penumbran.

Brit.

/pᵻˈnʌmbrə/,

/pɛˈnʌmbrə/, U.S.

/pəˈnəmbrə/

Inflections: Plural penumbrae Brit.

/pᵻˈnʌmbriː/,

/pɛˈnʌmbriː/, U.S.

/pəˈnəmˌbri/,

/pəˈnəmˌbraɪ/, penumbras.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin penumbra.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin penumbra partially shaded area (J. Kepler Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena (1604) 239) < classical Latin paene pene- prefix + umbra shade, shadow (see umber n.¹). Compare French pénombre (1651 in sense 2; 1666 in sense 1a).

I. A partially shaded area.

a. The partially shaded region around the shadow of an opaque body, when the light source is larger than a point source and only part of its light is cut off (contrasted with the full shadow or umbra); (esp. in Astronomy) that of the shadow cast by the moon on the earth in a solar eclipse, or by the earth on the moon in a lunar eclipse, resulting in an area that experiences only a partial eclipse.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sun > sunlight > [noun] > eclipse > penumbra

penumbra1665

the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > intercepting or cutting off of light > [noun] > casting of a shadow > a shadow > partial

penumbra1665

1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 240 There will be, on each side of the shadow of the Earth, a Penumbra, not caus'd by the Refraction of the Air, as in the Hypothesis of Kepler; but by the faint inlightning of it by the Sun.

1690 W. Leybourn Cursus mathematicus f. 745 The Penumbra towards the perfect Shadow, does, little by little, grow more and more obscure.

1770 Philos. Trans. 1769 (Royal Soc.) 59 231 I saw a kind of penumbra or dusky shade, which preceded the first external contact two or three seconds of time.

1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. xxxv. 366 The time at which the Moon first enters the Earth's penumbra.

1869 J. Tyndall Notes 9 Lect. on Light §12 If the source of light be a point, the shadow is sharply defined; if the source be a luminous surface, the perfect shadow is fringed by an imperfect shadow called a penumbra.

1885 Whitaker's Almanack, Eclipses First contact with the Penumbra, 1h. 50m. aft. First contact with the shadow, 2h. 59m. aft.

1914 Science 1 May 638/2 The stations of India and East Africa, and ships in the Indian Ocean, may feel the effect of the penumbra in the afternoon.

1969 V. A. Firsoff Old Moon & New iii. 31 The visibility of a partial solar eclipse follows the opposite course, as the cross-section of the penumbra varies immensely to that of the umbra.

1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 860/2 Sometimes the penumbra, the surrounding shadow from which part of the Sun can be seen, hits the Earth, making a partial solar eclipse.

b. Astronomy. The lighter periphery of a sunspot, surrounding the dark core or umbra.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sun > solar activity > [noun] > mark on sun > sunspot > light part of

penumbra1763

umbra1788

1763 Philos. Trans. 1762 (Royal Soc.) 52 644 At 7^h 36′ 56″ the specked penumbra which surrounded a pretty large spot on the upper inverted part of the Sun was touched by the Moon's limb.

1801 Philos. Mag. 9 280 The names already in use for the solar phænomena he objects to, as conveying no meaning; such as spots, maculae, saculae, penumbrae, &c.

1868 W. Lockyer & J. N. Lockyer tr. A. Guillemin Heavens (ed. 3) 48 If the spot and its penumbra are formed by a conical opening, the sloping sides of which reveal to us the thickness of the envelopes.

1946 Science 7 June 681/1 The normal color of a sunspot is black and gray, the umbra being black and the penumbra, gray to yellowish-gray.

1990 Astronomy Mar. 55/1 As you observe individual sunspots from one day to the next, you'll notice that their umbras and penumbras change their size and shape.

2. Chiefly Painting and Drawing. An area where shade blends with light; a shadowy area.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > light and shade > [noun] > shade

shadow1486

dark1653

shade1662

obscure1814

penumbra1826

lowlights1842

cast shadow1849

1826 J. Elmes Gen. Dict. Fine Arts Penumbra, in painting, drawing, &c., that point of a picture or drawing where the shade blends itself with the light... These gradations should be nearly imperceptible.

