| 释义 |
philosophern. Origin: Probably a borrowing from French, combined with an English element. Etymons: French philosophe , -er suffix1. Etymology: Probably < Anglo-Norman and Middle French philosophe philosophe n. + -er suffix1: see note below. Middle English forms in -re perhaps show a metathesized spelling of -er suffix1. With β and γ forms compare -er suffix1 and -er suffix2; with δ forms compare -or suffix. In Middle English the primary stress is usually on the penultimate syllable; in Older Scots stress on the last syllable is occasionally found (compare quot. ?a1513 at sense 1a).Anglo-Norman philosophre is apparently only attested once, in an early 14th-cent. text, where it is probably a misreading of or scribal error for philosophie (and may have been influenced by the Middle English word):a1325 N. Bozon Contes 41 Un autre pessoun de la mier qe la philosophre appele conche. Sense 2 is apparently not paralleled by French philosophe until much later (early 20th cent.). In philosopher's game n. at Compounds 3 after post-classical Latin ludus philosophorum (compare also slightly later philosopher's table n. at Compounds 3):c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) 2414 The play he kan of Ryghtmathye (margin Rihtmachia est ludus philosophorum et consistit in arsmetrica et proporcionibus numerorum). With philosopherlike adj. and adv. at Derivatives compare earlier philosophically adv. 1. the world > the supernatural > the occult > [noun] > occultist the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > philosopher > [noun] ?1316 Short Metrical Chron. (Royal) 5 in J. Ritson (1802) II. 270 (MED) This philosofres us doth to-wyte..This lond wes cleped Albyon. a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in (Bodl. 959) (1959) vi. 4 I holde my pees of gramaryens & rethorykez, philosophers, geometrers, [etc.]. c1395 G. Chaucer 1561 Allas that I bihighte Of pured gold a thousand pound..Vn to this philosophre [v.rr. philysophere, philosople, Philofre]. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. 351 (MED) Wederwise shipmen and witti clerkes also Han no bilieue to þe lifte ne to þe lore of philosofres. a1425 (a1400) (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 7657 (MED) Fra þe erth untylle þe cercle of þe mone es Þe way of fyve hundreth wynter..Als a gret philosiphir þat hyght Rabby Moyses telles. c1449 R. Pecock (1860) 14 (MED) Hethen philsophiris, bi her studie in natural witt, founden and grauntiden alle hem to be doon. a1470 T. Malory (Winch. Coll.) 197 The kynge..sente for a philozopher and charged hym to telle what sygnyfyed his dreme. c1480 (a1400) St. John Evangelist 89 in W. M. Metcalfe (1896) I. 111 A phylosyphere of gret renowne, þat cratone hecht. c1500 (?a1475) (1896) 1890 (MED) I sawe poetys & phylosophyrs sage..Som lookyng on bookes..Som drawyng almenakes, [etc.]. a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 222 Divinouris, rethoris and philosophouris, Astrologis, artistis and oratouris. a1538 T. Starkey (1989) 3 The old & antique phylosopharys..applyd themselfys to the secrety studys & serchyng of nature. 1541 T. Elyot xxxiv. f. 81v Numa Pompilius,..beinge an excellent phylosopher.., was chosen to be kynge. 1600 W. Shakespeare i. ii. 48 I feare hee will prooue the weeping Phylosopher [sc. Heraclitus] when hee growes old. View more context for this quotation 1651 T. Hobbes ii. xxxi. 190 That those Philosophers, who sayd the World, or the Soule of the World was God, spake unworthily of him. 1651 J. French Ep. Ded. sig. A4v As men bring lead to Philosophers to be tinged into gold. 1664 H. Power Pref. sig. C3v Without some such Mechanical assistance, our best Philosophers will but prove empty Conjecturalists. 1728 H. Pemberton 2 I drew up the following papers, to give a general notion of our great philosopher's [sc. Newton's] notions. 1776 A. Smith I. i. i. 12 Philosophers or men of speculation, whose trade is, not to do any thing, but to observe every thing. 1809 S. T. Coleridge (1866) 290 Pythagoras..is said to have first named himself philosopher or lover of wisdom. 