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单词 pestilence
释义

pestilencen.adv.

Brit. /ˈpɛstᵻləns/, /ˈpɛstᵻln̩s/, U.S. /ˈpɛstələns/
Forms: Middle English pestelense, Middle English pestellence, Middle English pestlensse, Middle English pestitilence (transmission error), Middle English perestolences (transmission error, plural), Middle English–1500s pestelence, Middle English–1500s pestelens, Middle English–1500s pestilens, Middle English–1500s pestlens, Middle English–1500s pestylence, Middle English–1500s pestylens, Middle English– pestilence, 1500s pestolens, 1500s–1600s pestlence; Scottish pre-1700 pestelans, pre-1700 pestelansche, pre-1700 pestelence, pre-1700 pestelens, pre-1700 pestellence, pre-1700 pestilance, pre-1700 pestilens, pre-1700 pestillence, pre-1700 pestylens, pre-1700 pistolence, pre-1700 1700s– pestilence.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French pestilence; Latin pestilentia.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French pestilence (also in Anglo-Norman as pestelence , in Anglo-Norman and Old French as pestilense , in Old French (Picardy) as pestilance , and in Old French, Middle French as pestillence ) pernicious doctrine, wickedness, evil conduct (first half of the 12th cent. in Anglo-Norman in chaere de pestilence ), epidemic, plague (1170 in Old French; now obsolete in this sense), disaster, calamity, torment, misery (early 13th cent. or earlier) and its etymon classical Latin pestilentia outbreak of epidemic disease, plague, in post-classical Latin also wickedness (Vulgate) < pestilent- , pestilēns pestilent adj. + -ia -ia suffix1: see -ence suffix. Compare Old Occitan pestilencia (1265; also as pestilensa (c1420); Occitan pestiléncia stench), Catalan pestilència (13th cent.; also as †pestilença, †pestelència (both c1300)), Spanish pestilencia, †pestilençia (both mid 13th cent. or earlier; also as †pestelencia (c1350)), Portuguese pestilência (14th cent. as pestelença, pestilençia; also as †pestilencia, †pestellencia (both 15th cent.)), Italian pestilenza (early 14th cent.; earlier as †pestelenzia (13th cent.), †pestilentia (a1258 or earlier), †pestilenzia (a1294); also as †pestilencia (14th cent.)); compare also Middle Dutch pestilencie (Dutch †pestilency, pestilentie), Middle Low German pestilencie, Middle High German pestilencie, pestilentz (late; German Pestilenz, now literary), Old Swedish pestilencia, pestilentie (Swedish pestilens).In chair of pestilence (see sense A. 2) after post-classical Latin cathedra pestilentiae (Vulgate); compare Anglo-Norman chaere de pestilence (first half of the 12th cent.; French chaire de pestilence subsequently from 17th cent.). With pestilence-weed n. at Compounds 2 compare earlier pestilence-wort n. and pestilent-wort n., and the cognates cited at pestilence-wort n.
A. n.
1.
a. A fatal epidemic or disease, affecting people or animals; a plague; spec. (frequently in the pestilence) bubonic plague. Also: an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > plague or pestilence > [noun]
manqualmeOE
deathOE
starveOE
woundc1369
pestilencea1382
murraina1387
mortality?a1425
plaguea1475
pest1479
cladec1480
traik1513
mortalness1530
pestility1570
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > plague or pestilence > [noun] > bubonic plague
pestilencea1382
plague1522
cannikin1612
black plague1626
Black Death1755
bubonic plague1803
bubo plague1833
bubonic1901
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Jer. xxvii. 13 Whi shul ȝee dien, þou & þi puple, with swerd & hunger & pestilence [L. peste]?
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 1370 (MED) Yn Rome fyl a grete moreyne, A pestelens [v.rr. pestlensse; man-qualm] of men.
a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) ix. 1617 (MED) Tancret deide of pestilence.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (BL Add. 9066) (1879) 360 In the Citee of Rome befille a grete pestilence of men and bestes.
a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 56 Lyke as a pestylens..destroyth a grete nombur of the pepul wyth out regard of any person had or degre.
