petrifyv.

Brit.

/ˈpɛtrᵻfʌɪ/, U.S.

/ˈpɛtrəˌfaɪ/

Forms: late Middle English petrefied (past participle), 1500s– petrify, 1600s petrefie, 1600s petrifie.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin petrificare.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin petrificare to convert (a thing) into stone or a stony substance (13th cent. in British sources; 1363 in the passage translated in quot. ?a1425 at sense 1) < classical Latin petra rock, stone (see petro- comb. form¹) + -ficāre -fy suffix. Compare Middle French petrifiquer (see petrificate v.), Middle French, French pétrifier (1580 in Middle French in sense 1, 1668 in sense 2a, 1706 in sense 2b), Italian petrificare , (now usually) pietrificare (1550 in sense ‘to make hard as stone’, but only later (19th cent.) in scientific use and in figurative sense 2a). Compare petrified adj.

1. transitive. To convert into stone or a stony substance; spec. to turn (an organic body) into a stony concretion by gradually replacing its original substance with a calcareous, siliceous, or other mineral deposit. Also: to encrust with such a deposit, e.g. by a stream of water containing minerals in solution. Also intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > formation of rock or stone > [verb (transitive)]

petrify?a1425

stonify1610

inlapidate1626

lapidify1816

lithify1877

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 35^v Þe materie is of so mych malice þat if it be vnwisely resolued it is petrefied [L. petrificatur], .i. stoned.

1594 H. Plat Diuerse Sorts of Soyle 22 in Jewell House Wood that is both metalized and petrified in clay groundes.

1611 J. Florio Queen Anna's New World of Words at Insassire To enstone, to petrifie.

1667 R. L'Estrange tr. F. de Quevedo Visions iv. 127 A man would swear the whole woman to be directly Petrify'd.

a1697 J. Aubrey Brief Lives (1898) I. 131 At the foot..runnes a fine cleare stream which petrifies.

1717 J. Addison in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Metamorphoses 3. 488 Her Bones are petrify'd, her Voice is found In Vaults, where still it Doubles ev'ry Sound.

1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 30 Albertus gives an account of a tree..with a nest and birds petrified.

1816 R. Jameson Treat. External Characters Minerals (ed. 2) 224 Wood is either petrified with an earthy mineral, as in wood-stone and wood-opal.

1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey I. 148 The eight caryatides..were supposed to have been petrified by..magic.

1967 R. Brautigan Trout Fishing in Amer. 83 The worms were years and decades old and petrified to the hooks.

1991 New Scientist 21 Dec. 43/1 When people started to petrify objects at the Dropping Well they knew nothing about the chemistry of calcium bicarbonate solutions.

2. figurative. To change as if into stone.

a. transitive. To deprive of feeling, vitality, or capacity for change, development, etc.; to harden, deaden, make rigid.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > weakness of intellect > make weak [verb (transitive)]

faintc1386

mollify1490

weaken1536

pamper1576

touch1607

unspirit1607

disnervea1618

petrifya1631

dissinew1640

unbrace1711

atrophy1865

unstring1897

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > make emotionally unfeeling [verb (transitive)] > make hard or callous

hardc1325

hardenc1350

engrege1382

endurec1384

indurec1450

indurate1538

obduratea1540

brawn1571

hard heart1581

sear1582

cauterize1587

myrmidonize1593

obdure1598

Gorgonize1609

stonea1616

petrifya1631

petrificate1647

roborate1652

case-harden1687

ossify1803

hard-boil1929

the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > maintaining state or condition > maintain [verb (transitive)]

i-haldOE

sustainc1300

keepc1315

maintainc1390

conservea1425

continuec1460

entertain1490

persevere1502

uphold?1523

containa1538

petrifya1631

conservate1647

to keep on1669

to keep up1670

preserve1677

support1696

fix1712

ossify1800

fossilize1848

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 290 Doe not petrifie, and harden thy conscience against these holy suggestions.

a1711 T. Ken Hymnarium 82 in Wks. (1721) II. All Hell let loose..to blind And petrify the unrelenting Mind.