1923 R. Cortissoz Amer. Artists iv. 65 There is a little picture of Fuller's called ‘The Gossips,’ in which the two figures are well-nigh lost in a dim penumbra.

1961 F. Birren Creative Color 108 A delicate transition in brightness from normal color into shadow is what forms the perfect shadow!..The edge (penumbra) is all-important!

1999 Albuquerque (New Mexico) Tribune (Nexis) 5 Feb. c4 Draped in a sacklike little black dress hovering in a textured penumbra of purple, a tiny sad face..looks out over pencil-thin arms and legs.

II. Extended uses.

3. A faint intimation of something undesirable; a peripheral region of uncertain extent; a group of things only partially belonging to some central thing.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > hint or covert suggestion > [noun]

feelc1485

inkling1529

intimation1531

insinuation1532

by-warning1542

byword1542

item1561

cue1565

air1567

vent1613

insusurration1614

hinta1616

injection1622

indication1626

infusion1641

side glance1693

ground bass1699

touch1706

side view1747

sidewipe1757

allusion1766

penumbra1770

breath1795

slyness1823

by-hint1853

light1854

shove1857

suggestion1863

sous-entendu1865

point1870

sidewiper1870

sniff1936

1770 Thoughts Eng. & Irish 37 My wish is to remove even the penumbra of distrust.

1801 M. Edgeworth Angelina iv, in Moral Tales II. 119 I will defend him..against every shadow, every penumbra of aristocratic insolence.

1862 Macmillan's Mag. Aug. 319 Those who can surround a definite designation with the due penumbra.

1874 T. Hardy Far from Madding Crowd I. vii. 84 He fancied that he had felt himself in the penumbra of a very deep sadness when touching that slight and fragile creature.

1925 G. K. Chesterton Everlasting Man Introd. 5 They cannot get out of the penumbra of Christian controversy.

1977 Listener 10 Feb. 170/3 The corporation..sustains a penumbra of small firms which supply it.

1992 Amer. Scholar Autumn 516 But there is no way of doing it without first piercing the penumbra of emotion that surrounds it.

4. U.S. Law. Esp. in constitutional jurisprudence: the scope of a legal provision, esp. the range of its application extending beyond the rights, privileges, or immunities it enumerates explicitly.The use of the penumbra metaphor in American jurisprudence appears to date from the late 19th cent. and is associated with Oliver Wendell Holmes (1841–1935), legal scholar and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. It is difficult to distinguish his early use of the term from sense 3, as the following quotations indicate:

1873 O. W. Holmes in Amer. Law. Rev. 7 654 It is better to have a line drawn somewhere in the penumbra between darkness and light, than to remain in uncertainty.

1881 O. W. Holmes Common Law 127 Legal, like natural divisions, however clear in their general outline, will be found on exact scrutiny to end in a penumbra or debatable land.

1902 O. W. Holmes in Massachusetts Rep. 178 477 It may that it would have been better to say definitely that constitutional rules, like those of common law, end in a penumbra where the Legislature has certain freedom in fixing the line.

Quot. 1965 is considered the locus classicus for this usage.

ΚΠ

1929 O. W. Holmes in U.S. Rep. 277 469 I am not prepared to say that the penumbra of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments covers the defendant, although I fully agree that Courts are apt to err by sticking too closely to the words of a law where those words import a policy that goes beyond them.

1965 W. O. Douglas in U.S. Rep. (Supreme Court) 381 484 The foregoing cases suggest that specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance.

1985 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 79 934 Guidelines..are not, however, part of the law, but only part of its historical penumbra, an effort by Congress, or the responsible committees, to express views as to how the law should be administered in particular circumstances.

