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1899) 14 17 News being brought them..that Iron~sides was comming to joyne with the Parliament's Army.] 1650 A. B. Mutatus Polemo 16 The poor Cabbs had been all surprised, if not surrendred to our Parliament Army. 1771 O. Goldsmith Hist. Eng. III. 277 One of the generals of the parliament army. 1887 Harper's Mag. June 39/2 Some of them that were new come said that the Parliament army was broken, and others that the King's men were being borne back. 2003 Times (Nexis) 2 May (Features section) 25 Thomas, Lord Fairfax of Cameron, Lord General of the Parliament Army. parliament cake n. a thin flat type of gingerbread. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > gingerbread gingerbreada1450 dry leach1570 pepper-gingerbread1598 pepper bread1611 gingerbread nut1734 ginger cake1758 ginger nut1786 parkin1800 parliament gingerbread1809 parliament1812 parliament cake1818 parley1825 spice-nut1829 Pfefferkuchen1856 Hoosier cake1859 1818 Examiner 24 May 331/2 One sort [of cake] are bought and sold almost in every town in England..Parliament cakes. 1965 ‘M. Innes’ Appleby at Allington i. vi. 51 Bewildering Mrs. Pecover by referring to her gingerbread as parliament-cake. 2002 Daily Mail (Nexis) 15 Feb. 78 The traditional recipe for Parliament cake is: 4 oz butter or margarine 2 oz caster sugar 8 oz flour 1 large egg 2tbsp golden syrup or black treacle 1tsp ground ginger. Parliament chamber n. a room in which Parliament or a parliament meets (formerly spec. that in the Old Palace of Westminster). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > [noun] > place of meeting Parliament chamber1410 parliament house1440 senatoire1474 senatory1474 senate-house?1556 state house1608 senate1616 Thing-field1847 Thing-stead1847 1410 in M. T. Löfvenberg Contrib. Middle Eng. Lexicogr. & Etymol. (1946) 95 [At] Lambhethe [in a great chamber then called the] Parlement Chambre. 1540 Act 31 Hen. VIII c. 10 No person (except only the Kings children) shal at any time hereafter..presume, to sit or haue place at any side of the cloth of estate in the Parliament chamber. 1702 F. Atterbury Case Schedule Stated 26 The Place of that Common Parlance was call'd the Parliament Chamber. 1896 Law Times 102 123/2 A Parliament chamber [sc. in the Inns of Court] is close tiled, except for purposes of discipline affecting character. 1954 G. Godwin Middle Temple 130 In the Parliament Chamber of the Middle Temple there is a portrait of Hyde, the first Earl of Clarendon, by Sir Peter Lely. 1994 Social Forces 73 779 The possibility that ‘public space’, such as the sports arena, parliament chambers, and parade ground, has moved into the living room. † Parliament Christmas n. Obsolete an opprobrious name for Christmas as dated according to the Gregorian calendar (introduced by the British Parliament in 1751). ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > liturgical year > feast, festival > specific Christian festivals > Christmas > [noun] > new style Parliament Christmas1837 1837 R. Southey Doctor IV. 71 There were people..who refused to keep what they called Parliament Christmas. † parliament gingerbread n. Obsolete = parliament cake n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > gingerbread gingerbreada1450 dry leach1570 pepper-gingerbread1598 pepper bread1611 gingerbread nut1734 ginger cake1758 ginger nut1786 parkin1800 parliament gingerbread1809 parliament1812 parliament cake1818 parley1825 spice-nut1829 Pfefferkuchen1856 Hoosier cake1859 1809 L. Hunt in Examiner 10 Dec. 788/1 They might well have said, because Sir William Curtis was about to make Parliament-gingerbread. 1861 C. M. Yonge Stokesley Secret iii. 39 A stall full of parliament gingerbread. † parliament heel n. Nautical Obsolete the inclination of a ship caused by a shift of ballast, or when deliberately listed so that part of its side is exposed above the waterline for cleaning, painting, etc. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > [noun] > fitting out or equipping ships > cleaning and recoating bottom > tilting ship to clean side parliament heel1769 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine sig. Ee2 Parliament-heel, the situation of a ship, when she is made to stoop a little to one side, so as to clean the upper part of her bottom on the other side. 1784 Ann. Reg. 1782 Hist. Europe 225/2 The Royal George..should receive a sort of slight careen, which the seamen..call a parliament heel. parliament hinge n. a hinge which projects from a wall or frame far enough to allow a door or shutter to swing back against the wall. