pessimismn.

Brit.

/ˈpɛsᵻmɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈpɛsəˌmɪz(ə)m/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin pessimus , -ism suffix.

Etymology: < classical Latin pessimus worst (see pessimum n. and adj.) + -ism suffix, after optimism n. Compare French pessimisme (1759 in sense 2, 1819 in sense 3), German Pessimismus (1776 in sense 2, 1828 in Schopenhauer in sense 3).

†1. The character or quality of being the worst; the worst condition possible or imaginable; the state of greatest deterioration. Contrasted with optimism n. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > worst > [noun] > state

pessimism1794

pessimum1828

the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > fall from prosperous or thriving condition > low condition or low point > lowest point

low tide1608

low-water mark1651

falla1662

perigee1662

low point1749

bathos1759

nadir1793

pessimism1794

zero1821

bed-rock1883

rock-bottom1885

ultima Thule1976

1794 S. T. Coleridge Let. 17 Dec. (1956) I. 75 'Tis almost as bad as Lovell's farm house—and that would be at least a thousand fathoms deep in the Dead Sea of Pessimism.

1803 S. Smith in Edinb. Rev. Apr. 88 It is well to be acquainted with the boundaries of our nature on both sides; and to Mr. Fievée we are indebted for this valuable approach to pessimism.

1808 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) II. 253 An age when public criticism is upon works of fine literature at the very point of pessimism.

1844 T. De Quincey Logic Polit. Econ. iv. 197 The devolution of culture through all gradations of soil, from optimism down to pessimism.

2. The tendency or disposition to look at the worst aspect of things; the attitude or habit of taking a negative view of circumstances, the future, etc. Contrasted with optimism n. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > pessimism > [noun]

pessimism1815

deteriorism1880

miserabilism1882

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > [noun] > pessimism

pessimism1815

negativity1826

wet-blanketiveness1834

unsanguineness1841

nay-saying1893

gloom and doom1947

negaholism1989

1815 Q. Rev. 14 230 This savours of pessimism.

1835 Edinb. Rev. 60 291 Violent extremes either way—optimism or pessimism..must be pernicious.

1889 Times 12 Apr. 5/1 There was a fear of the contagion of that moral evil which was visiting the end of the 19th century—namely pessimism.

1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 750/1 The loss could set up feelings of self-depreciation, pessimism, etc.

2001 S. Birdsell Rüsslander ii. 177 Her pessimism was surprising, as she was..a person who usually turned disappointment to its bright side.

3. Philosophy. The doctrine or belief that the actual world is the worst of all possible worlds, or that everything naturally tends to the worse.Pessimism was initially used in philosophy simply to describe a position antithetical to Leibniz's optimism (cf. optimism n. 1); from the 1870s it became popular as a term for the doctrine associated with Schopenhauer and those philosophers influenced by him, or for the aspects of any philosophical system, religion, etc., which emphasize along with Schopenhauer the inevitability of suffering and the futility of existence.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > philosophy of pessimism > [noun]

pessimism1854

1854 O. W. Wight tr. V. Cousin Lect. True, Beautiful, & Good (ed. 3) 334 The pessimism of Voltaire is still more opposed to the aggregate of facts than an absolute optimism.

1878 E. Dowden Stud. Lit. 20 The pessimism of our own day aspires to be constructive.

1892 W. S. Lilly Great Enigma 32 Pessimism, in..its contemporary presentation, is irreconcilable with any form of the Theistic idea.

1918 T. Whittaker Neo-Platonists (ed. 2) viii. 146 Elements of Gnostic pessimism..had found their way into orthodox Christianity.

1926 W. Lewis Art of being Ruled iv. v. 127 The mind doing..what it did in post-darwinian or schopenhauerian pessimism: to just go on contemplating the horrors of existence.