1764 J. Boswell Jrnl. 20 Aug. in Boswell on Grand Tour (1953) I. 66 I was vexed with Lady Mary Coke, in whom I found all the absurd distance of manners by which the English ladies petrify people.

1892 B. F. Westcott Gospel of Life 57 It is..possible to petrify a doctrine into an outward formula.

1940 E. Wilson To Finland Station ii. vi. 121 Society had ceased to develop, was consummated and petrified in a mold.

1991 B. A. Garner in Scribes Jrnl. Legal Writing 2 4 Having a consistent tone does not mean allowing a pompous formality to petrify your prose.

b. transitive. To make motionless or rigid with astonishment, horror, fear, etc.; to terrify.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > feeling of wonder, astonishment > quality of inspiring wonder > cause wonder, astonish [verb (transitive)] > stupefy

awhapec1300

stonyc1330

astony1340

astonec1374

mazec1390

stounda1400

stuna1400

to-stony?a1400

stounc1400

clumsec1440

overmusec1460

stonish1488

strike1533

dazzle1561

stoyne1563

stupefy1577

stupefact1583

obstupefy1611

astound1637

petrify1667

flabbergast1773

stagnatea1798

stama1800

swarf1813

boggle1835

razzle-dazzle1886

to knock sideways1890

stupend1900

gobsmack1987

the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > causing physical symptoms > cause physical symptoms [verb (transitive)] > petrify

petrify1667

fascinate1766

1667 J. Denham Direct. to Painter 17 Others, that survey'd the Corps so clear Said he was onely petrifi'd for fear.

1771 O. Goldsmith Haunch of Venison 108 With looks that quite petrified enter'd the maid.

1786 F. Burney Diary 2 Aug. (1842) III. 45 I was almost petrified with horror at the intelligence.

1814 P. Hawker Diary (1893) I. 96 Mr. Cudmore petrified the whole neighbourhood with his astonishing pianoforte playing.

1880 G. Meredith Tragic Comedians II. x. 153 She had stood petrified before him, as if affected by some wicked spell.

1906 J. London White Fang ii. iv. 86 The cub was in a frenzy of terror, yet he lay without movement or sound, frozen, petrified into immobility, to all appearances dead.

1979 P. Theroux Old Patagonian Express (1980) xxii. 418 Large barking dogs petrify me. There are Irish wolfhounds slavering in my worst nightmares.

2003 Arena Aug. 101/2 (caption) Petrifying slumbering girlfriends has never been easier than with Marvel's extensive selection of frightmasks.

a. intransitive. To become converted into stone or a stony substance; to undergo petrifaction. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > formation of rock or stone > [verb (intransitive)]

petrify1646

lapidify1657

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. i. 50 When wood and many other bodies doe petrifie..wee do not usually ascribe their induration to cold.

1730 A. Gordon tr. F. S. Maffei Compl. Hist. Anc. Amphitheatres 272 Cement like that of the Ancients, which petrified.

1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 40 Those Piers did not petrify at all that lay on Beds that were not gravelly.

1923 Science 5 Oct. (Suppl.) p. xii/2 It should be remembered that eggs are over ninety per cent. water, and water does not petrify.

2000 Daily Tel. 21 Apr. 11/3 The heart was preserved by a process called saponification, when soft tissues petrify..by being converted into a soap-like substance while submerged in a wet environment without oxygen.

b. intransitive. figurative. To become hardened or rigid, as stone. Cf. sense 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > maintaining state or condition > resist progress [verb (intransitive)]

petrify1685

ossify1858

1685 J. Dryden Threnodia Augustalis i. 1 Like Niobe we Marble grow, And Petrifie with Grief.

1721 N. Amhurst Terræ-filius No. 12 (1754) 62 A director, or scull of a college..petrifies in fraud and shamelesness.

1868 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. I. 29 The minds of men had petrified in certain forms of theological language.