1824 7 Mar. 312/1 A most admirable chemist, and one of the first philosophers of the age. 1861 23 Aug. 10/2 The most abominable pitfall ever invented by a philosopher for the discomfiture of a cocksure historian. 1895 J. K. Bangs xii. 159 A philosopher who is so taken up with his studies that when he rises in the morning he doesn't look what he is doing, and goes off to his business in his wife's clothes. 1938 R. G. Collingwood vi. 106 Philosophers, especially those with an academic position, inherit a long tradition of arguing for the sake of arguing. 1967 W. H. Dray in P. Edwards VI. 252/1 Few philosophers of history can be classified without qualification as linear, cyclical, or chaos theorists. 1997 R. Porter iii. 54 The earliest Ionian philosophers hoped to identify a single elemental substance. the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > post-Socratic philosophy > [noun] > Aristotelianism > Aristotle 1340 (1866) 120 (MED) Þe filosofe zayþ þet yefþe is yeuynge wyþoute ayen-yefþe.] c1390 G. Chaucer 536 Ire, after the philosophre, is the feruent blood of man yquyked in his herte. c1430 (c1395) G. Chaucer Prol. 365 This is the sentence of the philosophre, A kyng to kepe his lyges in justice. c1449 R. Pecock (1860) 27 (MED) As the philsophir seith, it is profitable..a man forto speke as many vsen forto speke. a1500 (c1410) (Hunterian) (1976) i. 95 (MED) Aungelys..reulyn..þe cours of planetys, as seyȝt þe Phylosofre. c1550 (1979) xvii. 118 The philosophour sais that the cause of ane thing is of mair efficacite, nor is the thyng that procedis fra the cause. 1672 Bp. J. Wilkins 41 It is laid down by the philosopher as the proper way of reasoning from authority, that what seems true to some wise men, may upon that account be esteemed somewhat probable. 1751 (ed. 7) Antonomasia, a figure in rhetoric..Thus we say, the philosopher, instead of Aristotle. 1799 tr. A. von Kotzebue i. v. 13 I have spied thee out—have held my staff before thee, as the philosopher did to Alcibiades. 1861 D. G. Rossetti tr. Dante Vita Nuova in ii. 307 This the Philosopher says in the Second of the Metaphysics. 1907 I. 266/1 Others had drawn false doctrines from the writings of the Philosopher. 1983 W. Weaver tr. U. Eco 473 Because it was by the Philosopher. Every book by that man has destroyed a part of the learning that Christianity had accumulated over the centuries. society > education > learning > learner > one attending school > [noun] > division of pupils > Roman Catholic or Jesuit > specific form > pupil in 1711 in E. H. Burton (1909) I. iii. 32 Ye Superiors had inculcated..ye two pair of beads to be said every week by one of ye Philosophers. 1712 in (1904) Mar. 20 Ye Littanies of ye Saints, every night our Ladyes wch are solemnly sung every Saturday, ye two pair of beads to be said every week by one of ye Philosophers, ye fasting before our Ladyes dayes and ye like. 1809 in (1948) Summer 9 The boys in the higher classes viz. Philosophers and Rhetoricians have separate rooms. 1915 Dec. 292 The new furniture..is to be arranged and then the Divines and Philosophers can take possession. the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > [noun] > one who is reasonable c1380 G. Chaucer 490 I recche nat what wrong that thow me profre, For I kan suffre it as a philosophre.] 1600 W. Shakespeare v. i. 35 For there was neuer yet Philosopher, That could endure the tooth-ake patiently. View more context for this quotation 1700 G. Farquhar ii. iv. 20 I'll beat him with the Temper of a Philosopher. 1855 Ld. Tennyson Maud iv. ix, in 20 Be mine a philosopher's life in the quiet woodland ways. 1871 E. F. Burr ix. 165 Most men are not philosophers. 1978 B. Norman x. 81 One of nature's philosophers—always knew when it was a fair cop. Phrases P1. the world > matter > alchemy > alchemical processes > [noun] > chemical digestion > philosophers' stone the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > a medicine or medicament > non-remedial medicine > elixirs of life the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [noun] > occult medicine > elixirs of life c1484 (a1475) J. de Caritate tr. (Takamiya) (1977) 174 Take þe bestly stone vegetabyl and myneral..