2001 Nation (N.Y.) 3 Dec. 3/1 The order..completely removes from the protective penumbra of the Constitution all noncitizens, including those among the more than 1,000 people detained in the United States in the post-September 11 dragnet.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	penumbra
释义	penumbran. Brit. /pᵻˈnʌmbrə/, /pɛˈnʌmbrə/, U.S. /pəˈnəmbrə/ Inflections: Plural penumbrae Brit. /pᵻˈnʌmbriː/, /pɛˈnʌmbriː/, U.S. /pəˈnəmˌbri/, /pəˈnəmˌbraɪ/, penumbras. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin penumbra. Etymology: < post-classical Latin penumbra partially shaded area (J. Kepler Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena (1604) 239) < classical Latin paene pene- prefix + umbra shade, shadow (see umber n.¹). Compare French pénombre (1651 in sense 2; 1666 in sense 1a). I. A partially shaded area. 1. a. The partially shaded region around the shadow of an opaque body, when the light source is larger than a point source and only part of its light is cut off (contrasted with the full shadow or umbra); (esp. in Astronomy) that of the shadow cast by the moon on the earth in a solar eclipse, or by the earth on the moon in a lunar eclipse, resulting in an area that experiences only a partial eclipse. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sun > sunlight > [noun] > eclipse > penumbra penumbra1665 the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > intercepting or cutting off of light > [noun] > casting of a shadow > a shadow > partial penumbra1665 1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 240 There will be, on each side of the shadow of the Earth, a Penumbra, not caus'd by the Refraction of the Air, as in the Hypothesis of Kepler; but by the faint inlightning of it by the Sun. 1690 W. Leybourn Cursus mathematicus f. 745 The Penumbra towards the perfect Shadow, does, little by little, grow more and more obscure. 1770 Philos. Trans. 1769 (Royal Soc.) 59 231 I saw a kind of penumbra or dusky shade, which preceded the first external contact two or three seconds of time. 1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. xxxv. 366 The time at which the Moon first enters the Earth's penumbra. 1869 J. Tyndall Notes 9 Lect. on Light §12 If the source of light be a point, the shadow is sharply defined; if the source be a luminous surface, the perfect shadow is fringed by an imperfect shadow called a penumbra. 1885 Whitaker's Almanack, Eclipses First contact with the Penumbra, 1h. 50m. aft. First contact with the shadow, 2h. 59m. aft. 1914 Science 1 May 638/2 The stations of India and East Africa, and ships in the Indian Ocean, may feel the effect of the penumbra in the afternoon. 1969 V. A. Firsoff Old Moon & New iii. 31 The visibility of a partial solar eclipse follows the opposite course, as the cross-section of the penumbra varies immensely to that of the umbra. 1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 860/2 Sometimes the penumbra, the surrounding shadow from which part of the Sun can be seen, hits the Earth, making a partial solar eclipse. b. Astronomy. The lighter periphery of a sunspot, surrounding the dark core or umbra. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sun > solar activity > [noun] > mark on sun > sunspot > light part of penumbra1763 umbra1788 1763 Philos. Trans. 1762 (Royal Soc.) 52 644 At 7^h 36′ 56″ the specked penumbra which surrounded a pretty large spot on the upper inverted part of the Sun was touched by the Moon's limb. 1801 Philos. Mag. 9 280 The names already in use for the solar phænomena he objects to, as conveying no meaning; such as spots, maculae, saculae, penumbrae, &c. 1868 W. Lockyer & J. N. Lockyer tr. A. Guillemin Heavens (ed. 3) 48 If the spot and its penumbra are formed by a conical opening, the sloping sides of which reveal to us the thickness of the envelopes. 1946 Science 7 June 681/1 The normal color of a sunspot is black and gray, the umbra being black and the penumbra, gray to yellowish-gray. 1990 Astronomy Mar. 55/1 As you observe individual sunspots from one day to the next, you'll notice that their umbras and penumbras change their size and shape. 2. Chiefly Painting and Drawing. An area where shade blends with light; a shadowy area. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > light and shade > [noun] > shade shadow1486 dark1653 shade1662 obscure1814 penumbra1826 lowlights1842 cast shadow1849 1826 J. Elmes Gen. Dict. Fine Arts Penumbra, in painting, drawing, &c., that point of a picture or drawing where the shade blends itself with the light... These gradations should be nearly imperceptible. 