perspectiven.

Brit.

/pəˈspɛktɪv/, U.S.

/pərˈspɛktɪv/

Forms: Middle English persectiue (transmission error), Middle English perspecsitiue, Middle English perspectyff, Middle English–1500s perspectif, Middle English–1500s perspectyfe, Middle English–1500s perspectyue, Middle English–1600s perspectiue, Middle English– perspective, 1500s parspectiue.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French perspective; Latin perspectiva.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French perspective science of refraction, science of optics, art of making mirrors (end of the 13th cent. in Old French), art of drawing in perspective (1547; probably after Italian), a collection of things regarded in light of the aesthetic appearance which it presents from a certain angle (c1584), picture which represents gardens, buildings, etc., from a distance (1551), appearance which various objects have when viewed from a particular vantage point (1635), way in which one projects the future development of a present situation (1676), anticipation of an event in the near future (1688), the foreseeable future (1689), way in which an individual, ideology, or institution conceives or interprets the course of events (1797), the manner in which one imagines an event or the course of a series of events (1836), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin perspectiva the science of optics (12th cent.; frequently 13th cent.–1620 in British sources), use as noun (short for scientia perspectiva ) of feminine of perspectivus perspective adj. Compare also Middle French perspectif mirror (c1530). Compare Italian prospettiva (15th cent. in sense ‘drawing in perspective’, early 14th cent. in sense ‘flat representation of a three-dimensional figure, as seen from a certain viewpoint’). Compare perspective adj., and also prospective n. (and note at sense 2a).There is occasional evidence in the 17th and 18th centuries for the pronunciation of this word or perspective adj. with stress on the first syllable, but stress on the second syllable seems always to have been commoner.

I. Senses relating to light, vision, and visualization.

†1. In singular and plural. The science of optics, esp. (in later use) as used in assisting sight. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical skills and techniques > [noun]

perspectivea1387

optic1563

optics1579

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 365 (MED) Aristotle..made..problemys of perspective [L. perspectiva problemata] and of methaphesik.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 24 It is I-proued in perspectiue [L. perspectiua]: þey a þing come sodeinliche to fore þe siȝt, it is noȝt knowen redeliche wiþoute auisement.

a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 299 As tellen men of perspectif, Þer ben þree maner of bodili siȝt: þe first siȝt is even siȝt, as man seeþ þing þat is bifore him, [etc.].

?c1450 Trivet's Life of Constance in F. J. Furnivall Originals & Analogues Canterbury Tales (1876) 225 The vij sciences, the whyche beth logyke, naturel, moral, astronomy, Geometry, Musique, perspectiue, Whyche bethe the philosophies seculiers ynamed and cleped.

1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. bj Perspectiue, is an Art Mathematicall, which demonstrateth the maner, and properties, of all Radiations Direct, Broken, and Reflected.

1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. ii. vi. f. 79/2 (margin) , in R. Holinshed Chron. I Study of the Quadriuialles & perspectiues neglected.

1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated i. vii. 177 The Angle of Vision (as we finde it taught in the Perspectiues) doth not extend to a right Angle, but is somewhat lesse.

1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Perspective,..the art of advantaging the sight by the contrivance of glasses, being a branch of Opticks.

a. An optical instrument for looking through, as a magnifying glass, telescope, monocle, etc. In early use also: any of various devices, such as an arrangement of mirrors, for producing an unusual optical effect, e.g. the distortion of an image. Also figurative. Cf. perspective glass n. Now archaic or historical.This sense shades into prospective n. 1 and prospective glass n. [In quot. c1395, the word has the prefix contracted in all of the most authoritative early manuscripts, although the contraction is sometimes that for per- , and sometimes that for pro- . Given the weight of other Middle English evidence, perspective seems the likelier reading, although for other Middle English evidence for forms in pro- see Middle Eng. Dict. at perspectīf. For a further variant reading in the same quotation see note at perceptive adj. and n.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > [noun] > instrument for looking through

perspectivec1395

spectaclec1430

prospectionc1460

perspective glass1570

optic1599

optic glass1607

optical glassc1660

glass1700

c1395 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 234 They speke of Alocen and Vitulon And of Aristotle þat writen..Of queynte mirours and of perspectyues [v.rr. perspecsitiuis, prospectyues, prospecsatiuis; profectyues].

a1529 J. Skelton Wks. (1843) I. 25 Encleryd myrroure and perspectyue most bryght.