þe qwych þe comun pepyl name..þe terme of an egge, þat is to sey, þe egge of philysophris [ Lambeth a1500 Lamb. Eye of Philosophers; a1500 Ashm. philosophers egge; L. ouum philosoforum]. a1500 (?a1425) tr. (Lamb.) 88 Þe Eyrn, þat ys to say þe Eye of Philosophers. P2. the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medical preparations of specific origin > medicine composed of a plant > [noun] > oils and oily preparations 1547 A. Borde i. f. xxiiii To anoint the stomake with the oyle of philosophers named in latyn, olium philosophorum. 1651 J. French iii. 81 Oil made out of Tile-stones called the Oile of Philosophers. 1706 (new ed.) Oil of Philosophers, a Chymical Preparation of pieces of Brick heated red hot, soak'd in Oil of Olives, and afterwards distill'd in a Retort. 1757 E. Barker tr. L. Heister xi. 264 Oil of Philosophers being a very gentle Septic. Compounds1664 H. More Apol. in 508 The Gentleman Atheist or Philosopher Infidel. 1845 T. Cooper iv. 148 Dr. Mason Good..opens the preface to his version with this glowing, and more universal, eulogy of the Roman philosopher-poet. 1885 W. Pater iii. xv Under the full sanction of the philosopher-pontiff. a1937 J. L. Stocks (1939) v. 68 The philosopher-scientist of the nineteenth century had certainly no place for chance. 1937 619/1 In Turgot he hailed his ideal philosopher-statesman. 1995 Jan. 106/2 The éminence grise of the Plastic People was, or is, a Czech revolutionary philosopher-poet who called himself ‘Egon Bondy’. C2. 1791 E. Sayer 175 The true value of a philosopher King, and of a citizen philosopher. 1853 A. Houssaye 71 Kings are always kings; above all, philosopher kings. 1869 25 Dec. 596/1 Saigon, the new capital of French Cochin-china and Bangkok, with its philosopher-king. 1923 A. Huxley 12 Nov. (1969) 222 One determined Poincaré can defeat..ten philosopher-kings. 1979 3 Sept. 10/1 The TUC's last philosopher-king, George Woodcock. 1999 8 Nov. 6/2 He has the knack of being able to say very little and then be treated in the media as a philosopher-king. C3. Compounds with philosopher's or philosophers'. the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > preparations treating or preventing specific ailments > [noun] > for the plague > others a1500 (a1450) tr. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 65 Take the..philosophers egge..compone hym egally and proporcionly, so that ther be no dyvysion ther-in neyther repugnance. c1500 f. 154v A proved medicine againste the pestilence called A philosophres Egge. Take Firste an egge and breake a hole in one ende..and do out the white..take hole safron and fille the shelle therewith by the yolcke [etc.]. 1599 T. Moffett ii. 44 Called by Alchimists Ouum Philosophorum, the Philosophers egge. a1626 F. Bacon (1852) II. 567/1 I have tried the same experiment with a glass (or philosopher's) egg. 1954 11 34 One whole leaf relating to this subject of the philosophers' egg which is found in the Vatican Palatine manuscript is omitted from the Arundel manuscript. 1998 45 178 For this operation, one put an amalgam of mercury and either gold or silver inside a sealed retort (i.e., a philosophers' egg). society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > other board games > [noun] > philosophers' game 1563 (title) The most ancient and learned playe, called the philosophers game invented for the honest recreation of students. 1621 R. Burton ii. ii. iv. 346 The ordinary recreations which we haue in Winter..are Cardes, Tables, and Dice, Shouel~board, Chesse-play, the Philosophers game. 1787 R. Twiss I. 65 The board of this Philosopher's game, is eight squares in breadth, and sixteen in height. There are twenty-four men on a side, represented as flat pieces of wood, cut in the form of circles, triangles, and squares. The king is a square on which is a triangle and a circle. 