2000 J. Caughie Television Drama ix. 230 Where Adorno and Horkheimer differ from Bakhtin, and where their ‘pessimism’ emerges most clearly, is in the absence of his sense of the dialogic.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pessimism
释义	pessimismn. Brit. /ˈpɛsᵻmɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈpɛsəˌmɪz(ə)m/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin pessimus , -ism suffix. Etymology: < classical Latin pessimus worst (see pessimum n. and adj.) + -ism suffix, after optimism n. Compare French pessimisme (1759 in sense 2, 1819 in sense 3), German Pessimismus (1776 in sense 2, 1828 in Schopenhauer in sense 3). †1. The character or quality of being the worst; the worst condition possible or imaginable; the state of greatest deterioration. Contrasted with optimism n. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > worst > [noun] > state pessimism1794 pessimum1828 the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > fall from prosperous or thriving condition > low condition or low point > lowest point low tide1608 low-water mark1651 falla1662 perigee1662 low point1749 bathos1759 nadir1793 pessimism1794 zero1821 bed-rock1883 rock-bottom1885 ultima Thule1976 1794 S. T. Coleridge Let. 17 Dec. (1956) I. 75 'Tis almost as bad as Lovell's farm house—and that would be at least a thousand fathoms deep in the Dead Sea of Pessimism. 1803 S. Smith in Edinb. Rev. Apr. 88 It is well to be acquainted with the boundaries of our nature on both sides; and to Mr. Fievée we are indebted for this valuable approach to pessimism. 1808 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) II. 253 An age when public criticism is upon works of fine literature at the very point of pessimism. 1844 T. De Quincey Logic Polit. Econ. iv. 197 The devolution of culture through all gradations of soil, from optimism down to pessimism. 2. The tendency or disposition to look at the worst aspect of things; the attitude or habit of taking a negative view of circumstances, the future, etc. Contrasted with optimism n. 3. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > pessimism > [noun] pessimism1815 deteriorism1880 miserabilism1882 the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > [noun] > pessimism pessimism1815 negativity1826 wet-blanketiveness1834 unsanguineness1841 nay-saying1893 gloom and doom1947 negaholism1989 1815 Q. Rev. 14 230 This savours of pessimism. 1835 Edinb. Rev. 60 291 Violent extremes either way—optimism or pessimism..must be pernicious. 1889 Times 12 Apr. 5/1 There was a fear of the contagion of that moral evil which was visiting the end of the 19th century—namely pessimism. 1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 750/1 The loss could set up feelings of self-depreciation, pessimism, etc. 2001 S. Birdsell Rüsslander ii. 177 Her pessimism was surprising, as she was..a person who usually turned disappointment to its bright side. 3. Philosophy. The doctrine or belief that the actual world is the worst of all possible worlds, or that everything naturally tends to the worse.Pessimism was initially used in philosophy simply to describe a position antithetical to Leibniz's optimism (cf. optimism n. 1); from the 1870s it became popular as a term for the doctrine associated with Schopenhauer and those philosophers influenced by him, or for the aspects of any philosophical system, religion, etc., which emphasize along with Schopenhauer the inevitability of suffering and the futility of existence. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > philosophy of pessimism > [noun] pessimism1854 1854 O. W. Wight tr. V. Cousin Lect. True, Beautiful, & Good (ed. 3) 334 The pessimism of Voltaire is still more opposed to the aggregate of facts than an absolute optimism. 1878 E. Dowden Stud. Lit. 20 The pessimism of our own day aspires to be constructive. 1892 W. S. Lilly Great Enigma 32 Pessimism, in..its contemporary presentation, is irreconcilable with any form of the Theistic idea. 1918 T. Whittaker Neo-Platonists (ed. 2) viii. 146 Elements of Gnostic pessimism..had found their way into orthodox Christianity. 1926 W. Lewis Art of being Ruled iv. v. 127 The mind doing..what it did in post-darwinian or schopenhauerian pessimism: to just go on contemplating the horrors of existence. 2000 J. Caughie Television Drama ix. 230 Where Adorno and Horkheimer differ from Bakhtin, and where their ‘pessimism’ emerges most clearly, is in the absence of his sense of the dialogic. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1794
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