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > hinge > other types of hinge window band1419 garnet1459 cross-garnet1659 side hinge1678 H hinge1726 strap hinge1737 butt1765 setback hinges1833 parliament hinge1841 pin hinge1910 1841 C. Cist Cincinnati in 1841* 247 The lighter castings kept in hardware stores—butt and parliament hinges, for example—will be made here. 1999 Daily Record (Glasgow) (Nexis) 20 Mar. 33 Parliament hinges. You can buy these in steel or brass, and they have projecting knuckles which let the door swing clear of the frame when you open it. parliament ordinance n. an ordinance enacted by Parliament. ΚΠ 1678 I. Walton Life of Sanderson sig. f2^v [At Oxford] they that complied not in taking the Covenant, Negative Oath, and Parliament Ordinance for Church Discipline and Worship, were under a sad and daily apprehension of expulsion. 2003 www.doktorindia.com 24 Oct. (O.E.D. Archive) Hitherto, the bids were directly called by the ministry before a Parliament ordinance of 1998 warranted a change in the bid pattern. Parliament Roll n. now historical one of a series of rolled documents in which the acts and proceedings of the British Parliament were formerly recorded. ΘΚΠ society > communication > record > written record > [noun] > official record libel1297 lettersc1300 rolla1325 billc1374 sealc1380 Parliament Roll1444 enrolment1603 1444 Rolls of Parl. V. 73/1 More pleynly it may appere be an Acte therof made in this Parlement Rolle. a1656 R. Gordon Geneal. Hist. Earldom of Sutherland (1813) 426 In the which parlament roll the Earle of Southerland is..ranked immediately before the Earl of Mar. 1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. i. iv. 17 The practice commenced..of entering the petitions..on the Parliament Rolls. 1992 Weekly Law Rep. 4 Dec. 1000 This was not only an order of the Sovereign but an Act by the Parliament, since it is in the Parliament Rolls and under the authority of Parliament. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † parliamentn.² Forms: 1500s parlament, 1500s parliament. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: apparelment n. Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps aphetic < apparelment n., assimilated in form to parliament n.¹ Compare parament n. 1 or palliament n. Obsolete. An appurtenance of a cloak or gown (perhaps a facing). ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > loose clothing > robe or gown > types of > other stolec950 paramentc1385 stolea1387 vestmentc1386 chimer1487 shemewe1517 parliament1537 Turkey gown1558 slop1570 blue gown1578 dolman1585 palliament1593 synthesis1606 vest1613 paramentoa1640 brandenburgh1676 khilat1684 spagnoleta1685 sultanea1685 sultana1693 garter-robes1702 under-robe1725 wrapper1725 stola1728 talar1738 negligée1755 jama1776 dust-gown1802 yukata1822 manga1824 gandoura1851 pheran1851 riga1851 shamma1862 choga1869 kanzu1870 kimono1886 holoku1893 mammy-cloth1952 1537 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1905) VI. 330 To lyne the parliament of his [sc. the King's] coit..orangais taffatys. 1539 in T. Thomson Coll. Inventories Royal Wardrobe (1815) 32 Ane gowne of freis claith of gold bordourit with perle of gold lynit with crammasy satyne the hude and parliament of the samyn. 1584 R. Wilson Three Ladies of London sig. D Wouldst thou knowe whither with this parlament I go? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2020). parliamentv. Brit. /ˈpɑːlᵻm(ə)nt/, U.S. /ˈpɑrləm(ə)nt/ Forms: late Middle English–1500s parlement, 1500s parlament, 1600s– parliament. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: French parlementer ; parliament n.¹ Etymology: Partly < Middle French parlementer to discuss, confer, to discuss terms with an enemy (14th cent.; French parlementer ; < parlement parliament n.¹), and partly < parliament n.¹ Compare post-classical Latin parlamentare to confer, parley (13th cent.; also 14th cent. in British sources as parliamentare), to hold a parliament (c1308 in a British source as parliamentare), Italian parlamentare to discuss terms with an enemy (a1348). N.E.D. (1904) indicates the stress as parliaˈment. 1. a. intransitive. To talk or converse; to confer; to parley. Now rare (in later use archaic or regional). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > conversation > converse [verb (intransitive)] > confer, consult, or deliberate roundc1275 to speak togetherc1275 to take counselc1290 counsel1297 treat1297 advisea1393 communea1393 to take deliberationc1405 common1416 to put (also bring, lay, set, etc.) their (also our, your) heads togetherc1425 janglec1440 bespeak1489 parliamenta1492 intercommonc1540 confer1545 parle1558 consult1565 imparl1572 break parle1594 handle1596 emparley1600 to confer notes1650 to compare notes1709 powwow1780 to get together1816 palaver1877 a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) i. xlviii. f. lxxxxi/1 After that they hadde longe parlemented togyder in theyr langage. 