1564 W. Bullein Dialogue against Feuer Pestilence (new ed.) sig. Aviiv I met with wagons..full laden with young barnes, for feare of the blacke Pestilence.
1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. viii. 326 About an hundred yeeres ago, all the monks of this monasterie died of a pestilence.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Pestilence or Plague, a Disease arising from an Infection in the Air, accompany'd with Blotches, Boils, and..other dreadful Symptoms.
1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) II. 485 Should a pestilence come, and sweep off one half of the people.
1823 ‘Mrs. Markham’ Hist. Eng. (1853) xviii. 160 During the great pestilence he bought a piece of ground, which he gave for a burying-ground for those who died in London of that dreadful disease.
1845 G. Budd On Dis. Liver 394 In the winter of 1830–31.., where the pestilence was most rife, the existing race of sheep was almost entirely swept off.
1865 Cornhill Mag. May 591 To be entitled to the name of pestilence, a disease must be unusually fatal, very rapid in its operation, and must destroy great numbers of victims.
1961 Amer. Heritage Bk. Indians 195/1 The fierce Winnebago west of Lake Michigan were crushed by pestilence and by a war they provoked with the Illinois.
1994 Laywitness Sept. 2/1 There will be pestilences and famines and earthquakes in various places.
b. As a curse, in various phrases. a pestilence on (also upon): may a plague come upon (a person or thing); cf. pest n. 1b, devil n. Phrases 1b(a), plague n. 4. the pestilence of a penny: not a penny; cf. devil n. Phrases 1e(b), fiend n. 2b. with a pestilence: so as to plague or trouble a person excessively; with a vengeance. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [interjection] > oaths other than religious or obscene > imprecations
woeOE
dahetc1290
confoundc1330
foul (also shame) fall ——c1330
sorrow on——c1330
in the wanianda1352
wildfirea1375
evil theedomc1386
a pestilence on (also upon)c1390
woe betide you (also him, her, etc.)c1390
maldathaita1400
murrainc1400
out ona1415
in the wild waning worldc1485
vengeance?a1500
in a wanion1549
with a wanion1549
woe worth1553
a plague on——a1566
with a wanion to?c1570
with a wanyand1570
bot1584
maugre1590
poxa1592
death1593
rot1594
rot on1595
cancro1597
pax1604
pize on (also upon)1605
vild1605
peascod1606
cargo1607
confusion1608
perditiona1616
(a) pest upon1632
deuce1651
stap my vitals1697
strike me blind, dumb, lucky (if, but—)1697
stop my vitals1699
split me (or my windpipe)1700
rabbit1701
consume1756
capot me!1760
nick me!1760
weary set1788
rats1816
bad cess to1859
curse1885
hanged1887
buggeration1964
the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [phrase] > extremely or excessively
out of (also over, without) measure1340
with a pestilence1594
too —— for anything?a1832
c1390 G. Chaucer Nun's Priest's Tale 4600 Turneth agayn ye proude cherles alle, A verray pestilence vp on yow falle.
c1395 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale 1264 Olde and angry nygardes of dispence, God sende hem soone verray pestilence!
1568 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Dial Princes (rev. ed.) iv. viii. 129 The pestilens of penny he hath in his purse to blesse him with.
1594 T. Nashe Vnfortunate Traveller sig. G2v He interpreted to vs with a pestilence.
1598 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse (new ed.) sig. B2v We..clap a plaister to him with a pestilence, that mends him with a verie vengeance.
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet v. i. 174 A pestilence on him for a madde rogue. View more context for this quotation
1612 G. Chapman Widdowes Teares ii. sig. Dv Has giuen me a Bone to tire on with a pestilence.
1629 in Bk. Meery Riddles (Jahrbuch) (1906) 12 A man or woman doth say a vengeance or a pestilence on her child or servant or wisheth them dead, yet would be loath it were so.