?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Bbi The perspectif or glasse in the whiche the kindes [printed kyndnes] and symilitudes of thynges ben shewed.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie i. viii. 14 The perspectiues..some be false glasses and shew thinges otherwise than they be in deede.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) v. iii. 49 Contempt his scornfull Perspectiue did lend me, Which warpt the line, of euerie other fauour.

a1661 W. Brereton Trav. (1844) 60 W^m. Daviseon offered to furnish me with a couple of these perspectives, which shew the new-found motion of the stars about Jupiter.

1692 tr. C. de Saint-Évremond Misc. Ess. 280 By the means of great Perspectives, which Invention becomes more perfect every Day, they discover new Planets.

1696 C. Cibber Love's Last Shift i. 8 If we look through Reason's never erring Perspective.

1709 R. Steele & J. Addison Tatler No. 103. ⁋13 I..refused him a Licence for a Perspective, but allowed him a Pair of Spectacles.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. vi. 195 By means of our perspectives..we saw an English flag hoisted.

1789 R. Burns Let. 4 Mar. (2001) I. 382 As a snail pushes out his horns, or as we draw out a perspective.

a1849 H. Coleridge Ess. & Marginalia (1851) II. 189 What would an Aristarchus, wont to read Homer, not only by the clear day-light of common sense, but through the glimmering perspective of French criticism.

1911 C. Mackenzie Passionate Elopement 26 But somehow it was no longer amusing to quizz the young woman..through his ivory rimmed perspective.

1922 E. R. Eddison Worm Ouroboros xxxiii. 434 Thou hast crystals and perspectives can show thee things afar off.

1967 E. F. Bleiler tr. Best Tales of Hoffman 203 He took up a small, very beautifully cut pocket perspective, and..looked through the window.

b. A picture or figure designed to appear distorted or confused except when viewed from a certain position, or presenting totally different aspects from different positions. Cf. piece of perspective n. at Phrases 1. Now historical. rare after 17th cent.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > executed in specific manner

perspective1597

grotesque1643

al fresco1756

gesso1759

polychrome1801

transfer1839

rangoli1884

trompe l'œil1889

retardataire1903

environment1962

CAD1965

photo work1981

Georgiana1989

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. ii. 18 For Sorrowes eyes..Diuides one thing entire to many obiects, Like perspectiues, which rightly gazde vpon Shew nothing but confusion; eyde awry, Distinguish forme.

1937 A. H. R. Fairchild Shakespeare & Art of Design iii. vii. 128 A less complicated type of perspective is that of a distorted figure which becomes foreshortened into normal form when looked at horizontally through a hole.

1954 M. R. Ridley in W. Shakespeare Ant. & Cl. (rev. ed.) 79 The pictures formerly called perspectives... Different objects are painted on the opposite surfaces of any suitable material, [etc.].

a. The art of drawing solid objects on a plane surface so as to give the same impression of relative position, size, or distance, as the actual objects do when viewed from a particular point. Formerly also in plural. Cf. in perspective adv. a at Phrases 3.Without a distinguishing word, this usually denotes the drawing of the image that would be made on a transparent vertical plane (the plane of delineation) interposed between the eye and the object, by drawing straight lines from the position of the eye (the point of sight) to each point of the object, their intersections with the plane of delineation forming the corresponding points of the drawing. aerial, oblique perspective: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > [noun] > perspective

perspective1563

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun]

prospective1533

perspective1563

slantinga1618

scene painting1706

scenography1738

skiagraphy1850

1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. f. 2^v Whiche Optica, is properly called perspectiue.

1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge Pref. 8 A Painter without the Perspectiues was like a Doctor without Grammer.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxxv. xi. 547 So excellent he was in this perspectiue, that a man would say, his euen, plaine, and flat picture were embossed and raised work.

1694 J. Dryden To Sir G. Kneller in Ann. Miscellany 90 Yet perspective was lame; no distance true; But all came forward in one common view.

a1719 J. Addison Dialogues Medals in Wks. (1721) I. iii. 530 They have represented their buildings according to the rules of perspective.

1783 W. Mason tr. C. A. Dufresnoy Art of Painting 163 Yet deem not, Youths, that Perspective can give Those charms complete by which your works shall live.

1818 S. E. Ferrier Marriage II. i. 5 Her Drawings..displayed a perfect knowledge of the rules of perspective.

1871 E. B. Lytton Coming Race v. 28 These paintings seemed very accurate in design and very rich in colouring, showing a perfect knowledge of perspective.

