penalityn.

Brit.

/pɪˈnalᵻti/, U.S.

/pəˈnælədi/

Forms: late Middle English penalitee, late Middle English penalitie, late Middle English–1500s penalite, late Middle English–1500s penalyte, 1500s–1600s 1800s– penality.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French pénalité; Latin penalitas.

Etymology: < Middle French pénalité suffering, punishment (1316 in Old French) and its etymon post-classical Latin penalitas, poenalitas punishment, penalty (from c1182 in British sources, 14th cent. in continental sources), sorrow, suffering (13th cent.) < classical Latin poenālis penal adj.¹ + -tās (see -ty suffix¹; compare -ity suffix). Compare Old Occitan penalitat (c1350), Catalan penalitat (15th cent.), Spanish penalidad (1417), Italian penalità (14th cent.). Compare penalty n.

†1. Punishment for an offence; a forfeit for a breach of contract, etc., esp. a fine; = penalty n. 2a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [noun] > penalty

finec1300

penalityc1429

penalty1459

law1470

amends1562

rendera1616

mulcta1625

poena1859

c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 3034 Overe this stede is ane helle whilk named is purgatorie..Whare Cristen saules for thaire synnes vnclensid who saved salle be Resceves after Gods demyng certeyne penalitee [L. poenalitatem].

1470 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 427 This present endenture..extend not to the avoydyng or dischargyng of any promys, covenaunt, penalite, paiement of money, [etc.].

c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica iv. 228 It is accompted for a grete offence there to chaunge iue of mortall sufferaunce for the penalitie of banyshment and exile.

1531 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 101 Suche penalytes as hathe..ben..accustomyd to be payed.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. xxxiiii^v [They] banyshed oute of their landes and seigniories all Englishe..commodities vpon great forfeytures and penalities.

†2. Painfulness; pain or suffering; = penalty n. 4. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun]

sorec888

teeneOE

sorrowOE

workOE

wrakeOE

careOE

gramec1000

harmOE

howc1000

trayOE

woweOE

angec1175

derfnessc1175

sytec1175

unwinc1175

wosithc1200

ail?c1225

barrat?c1225

derf?c1225

grief?c1225

misease?c1225

misliking?c1225

ofthinkingc1225

passion?c1225

troublec1230

pinec1275

distress1297

grievancea1300

penancea1300

cumbermentc1300

languorc1300

cumbering1303

were1303

angera1325

strifea1325

sweama1325

woea1325

painc1330

tribulationc1330

illa1340

threst1340

constraintc1374

troublenessc1380

afflictiona1382

bruisinga1382

miseasetya1382

pressurec1384

exercisec1386

miscomfortc1390

mislikea1400

smarta1400

thronga1400

balec1400

painfulnessc1400

troublancec1400

smartness?c1425

painliness1435

perplexity?a1439

penalty?1462

calamity1490

penality1496

cumber?a1513

sussy1513

tribule1513

afflict?1529

vexation of spirit1535

troublesomeness1561

hoe1567

grievedness1571

tribulance1575

languishment1576

thrall1578

tine1590

languorment1593

aggrievedness1594

obturbation1623

afflictedness1646

erumny1657

pathos1684

shock1705

dree1791

vex1815

wrungnessa1875

dukkha1886

thinkache1892

sufferation1976

the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > [noun]

sorec825

acheeOE

wrakeOE

trayOE

woe?a1200

pinec1200

sorrowc1225

teenc1225

grievousness1303

dolec1320

balea1325

painc1330

warkingc1340

dolour?c1370

sufferance1422

offencea1425

angerc1440

sufferingc1450

penalty?1462

penality1496

grief1509

stress1533

sufferance1597

somatalgia1607

suffering1609

tort1632

miserya1825

1496 Epit. Iaspar Late Duke of Beddeforde (Pynson) sig. aiv Youre plesures been past vnto penalyte.

?1504 W. Atkinson tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) ii. xii. 194 In greuouse temptacions & tribulacions, & penalite of lyfe.

a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) ii. xiv. sig. p.iiii^v Counnyng surgeans..To cure this gentylman from penalite.

3. The state or condition of being penal. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [noun] > characteristic of being penal

penality1650

1650 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica (ed. 2) i. vi. 18 Many of the Ancients denied the Antipodes, and some unto the penality [so ed. 1658; edd. 1646, 1676 penalty] of contrary affirmations.

1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. III. v. xv. 253 Offences occupying a high rank in the scale of criminality or penality.