1923 R. Cortissoz Amer. Artists iv. 65 There is a little picture of Fuller's called ‘The Gossips,’ in which the two figures are well-nigh lost in a dim penumbra. 1961 F. Birren Creative Color 108 A delicate transition in brightness from normal color into shadow is what forms the perfect shadow!..The edge (penumbra) is all-important! 1999 Albuquerque (New Mexico) Tribune (Nexis) 5 Feb. c4 Draped in a sacklike little black dress hovering in a textured penumbra of purple, a tiny sad face..looks out over pencil-thin arms and legs. II. Extended uses. 3. A faint intimation of something undesirable; a peripheral region of uncertain extent; a group of things only partially belonging to some central thing. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > hint or covert suggestion > [noun] feelc1485 inkling1529 intimation1531 insinuation1532 by-warning1542 byword1542 item1561 cue1565 air1567 vent1613 insusurration1614 hinta1616 injection1622 indication1626 infusion1641 side glance1693 ground bass1699 touch1706 side view1747 sidewipe1757 allusion1766 penumbra1770 breath1795 slyness1823 by-hint1853 light1854 shove1857 suggestion1863 sous-entendu1865 point1870 sidewiper1870 sniff1936 1770 Thoughts Eng. & Irish 37 My wish is to remove even the penumbra of distrust. 1801 M. Edgeworth Angelina iv, in Moral Tales II. 119 I will defend him..against every shadow, every penumbra of aristocratic insolence. 1862 Macmillan's Mag. Aug. 319 Those who can surround a definite designation with the due penumbra. 1874 T. Hardy Far from Madding Crowd I. vii. 84 He fancied that he had felt himself in the penumbra of a very deep sadness when touching that slight and fragile creature. 1925 G. K. Chesterton Everlasting Man Introd. 5 They cannot get out of the penumbra of Christian controversy. 1977 Listener 10 Feb. 170/3 The corporation..sustains a penumbra of small firms which supply it. 1992 Amer. Scholar Autumn 516 But there is no way of doing it without first piercing the penumbra of emotion that surrounds it. 4. U.S. Law. Esp. in constitutional jurisprudence: the scope of a legal provision, esp. the range of its application extending beyond the rights, privileges, or immunities it enumerates explicitly.The use of the penumbra metaphor in American jurisprudence appears to date from the late 19th cent. and is associated with Oliver Wendell Holmes (1841–1935), legal scholar and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. It is difficult to distinguish his early use of the term from sense 3, as the following quotations indicate: 1873 O. W. Holmes in Amer. Law. Rev. 7 654 It is better to have a line drawn somewhere in the penumbra between darkness and light, than to remain in uncertainty. 1881 O. W. Holmes Common Law 127 Legal, like natural divisions, however clear in their general outline, will be found on exact scrutiny to end in a penumbra or debatable land. 1902 O. W. Holmes in Massachusetts Rep. 178 477 It may that it would have been better to say definitely that constitutional rules, like those of common law, end in a penumbra where the Legislature has certain freedom in fixing the line. Quot. 1965 is considered the locus classicus for this usage. ΚΠ 1929 O. W. Holmes in U.S. Rep. 277 469 I am not prepared to say that the penumbra of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments covers the defendant, although I fully agree that Courts are apt to err by sticking too closely to the words of a law where those words import a policy that goes beyond them. 1965 W. O. Douglas in U.S. Rep. (Supreme Court) 381 484 The foregoing cases suggest that specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance. 1985 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 79 934 Guidelines..are not, however, part of the law, but only part of its historical penumbra, an effort by Congress, or the responsible committees, to express views as to how the law should be administered in particular circumstances. 2001 Nation (N.Y.) 3 Dec. 3/1 The order..completely removes from the protective penumbra of the Constitution all noncitizens, including those among the more than 1,000 people detained in the United States in the post-September 11 dragnet. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1665
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