1914 H. A. Dickinson German Masters of Art vi. 56 That the artist really knows nothing of perspective..is betrayed by his showing the outside of the hall as well as the inside.

1992 Economist 14 Mar. 134/1 In the early Renaissance, the invention of perspective gave artists the power to put on to a flat surface the world as it is seen by the eye.

2003 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 29 July 17 The usual explanation for this leap [in artistic realism] invokes the invention of oil paint, as well as the application of newly discovered rules of perspective.

b. A picture drawn or painted according to the rules of perspective; spec. a picture (esp. a theatrical backcloth) appearing to enlarge or extend the actual space, or to give the effect of distance.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > a perspective drawing or painting

perspective piece1606

scenography1611

piece of perspective1621

perspective1648

1648 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 217 I give him alsoe my two perspectives of Saint Marke, hanging in the chamber of my laboritary.

c1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1644 (1955) II. 112 A little Garden, which though very narrow, is yet by the addition of an excellently painted Perspective strangely enlarg'd to appearance.

1703 Philos. Trans. 1702–3 (Royal Soc.) 23 1404 A Perspective of the late King of Denmark's Family, the Queen's Face being in the middle, and eight Princes and Princesses round her.

1858 N. Hawthorne French & Ital. Note-bks. II. 77 A vista of cypress-trees, which were indeed an illusory perspective, being painted in fresco.

1861 W. M. Thackeray Four Georges i. 47 Hogarth's lively perspective of Cheapside.

1948 C. S. Smith Makers of Opera i. 5 The portal in the wall of the classic stage..expanded into a frame for the painted perspectives introduced by Bramante to lend realism to court masques.

1995 Independent (Nexis) 3 Oct. (Gazette section) 12 Charles Hutton..drew perspectives of what was to be London's tallest building.

4. A visible scene; a view or prospect, esp. an extensive one.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > [noun] > view or scenery

regardc1500

prospect1573

discovery1587

prospective1599

perspective1612

landscape?a1645

vista1657

coup d'œil1739

scape1773

survey1821

outlook1828

eyeshot1860

outscape1868

1612 J. Cotta Short Discouerie Dangers Ignorant Practisers Physicke ii. v. 112 Thence accomplished brightnesse of his beames doth..soly giue the rectified perspectiue of particular obiects.

1652 R. Loveday tr. G. de Costes de La Calprenède Cassandra iii. 156 The frontispeece did discover it selfe in perspective through a long walk of goodly trees.

1712 Spectator No. 524. ⁋5 At the end of the Perspective of every strait Path,..appeared a high Pillar.

1791 A. Radcliffe Romance of Forest I. ii. 39 Dark hills, whose outline appeared distinctly upon the vivid glow of the horizon, closed the perspective.

1836 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers (1837) iv. 36 Nothing was to be seen on either side, as far as the eye could reach, but a long perspective of red coats and white trousers.

1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve Narr. Walking Tour Brittany ii. 21 Mysterious perspectives among pillars and arches.

1917 E. Wharton Summer ix. 132 They saw the double line of flags and lanterns tapering away gaily to the park at the other end of the perspective.

1989 S. Bedford Jigsaw iv. 132 What one saw looking out of the front windows was the austere perspective of a cypress alley.

5. The appearance of viewed objects with regard to relative position, distance from the viewer, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [noun] > as affected by position

prospective1533

perspective1826

1826 M. Faraday in London Mechanics' Reg. 7 Oct. 376/2 The convergence of the rays to one spot..was merely an effect of perspective.

1834 M. Somerville On Connexion Physical Sci. xxxvi. 395 The stars, from the effects of perspective alone, would seem to diverge in the direction to which we are tending.

1926 R. S. Dugan et al. Astronomy xiii. 456 The radiant is an effect of perspective. The meteors are all moving in nearly parallel lines when encountered by the earth, and the radiant is simply the perspective vanishing point of this system of parallels.

2002 Bellingham (Washington) Herald (Nexis) 22 Nov. (Lifestyles section) 1 c It [sc. the glacier] was more than a mile above us, but it seemed closer than that. It wasn't the only trick of perspective.

6. Geometry. The relation of two figures in the same plane such that every point in each figure corresponds to a point in the other, the straight lines joining pairs of corresponding points meet in a point, and the corresponding lines in each figure intersect on a fixed straight line; = homology n. 4. Chiefly in in perspective.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > shape or figure > [noun] > relationship between figures

perspective1857

homology1863

confocal1903

1857 A. Cayley in Q. Jrnl. Math. 1 8 Triangles are in perspective when the three lines forming the corresponding angles meet in a point, or, what is the same thing, when the three points of intersection of the corresponding sides lie in a line.