1991 Brit. Jrnl. Criminol. 21 431 Punishment—as enterprise, process and set of institutions (thus the use of the broader term ‘penality’)—is complex, not reducible to a single meaning or purpose.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	penality
释义	penalityn. Brit. /pɪˈnalᵻti/, U.S. /pəˈnælədi/ Forms: late Middle English penalitee, late Middle English penalitie, late Middle English–1500s penalite, late Middle English–1500s penalyte, 1500s–1600s 1800s– penality. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French pénalité; Latin penalitas. Etymology: < Middle French pénalité suffering, punishment (1316 in Old French) and its etymon post-classical Latin penalitas, poenalitas punishment, penalty (from c1182 in British sources, 14th cent. in continental sources), sorrow, suffering (13th cent.) < classical Latin poenālis penal adj.¹ + -tās (see -ty suffix¹; compare -ity suffix). Compare Old Occitan penalitat (c1350), Catalan penalitat (15th cent.), Spanish penalidad (1417), Italian penalità (14th cent.). Compare penalty n. †1. Punishment for an offence; a forfeit for a breach of contract, etc., esp. a fine; = penalty n. 2a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [noun] > penalty finec1300 penalityc1429 penalty1459 law1470 amends1562 rendera1616 mulcta1625 poena1859 c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 3034 Overe this stede is ane helle whilk named is purgatorie..Whare Cristen saules for thaire synnes vnclensid who saved salle be Resceves after Gods demyng certeyne penalitee [L. poenalitatem]. 1470 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 427 This present endenture..extend not to the avoydyng or dischargyng of any promys, covenaunt, penalite, paiement of money, [etc.]. c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica iv. 228 It is accompted for a grete offence there to chaunge iue of mortall sufferaunce for the penalitie of banyshment and exile. 1531 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 101 Suche penalytes as hathe..ben..accustomyd to be payed. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. xxxiiii^v [They] banyshed oute of their landes and seigniories all Englishe..commodities vpon great forfeytures and penalities. †2. Painfulness; pain or suffering; = penalty n. 4. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun] sorec888 teeneOE sorrowOE workOE wrakeOE careOE gramec1000 harmOE howc1000 trayOE woweOE angec1175 derfnessc1175 sytec1175 unwinc1175 wosithc1200 ail?c1225 barrat?c1225 derf?c1225 grief?c1225 misease?c1225 misliking?c1225 ofthinkingc1225 passion?c1225 troublec1230 pinec1275 distress1297 grievancea1300 penancea1300 cumbermentc1300 languorc1300 cumbering1303 were1303 angera1325 strifea1325 sweama1325 woea1325 painc1330 tribulationc1330 illa1340 threst1340 constraintc1374 troublenessc1380 afflictiona1382 bruisinga1382 miseasetya1382 pressurec1384 exercisec1386 miscomfortc1390 mislikea1400 smarta1400 thronga1400 balec1400 painfulnessc1400 troublancec1400 smartness?c1425 painliness1435 perplexity?a1439 penalty?1462 calamity1490 penality1496 cumber?a1513 sussy1513 tribule1513 afflict?1529 vexation of spirit1535 troublesomeness1561 hoe1567 grievedness1571 tribulance1575 languishment1576 thrall1578 tine1590 languorment1593 aggrievedness1594 obturbation1623 afflictedness1646 erumny1657 pathos1684 shock1705 dree1791 vex1815 wrungnessa1875 dukkha1886 thinkache1892 sufferation1976 the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > [noun] sorec825 acheeOE wrakeOE trayOE woe?a1200 pinec1200 sorrowc1225 teenc1225 grievousness1303 dolec1320 balea1325 painc1330 warkingc1340 dolour?c1370 sufferance1422 offencea1425 angerc1440 sufferingc1450 penalty?1462 penality1496 grief1509 stress1533 sufferance1597 somatalgia1607 suffering1609 tort1632 miserya1825 1496 Epit. Iaspar Late Duke of Beddeforde (Pynson) sig. aiv Youre plesures been past vnto penalyte. ?1504 W. Atkinson tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) ii. xii. 194 In greuouse temptacions & tribulacions, & penalite of lyfe. a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) ii. xiv. sig. p.iiii^v Counnyng surgeans..To cure this gentylman from penalite. 3. The state or condition of being penal. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [noun] > characteristic of being penal penality1650 1650 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica (ed. 2) i. vi. 18 Many of the Ancients denied the Antipodes, and some unto the penality [so ed. 1658; edd. 1646, 1676 penalty] of contrary affirmations. 1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. III. v. xv. 253 Offences occupying a high rank in the scale of criminality or penality. 1991 Brit. Jrnl. Criminol. 21 431 Punishment—as enterprise, process and set of institutions (thus the use of the broader term ‘penality’)—is complex, not reducible to a single meaning or purpose. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1429
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