1956 E. Muir Coll. Poems (1960) 243 Oh here the hot heart petrifies And the round earth to rock is grown.

2004 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 17 Jan. (Books) 1 When I see you all ablur, then there's nothing left of any utterance in me, rather my tongue petrifies.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	petrify
释义	petrifyv. Brit. /ˈpɛtrᵻfʌɪ/, U.S. /ˈpɛtrəˌfaɪ/ Forms: late Middle English petrefied (past participle), 1500s– petrify, 1600s petrefie, 1600s petrifie. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin petrificare. Etymology: < post-classical Latin petrificare to convert (a thing) into stone or a stony substance (13th cent. in British sources; 1363 in the passage translated in quot. ?a1425 at sense 1) < classical Latin petra rock, stone (see petro- comb. form¹) + -ficāre -fy suffix. Compare Middle French petrifiquer (see petrificate v.), Middle French, French pétrifier (1580 in Middle French in sense 1, 1668 in sense 2a, 1706 in sense 2b), Italian petrificare , (now usually) pietrificare (1550 in sense ‘to make hard as stone’, but only later (19th cent.) in scientific use and in figurative sense 2a). Compare petrified adj. 1. transitive. To convert into stone or a stony substance; spec. to turn (an organic body) into a stony concretion by gradually replacing its original substance with a calcareous, siliceous, or other mineral deposit. Also: to encrust with such a deposit, e.g. by a stream of water containing minerals in solution. Also intransitive. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > formation of rock or stone > [verb (transitive)] petrify?a1425 stonify1610 inlapidate1626 lapidify1816 lithify1877 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 35^v Þe materie is of so mych malice þat if it be vnwisely resolued it is petrefied [L. petrificatur], .i. stoned. 1594 H. Plat Diuerse Sorts of Soyle 22 in Jewell House Wood that is both metalized and petrified in clay groundes. 1611 J. Florio Queen Anna's New World of Words at Insassire To enstone, to petrifie. 1667 R. L'Estrange tr. F. de Quevedo Visions iv. 127 A man would swear the whole woman to be directly Petrify'd. a1697 J. Aubrey Brief Lives (1898) I. 131 At the foot..runnes a fine cleare stream which petrifies. 1717 J. Addison in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Metamorphoses 3. 488 Her Bones are petrify'd, her Voice is found In Vaults, where still it Doubles ev'ry Sound. 1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 30 Albertus gives an account of a tree..with a nest and birds petrified. 1816 R. Jameson Treat. External Characters Minerals (ed. 2) 224 Wood is either petrified with an earthy mineral, as in wood-stone and wood-opal. 1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey I. 148 The eight caryatides..were supposed to have been petrified by..magic. 1967 R. Brautigan Trout Fishing in Amer. 83 The worms were years and decades old and petrified to the hooks. 1991 New Scientist 21 Dec. 43/1 When people started to petrify objects at the Dropping Well they knew nothing about the chemistry of calcium bicarbonate solutions. 2. figurative. To change as if into stone. a. transitive. To deprive of feeling, vitality, or capacity for change, development, etc.; to harden, deaden, make rigid. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > weakness of intellect > make weak [verb (transitive)] faintc1386 mollify1490 weaken1536 pamper1576 touch1607 unspirit1607 disnervea1618 petrifya1631 dissinew1640 unbrace1711 atrophy1865 unstring1897 the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > make emotionally unfeeling [verb (transitive)] > make hard or callous hardc1325 hardenc1350 engrege1382 endurec1384 indurec1450 indurate1538 obduratea1540 brawn1571 hard heart1581 sear1582 cauterize1587 myrmidonize1593 obdure1598 Gorgonize1609 stonea1616 petrifya1631 petrificate1647 roborate1652 case-harden1687 ossify1803 hard-boil1929 the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > maintaining state or condition > maintain [verb (transitive)] i-haldOE sustainc1300 keepc1315 maintainc1390 conservea1425 continuec1460 entertain1490 persevere1502 uphold?1523 containa1538 petrifya1631 conservate1647 to keep on1669 to keep up1670 preserve1677 support1696 fix1712 ossify1800 fossilize1848 a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 290 Doe not petrifie, and harden thy conscience against these holy suggestions. a1711 T. Ken Hymnarium 82 in Wks. (1721) II. All Hell let loose..to blind And petrify the unrelenting Mind. 1764 J. Boswell Jrnl. 20 Aug. in Boswell on Grand Tour (1953) I. 66 I was vexed with Lady Mary Coke, in whom I found all the absurd distance of manners by which the English ladies petrify people. 