1881 J. Casey Sequel to Euclid 77 Triangles whose corresponding vertices lie on concurrent lines have received different names from Geometers... Townshend and Clebsch call them triangles in perspective, and the point O and the line XYZ the centre and the axis of perspective.

1885 C. Leudesdorf tr. L. Cremona Elements Projective Geom. iv. 20 A point O in space is taken as centre of perspective or homology.

1917 Amer. Math. Monthly 24 391 Show that the Brocard triangle and the fundamental triangle are in perspective.

1996 Amer. Math. Monthly 103 327 Each of the 15 pairs of perspective triangles with centres on the Soddy line has a corresponding axis of perspective on which corresponding sides intersect.

7. An apparent spatial distribution or extent in perceived sound. Frequently with modifying word, as auditory, sound, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > science of sound > [noun] > apparent spatial distribution

perspective1933

1933 Science 21 Apr. 6a/1 Engineers had previously felt that this illusion of auditory perspective might be obtained only with many loudspeakers.., but three were found to give perfect results.

1949 J. G. Frayne & H. Wolfe Elem. Sound Recording xxxii. 674 Adjustment of the gain of the individual channels also helps in preserving the acoustic perspective.

1961 G. Millerson Technique Television Production i. 17 He can warn boom operators against dipping into shot..while assisting them in achieving sound perspective to suit the transmitted picture.

1999 Observer (Nexis) 30 July 18 A certain amount of synthesized sound created some odd aural perspectives.

†II. The action of looking into or through something.

8. Close inspection; insight, perspicuity. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > [noun]

inspection1390

search1415

probationc1422

ensearchingc1430

surview1432

enserchise1436

overseeingc1449

sight1452

hearkeninga1483

discuting1483

ensearcha1509

inquiry1512

upsightc1515

perusing1556

perpending1558

overlooking1565

interview1567

trial1575

peruse1578

visitation1583

perspective?a1586

overviewing1590

looking over1599

sounding1599

perusal1604

supervise1604

disquisition1605

expiscation1605

prospect1625

ravellinga1626

disquiry1628

disquisitive1660

perpendment1667

inspecting1788

sleuthing1900

casing1928

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > sharpness, shrewdness, insight > [noun] > clarity

knowledgea1398

perspiciencec1450

clearness1535

perspicacity1548

insightc1580

perspective?a1586

subtileness1591

perspicacy1600

clarity1616

quicksightedness1625

perspicuity1662

clear-sightednessa1691

perspicaciousness1727

percipiency1845

far-sightedness1846

clairvoyance1861

X-ray scrutiny1896

?a1586 Queen Elizabeth I Let. in Lett. Queen Elizabeth & King James VI (1849) 173 I haue not so smal a parspectiue in my neighbors actions, but I haue foresene some wicked euent to folowe a careles gouvernement.

1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 23 Doubting that there would bee too neare looking, and too much Perspectiue into his Disguise, if he should show it here in England; he..sailed with his scholar into Ireland.

1644 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce (ed. 2) 66 And this also will be somwhat above his reach, but yet no lesse a truth for lack of his perspective.

a1649 W. Drummond Poems (1656) 104 To me this World did once seem sweet and faire, While Senses light, Minds Perspective kept blind.

III. Extended uses.

a. The relation or proportion in which the parts of a subject are viewed by the mind; the aspect of a subject or matter, as perceived from a particular mental point of view. Now only: a particular attitude towards or way of regarding something; an individual point of view.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > school of thought > [noun] > way of thinking

perspective1605

way of thinking1650

framework1754

ideology1896

value system1912

frame of reference1921

value orientation1940

blik1950

theology1962

the mind > mental capacity > belief > expressed belief, opinion > mental attitude, point of view > [noun]

spectaclec1386

reckoninga1393

sect1583

prospective1603

light1610

posture1642

point of view1701

stand1819

attitude of mind1832

psychology1834

standpoint1834

perspective1841–8

position1845

viewpoint1856

angle1860

way of looking at it1861

attitudea1873

pose1892

Anschauung1895

slant1905

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Hh3 We haue endeauoured in these our Partitions to observe a kind of perspectiue, that one part may cast light vpon another.