1758 D. Garrick & E. Capell Antony & Cleopatra ii. ii. 32 The most infectious pestilence upon thee!
1795 E. Fenwick Secresy II. vii. 74 A pestilence on your throat, I say!
1841 R. E. Landor Faith's Fraud i. iv. 115 A pestilence on his house!
1858 N.Y. Daily Times 17 July 2/5 The pestilence take me, for an intermeddling rogue!
2. figurative. That which is morally or socially pernicious; evil conduct, wickedness, sin; an instance of this, an evil.chair of pestilence n. Obsolete the bench of infamy, seat of wickedness.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [noun] > harmful principle, practice, etc. > affecting society
pestilencea1382
noisance1413
nuisance1422
noyance1457
annuisance1474
inconvenience1622
public nuisance1638
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Psalms i. 1 Blysful þe man þat..in þe weie of synful stood not & in þe chaȝer of pestilence [L. cathedra pestilentiae] sat not.
?1406 T. Hoccleve La Mâle Règle 260 in E. P. Hammond Eng. Verse between Chaucer & Surrey (1927) 63/2 O flaterie! O lurkyng pestilence!
?a1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. iv. met. iii. 20 Mercurie..hath vnbownden hym fro the pestilence of his oostesse [sc. Circes].
a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 44 (MED) Thou knowest them which so longe tyme haue dissimiled the iniquitees through which the corrupte pestilences ar growen amonge vs.
?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing 70 Such players of Enterludes..are so noysome a pestilence to infect a Common wealth.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) ii. iii. 347 I'le poure this pestilence into his eare. View more context for this quotation
1633 W. Prynne Histrio-mastix i. f. 560v Clemens Alexandrinus, Tertullian, and S. Chrisostome, call the Play-house; the very seate and chaire of pestilence.
1796 G. H. Noehden & J. Stoddart tr. F. Schiller Fiesco ii. iii. 63 Even on the unsullied mirror of virtue, this hypocrite breathes pestilence.
1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xlvii. 459 If the moral pestilence..could be made discernible too, how terrible the revelation!
1884 J. Parker Apostolic Life III. 126 The charges of pestilence, sedition, ringleadership, profanity, are only pure and simple lies.
1924 Times 16 Oct. 11/3 They were letting these creatures preach their pestilence.
1995 Baltimore Sun (Nexis) 23 Jan. 10 a The way to head off the casino industry..is to join with neighboring states and phase out this pestilence.
3. figurative. That which plagues or troubles; disaster, calamity; an instance of this; a cause of trouble, a plague. Later, in weakened sense: a person who or thing which is troublesome or annoying; a cause of annoyance, a nuisance, a pest.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > [noun] > one who or that which harasses
pursuera1382
running sore1453
pesta1522
gall1537
grater1549
plaguer1598
afflicter1600
inflicter1605
a thorn in the flesh or side1611
incubus1648
cumber1669
harasser1707
scunner1796
tin kettle1796
pester1810
pesterer1824
baitera1845
pestilence1886
nudnik1916
?a1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. i. pr. iv. 43 The governementz of cites..ne schulde noght bryngen in pestilence [L. pestem] and destruccioun to goode folk.
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 3 [To] put this trauailland warld jn pes and rest, yat now is put jn grete pestilence.
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 274 [Norway] hath also a peculiar pestilence which they caule Leem or Lemmer..a lyttle foure footed beaste abowte the byggenesse of a ratte with a spotted skynne.
1601 J. Marston et al. Iacke Drums Entertainm. iii. sig. E4v Go haste away, flie from the pestilence Of my contagious griefe.
1667 E. Waterhouse Short Narr. Fire London 59 God having..placed in nature ballances and repulsives as well as insolences and pestilences of assaults on harmony.
1772 R. Warner Cheat i. ii. 300 Why not combine together To rid the city of this pestilence.
1886 J. Ruskin Let. 10 Mar. in Lewin Lett. (1909) II. vi. 354 Those cursed publishers are the pestilence of literature.
1893 ‘M. Corelli’ Barabbas (1894) iv. 28 A pestilence in this man's shape doth walk abroad to desolate and disaffect.
1977 S. J. Perelman Eastward Ha! vii. 93 The sleepy riverine capital..was now..a pestilence of traffic jams, bars, brothels.