1892 B. F. Westcott Gospel of Life 57 It is..possible to petrify a doctrine into an outward formula. 1940 E. Wilson To Finland Station ii. vi. 121 Society had ceased to develop, was consummated and petrified in a mold. 1991 B. A. Garner in Scribes Jrnl. Legal Writing 2 4 Having a consistent tone does not mean allowing a pompous formality to petrify your prose. b. transitive. To make motionless or rigid with astonishment, horror, fear, etc.; to terrify. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > feeling of wonder, astonishment > quality of inspiring wonder > cause wonder, astonish [verb (transitive)] > stupefy awhapec1300 stonyc1330 astony1340 astonec1374 mazec1390 stounda1400 stuna1400 to-stony?a1400 stounc1400 clumsec1440 overmusec1460 stonish1488 strike1533 dazzle1561 stoyne1563 stupefy1577 stupefact1583 obstupefy1611 astound1637 petrify1667 flabbergast1773 stagnatea1798 stama1800 swarf1813 boggle1835 razzle-dazzle1886 to knock sideways1890 stupend1900 gobsmack1987 the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > causing physical symptoms > cause physical symptoms [verb (transitive)] > petrify petrify1667 fascinate1766 1667 J. Denham Direct. to Painter 17 Others, that survey'd the Corps so clear Said he was onely petrifi'd for fear. 1771 O. Goldsmith Haunch of Venison 108 With looks that quite petrified enter'd the maid. 1786 F. Burney Diary 2 Aug. (1842) III. 45 I was almost petrified with horror at the intelligence. 1814 P. Hawker Diary (1893) I. 96 Mr. Cudmore petrified the whole neighbourhood with his astonishing pianoforte playing. 1880 G. Meredith Tragic Comedians II. x. 153 She had stood petrified before him, as if affected by some wicked spell. 1906 J. London White Fang ii. iv. 86 The cub was in a frenzy of terror, yet he lay without movement or sound, frozen, petrified into immobility, to all appearances dead. 1979 P. Theroux Old Patagonian Express (1980) xxii. 418 Large barking dogs petrify me. There are Irish wolfhounds slavering in my worst nightmares. 2003 Arena Aug. 101/2 (caption) Petrifying slumbering girlfriends has never been easier than with Marvel's extensive selection of frightmasks. 3. a. intransitive. To become converted into stone or a stony substance; to undergo petrifaction. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > formation of rock or stone > [verb (intransitive)] petrify1646 lapidify1657 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. i. 50 When wood and many other bodies doe petrifie..wee do not usually ascribe their induration to cold. View more context for this quotation 1730 A. Gordon tr. F. S. Maffei Compl. Hist. Anc. Amphitheatres 272 Cement like that of the Ancients, which petrified. 1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 40 Those Piers did not petrify at all that lay on Beds that were not gravelly. 1923 Science 5 Oct. (Suppl.) p. xii/2 It should be remembered that eggs are over ninety per cent. water, and water does not petrify. 2000 Daily Tel. 21 Apr. 11/3 The heart was preserved by a process called saponification, when soft tissues petrify..by being converted into a soap-like substance while submerged in a wet environment without oxygen. b. intransitive. figurative. To become hardened or rigid, as stone. Cf. sense 2. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > maintaining state or condition > resist progress [verb (intransitive)] petrify1685 ossify1858 1685 J. Dryden Threnodia Augustalis i. 1 Like Niobe we Marble grow, And Petrifie with Grief. 1721 N. Amhurst Terræ-filius No. 12 (1754) 62 A director, or scull of a college..petrifies in fraud and shamelesness. 1868 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. I. 29 The minds of men had petrified in certain forms of theological language. 1956 E. Muir Coll. Poems (1960) 243 Oh here the hot heart petrifies And the round earth to rock is grown. 2004 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 17 Jan. (Books) 1 When I see you all ablur, then there's nothing left of any utterance in me, rather my tongue petrifies. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.?a1425
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