1623 W. Drummond Cypresse Groue in Flowres of Sion 56 All wee can set our eyes on, in these intricate mazes of life, is but vaine perspectiue and deceiuing shadowes, appearing farre other ways a farre off, than when..gazed vpon in a neare distance.

1738 S. Boyse Transl. & Poems i. 159 Oh Liberty, thy just Perspective lend, To Britain's Isle his calm Reflection bend.

1813 P. B. Shelley Queen Mab ii. 29 The events Of old and wondrous times..were unfolded In just perspective to the view.

1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iv. xxxv. 359 Clearly no method can be satisfactory but that which preserves the perspective of history true.

1894 H. Drummond Lowell Lect. Ascent of Man 11 Evolution..has thrown the universe into a fresh perspective.

1934 M. Bodkin Archetypal Patterns in Poetry 307 I intend this statement less as criticism than as recognition of the limitations of the vital perspective present in these essays.

1964 J. Gould & W. L. Kolb Dict. Social Sci. 262/1 There has been much discussion from many perspectives as to the origins and ‘causes’ of fascism.

2000 Rev. No. 53. 21/1 Aiming for a 100 per cent safety record is the right thing to do, not just from an ethical standpoint but also from a hard-nosed business perspective.

b. The true understanding of the relative importance of things; a realistic sense of proportion. Frequently in sense of perspective. Cf. in perspective adv. c at Phrases 3.

ΚΠ

1865 Macmillan's Mag. Mar. 405/1 To give in a novel the daily twaddle which is talked by all civilized beings is to write out of all perspective.

1883 N. Amer. Rev. Oct. 394 We lose all sense of perspective if we suffer ourselves to regard the Revolution as a mere apotheosis of the guillotine, as a season of simple terror.

1901 Times 13 May 12/3 The heady patriotic orgies of the last 18 months, in which their opponents seemed to have lost all sense of perspective.

1958 Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News 15 May 6/3 He added that ‘we must keep a sense of perspective about our national problems and the budget’ and not spend unwisely.

1989 A. Stoddard Living beautifully Together (1991) i. 97 Often when you do get away you gain necessary perspective on your own life, strengthening your inner resources which help keep your relationship fresh and vital.

2000 A. Bourdain Kitchen Confid. (2001) 47 Covered with gelée, sleepless after forty-eight hours in the cooler, we lost all perspective, Dimitri at one point obsessing over a tiny red faux mushroom in one corner of a poached salmon.

10. A mental view, outlook, or prospect, esp. into the future; an expectation or anticipation.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > [noun] > object of

bidinga1382

expectation1598

outsight1606

prospect1665

perspective1742

lookout1792

1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the First 9 Joy behind joy, in endless Perspective!

1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) I. 438 This perspective of a divine felicity, here below, would throw us into a lethargic rapture.

1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xxxix. 255 The concluding words of this section..open a glorious perspective of ultimate hope for all whose hearts are sufficiently large and loving to accept it.

1965 Economist 6 Mar. 989/2 Only a general negotiation can offer the perspective of a return to peace and a real independence.

1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 14 June 22/4 Basic conditions for this Europeanization include..a longer-term perspective of ever-closer association with the existing EC.

Phrases

P1. piece of perspective n.

†a. A picture or figure constructed so as to produce a fantastic or distorted effect; = sense 2b. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > optical shows > [noun] > peep-show

piece of perspective1600

raree-show1677

raree-fine show1734

peep show1801

cosmorama1823

1600 B. Jonson Every Man out of his Humor iv. iii. sig. M To view 'hem (as you'ld doe a piece of Perspectiue) in at a key-hole.

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 16 A Walking-Staff, Vermilion Gilt, in which was a piece of Perspective.

1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ ii. v. §8 To direct them in those excellent pieces of Perspective, wherein by the help of a Prophetick glass they might see the Son of God fully represented.

b. A picture drawn or painted according to the rules of perspective; = sense 3b. Now historical and rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > a perspective drawing or painting

perspective piece1606

scenography1611

piece of perspective1621

perspective1648

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. ii. iv. 351 Those excellent landskips, and Dutch-works,..such pleasant pieces of perspectiue.

1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 159 Besides these, upon the same Mountains some pieces of perspective are elaborately and regularly cut, resembling the noblest sort of ancient structure.

1733 G. Berkeley Theory of Vision 54 Since Art can only deceive us as it imitates Nature, we need but observe Pieces of Perspective and Landschapes [sic], to be able to judge of this point.