1952 H. J. R. Murray iv. 84 Rithmomachy,..‘battle of numbers’ or Ludus Philosophorum, ‘the Philosophers' Game’. An arithmetical game, invented in the twelfth century, probably in France. 2003 8 64 From about 1050 A.D. to the dawn of the Scientific Revolution, rithmomachia,..also known as ‘the philosophers' game’, played a notable role in European learned culture. the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > philosopher > [noun] 1879 Sept. 500 As Spenser has been called ‘the poet's poet’, so we may term Spinoza ‘the philosopher's philosopher’. 1957 J. Passmore iv. 81 McTaggart was a philosopher's philosopher, if ever there has been one. 2004 (Nexis) 1 June 130 Quine..is simply too much of a philosopher's philosopher for novices to find accessible. society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > other board games > [noun] > philosophers' game 1584 R. Scot xi. x. 198 A childish and ridiculous toie, and like vnto childrens plaie at Primus secundus, or the game called The philosophers table. society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > [noun] > types of furnace by shape 1688 R. Holme iii. xx. 228 The Philosophers Tower,..a kind of Tower furnace, wherewith a man may distill both water and oyle with one only fire. society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > alloy > [noun] > mercury alloys or amalgam 1692 W. Salmon iii. xiii. 488 So that every good and wise Man may happily gather those desirable Apples of the Hesperides from this our Philosophers Tree. 1704 J. Harris I Philosophers Tree, see Diana's Tree. 1948 W. R. Benet 993 Saturn's tree, an alchemist's name for the tree of Diana, or philosopher's tree. 2000 R. A. Clack iv. 65 The garden of the philosophers..recapitulates ‘the wholeness of paradise,’ and its centerpiece, the arbor philosophica (the philosophers' tree), symbolically links heaven and earth. the world > matter > alchemy > other alchemical substances or theories > [noun] > universal solvent 1612 B. Jonson ii. iii. sig. D4v Svb... Ha' you set the Oyle of Luna in Kemia? Fac. Yes, Sir. Svb. And the Philosophers vinegar? Fac. I. View more context for this quotation 1612 B. Jonson ii. iii. sig. D4 I' haue another worke;..That, three dayes since, past the Philosophers wheele, In the lent heate of Athanor; and 's become Sulphur o' nature. View more context for this quotation society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > materials produced from metalworking > [noun] > oxide of zinc the world > matter > constitution of matter > granular texture > [noun] > state of being powdery > formed by calcination > specific c1865 J. Wylde I. 191/2 A flocky-white powder, which has been called ‘philosophers' wool’. 1938 R. Hum xxii. 580 When heated strongly, the metal burns with a greenish flame liberating clouds of oxide in the form known as ‘Philosopher's wool’. 1958 25 186/2 The picturesque philosopher's wool became the prosaic but much more useful zinc oxide. the world > matter > alchemy > alchemical processes > [noun] > chemical digestion > philosophers' stone the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > a medicine or medicament > non-remedial medicine > elixirs of life the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [noun] > occult medicine > elixirs of life 1612 B. Jonson i. i. sig. B2 Paines Would twise haue wonne me the Philosophers worke . View more context for this quotation Derivatives 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch 58 To speake Laconian like, was to be philosopher like. 1600 F. Thynne (1871) 75 With yellowish hedd and beard somwhat white, Philosopher-like, this cause did recite. 1779 M. Walker 51 I set out, and, philosopher-like, carried all my possessions about me. 1913 17 310 He identifies the figure which appears on each piece, a philosopher-like person meditating over a book. 1993 (Nexis) 28 Mar. 28 A pianist of such singular talent that, philosopherlike, he felt he could best communicate his ideas by shutting himself away. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.?1316 |