1543 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) IX. 465 [They] wolde have parlamentidde withe the capteyns of the towne for the rendringe of it. 1596 T. Danett tr. P. de Commynes Hist. viii. vi. 330 Who brought word that they were content to parlament. 1609 Champlain's Exped. in E. B. O'Callaghan Documentary Hist. State N.Y. (1850) III. 15 After the one and the other had sung, danced and parliamented enough, the day broke. a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 223 The King..resolved to Parliament. 1877 E. Leigh Dial. Cheshire 151 ‘He was parliamenting a good bit’; i.e., making a long speech with nothing in it. 1946 J. W. Day Harvest Adventure iv. 55 So it was that at ‘dockey time’, when men sit down to bread-and-cheese and onions and beer, we fell ‘a-parliamentin’. 1957 C. MacInnes City of Spades (1959) ii. xiv. 193 Theodora..had parliamented with the secretary in an airless corridor. †b. intransitive. humorous. Of birds: to cry, gabble. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > cry or shout (loudness) > cry or shout [verb (intransitive)] chirmOE talec1275 rounda1325 cryc1384 shoutc1385 hallowc1420 roupa1425 glaster1513 hollo1542 yawl1542 to set up (also out) one's throat1548 vociferate1548 bawl1570 gape1579 hollo out?1602 holloa1666 to cry up1684 holler1699 halloo1709 belvea1794 parliament1893 foghorn1918 rort1931 1893 Field 20 May 714/1 A great phalanx [of geese], which stood loudly ‘parliamenting’ on the mud beyond. †2. transitive. Probably: to assemble, gather together. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (intransitive)] > specifically of people or animals gathera975 ensemblea1300 drawc1300 semble1389 herd1393 assemblea1400 routa1400 sanka1400 trume?a1400 musterc1425 convene1429 resemblea1450 to draw together1455 forgather1513 accompany1534 troop1565 congregate1570 to get together1575 parliament?1589 accoil1590 join1706 to roll up1817 congressa1850 to round up1879 ?1589 T. Nashe Almond for Parrat sig. 2 The full sinode of Lucifers ministers angells assembled, did parlament all their enuy to the subuersion of our established ministry. †3. intransitive. To attend Parliament; to discharge the duties of a member of Parliament. Also transitive with it. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > English or British parliament > [verb (intransitive)] > attend parliament parliament1642 1642 R. Harris Serm. preached to House of Commons Ep. Ded. My worke was to Mourne, to Preach; not to Parliament-it. 1786 R. Burns Twa Dogs xxi, in Poems 17 Wha aiblins thrang a parliamentin, For Britain's guid his saul indentin. 1845 T. Carlyle in O. Cromwell Lett. & Speeches II. 99 The Scots lie entrenched at Stirling,..raising new levies; parliamenting and committee-ing diligently at Perth. Derivatives parliaˈmenting n. and adj. now rare ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > conferring or consulting aughteOE redeOE somrunec1275 speakingc1275 counselc1290 deliberationc1405 advisement1414 commoninga1425 communingc1425 imparlement1450 imparling1450 parleyc1490 parleying1508 counselment1523 parling1527 counsellinga1533 practice1540 interview1541 consultation1548 parliance1553 conference1555 enterparling1557 consult1560 imparlee1565 parlance1577 imparlance1579 parliamenting1582 deliberative1590 converse1614 parliamentation1622 powwowing1642 consulting1823 powwowism1873 1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie 103 It shall please my good cuntrimen to giue their consent, that this is their right in writing, without further parlementing. 1611 W. Vaughan Spirit of Detraction vii. iii. 309 Such persons be but parliamenting Parasites..letting their tongues runne before their wits. 1830 J. Galt Lawrie Todd I. i. iv. 22 There was a pleasure in..our sederunts which I doubt if wiser parliamenting often furnishes. 1992 Hist. Jrnl. 35 425 The prince's courts were..prepared to issue peasants with at least redress of grievances..despite complaints from the whole noble Estate that such protracted ‘parliamenting’..was ‘counter to our forbears' custom and privilege’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.¹c1300n.²1537v.a1492
随便看	stick in the teeth stick in the throat stick indian stick insect stick into stick it stick it in your ear! stick it into stick it on stick it out stick it to stick it to the man stick it up your arse stick it up your ass stick it up your bum stick it! stick knife stick legs stick like a bur stick like wax stick liquorice stick loaf stick maker stick metal stick microphone

parliamentn.1

Phrases

Compounds

† parliamentn.2

parliamentv.

Derivatives

parliamentn.¹

† parliamentn.²