1992 Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka) 6 Sept. (New Delhi ed.) (Colour Mag.) 15/6 A ten-year-old kept tugging at the trousers of an engineer and chanting, ‘saar, saar, saar’. The engineer could not get rid of the pestilence.
B. adv.
colloquial. Used to intensify a statement: confoundedly, utterly. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adverb] > extremely or exceedingly > specifically of something bad
sorea1300
grievously1340
terrible1490
beastly?1518
shrewdlyc1533
arrantly?1548
murrainly?1548
abominablea1550
pestilence1567
pestilently1567
cursedly1570
pestiferously1570
murrain1575
plaguey1584
plaguilya1586
grievous1598
scandalously1602
horridly1603
terribly1604
monstrously1611
hellish1614
dreadfullya1616
horrid1615
pestilenta1616
infernally1638
preposterously1661
woeful1684
confoundedly1694
confounded1709
glaringly1709
cursed1719
flagrantly1756
weary1790
disgustingly1804
filthy1827
blamed1833
peskily1833
pesky1833
blame1843
blasted1854
wickedly1858
blatantly1878
shamelessly1885
disgracefully1893
ruddy1913
bastarda1935
pissing1951
sodding1954
pissingly1971
1567 Triall of Treasure sig. Biiiv By the Masse but Hewe Howlet is pestilens witty.
1631 B. Jonson Bartholmew Fayre ii. ii. 17 in Wks. II The Fayre's pestlence dead, mee thinkes.
a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Little French Lawyer iv, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. K2/2 Boh, boh, pestlence cold.

Compounds

C1.
pestilence bringer n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Pestilence brynger or causer, fatifer, pestifer.
pestilence causer n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Pestilence..causer, fatifer, pestifer.
pestilence-laden adj.
ΚΠ
1873 M. C. Ames 10 Years in Washington 571 In our own memory it is associated with the pestilence-laden ambulance.
1950 Osiris 9 118 The pestilence-laden shafts of the sun-god Phoebus Apollo.
pestilence planet n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
?a1500 Nominale (Yale Beinecke 594) in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 801/30 Hic saturnus, a pestlens planyt.
pestilence-stricken adj.
ΚΠ
1820 P. B. Shelley Ode to West Wind i, in Prometheus Unbound 189 Pestilence-stricken multitudes.
1905 W. H. Hunt Pre-Raphaelitism II. ii. 45 The burial-ground close to the walls of the pestilence-stricken city.
2001 Quill & Quire (Nexis) Oct. 14–5 In fact, there was an old, pestilence-stricken tree once in this garden.
pestilence time n. now historical
ΚΠ
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 23 Bi greet corrupcioun of þe aier as in pestilence tyme [L. pestilentia]..þe spirit vitales fleþ his contray.
a1450 (?1409) St. Patrick's Purgatory (Royal) 61 (MED) Y mette with..a suster of myne þat was dede long tofore in a pestilence tyme.
2000 Daily News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 4 Apr. 2 Matthew Guido won first place for individual documentary for ‘London and Europe During the Pestilence Time: The Bubonic Plague as a Turning Point in History’.
C2.
pestilence-weed n. Obsolete rare the plant butterbur, Petasites hybridus; cf. pestilence-wort n.
ΚΠ
1863 R. C. A. Prior On Pop. Names Brit. Plants 175 Pestilence-weed, G. Pestilenz-wurz, from having been formerly, as Lyte tells us, of great repute as ‘a sovereign medicine against the plague and pestilent fevers’..Tussilago petasites, L.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

pestilencev.

Forms: 1500s pestilenzing (present participle).
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pestilence n.
Etymology: < pestilence n. Compare slightly earlier pestilencing adj. and slightly later pestilent v.
Obsolete. rare.
transitive. To make (a person) pestilent; to infect with disease. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > plague or pestilence > cause plague or pestilence [verb (transitive)]
plaguec1595
pestilence1598
infect1607
empesta1612
1598 R. Tofte Alba iii. sig. F8 v Loue (pestilenzing) doth infect my soule.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
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n.adv.a1382v.1598
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