1755 E. Young Centaur vi, in Wks. (1757) IV. 262 As in some pieces of perspective, by the pressure of the eye..the magnificent prospect is opened, and aggrandized, still more and more.

1770 J. Priestley Familiar Introd. Theory & Pract. Perspective 96 The draught will always appear a regular piece of perspective.

1947 F. Antal Florentine Painting & Social Background iii. 332 Such an experimental piece of perspective as the Healing of the Possessed Child..with its huge architectural construction divided by arches and foreshortened into the distance.

2003 Grove Dict. Art (electronic ed.) at Hoogstraten, Samuel van This piece of perspective [sc. The View Down a Corridor]..was one of several large works of this kind.

†P2. figurative. to look (also see) through the wrong (also other) end of the perspective: to regard or interpret something as being either much less or much more significant than it actually is. See sense 2a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > misjudgement > judge wrongly [verb (intransitive)] > underestimate or understate

to look (also see) through the wrong (also other) end of the perspective1646

diminuate1883

poor-mouth1948

lowball1979

1646 G. Buck Hist. Life Richard III Ded. To looke at other mens actions and memory by the wrong end of the perspective.

1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing 120 The wrong end of the Perspective, which scants their dimensions.

1693 W. Congreve Double-Dealer iv. i, in Wks. (1930) 139 You have looked through the wrong end of the perspective all this while, for nothing has been between us but our fears.

1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. iv. 158 The Fears of a Lover..are apt to magnify every Favour conferred on a Rival, and to see the little Advances towards themselves through the other End of the Perspective.

1773 G. A. Stevens Trip to Portsmouth iv. 41 You look at things through the wrong end of the perspective.

1809 C. Dibdin Lion & Water Wagtail iii. 117 Thus fools, to make their view defective, Take the wrong end of the perspective.

P3. in perspective adv.

a. In accordance with the rules of perspective.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [adverb]

prospectively1557

in perspective1614

perspectively1700

1614 Maske of Flowers sig. C2 Behind the Garden..were set artificiall trees appearing like an Orchard ioyning to the Garden, and ouer all was drawne in perspectiue, a firmament like the Skies in a cleere night.

1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions §97 An instrument whereby an ignorant person may take any thing in Perspective, as justly, and more then the skilfullest Painter can do by his eye.

a1770 H. Jones Isle of Wight (1782) iii. 41 See beneath the glassy river wind; Yon clumps of trees that in perspective bend.

1806 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 15 10 My delineations..together with one done by a friend in perspective.

1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing v. 282 The tops of the trees..receding in perspective into the distance.

1902 Daily Chron. 16 July 3/2 The engraver said he must..‘put it in proper perspective’.

2003 M. Kraak & F. Ormeling Cartography (ed. 2) i. 6/1 By drawing the model in perspective..this 3D aspect could be simulated.

†b. figurative. In mental view or prospect; in expectation. Cf. sense 10. Obsolete.In quot. 1633 the sense is unclear; perhaps ‘by mental projection’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > [adjective] > expected

futurec1374

in a possibility1523

forestalled1543

looked-for1548

anticipatec1550

expected1558

long-looked-for1562

looked1565

in expectation1570

expectable1619

expecting1621

in perspective1633

unsurprising1671

in prospect1694

perspective1710

in prospective1746–7

prospective1809

anticipated1814

presumable1825

anticipatable1872

ex ante1937

1633 G. Herbert Temple: Sacred Poems 55 Yet as in sleep we see foul death, and live: So devils are our sinnes in perspective.

1640 C. Harvey Bible in Synagogue xiv 'Tis heaven in perspective, and the bliss Of glory here.

1667 K. Philips Poems 163 For to know Grandeur we must live In that, and not in perspective.

1789 ‘A. Pasquin’ Poems II. 47 Not content with receiving the debt that's his due, Still John, in perspective, has others in view.

1849 C. Brontë Shirley I. xi. 301 Take care of this future magistrate, this churchwarden in perspective.

1867 M. E. P. Tucker Loew's Bridge 19 Some, looking forward, in perspective see When their one dollar shall ten thousand be.

1883 G. H. Boker Betrothal v. v. 119 Marsio: O! curse you—O! [stage direct. Faints.] Salvatore: Well done! He shows his death-bed in perspective.

c. In proportion; correctly regarded in terms of relative importance; in context.

ΚΠ

a1809 A. Seward in Poet. Wks. (1810) II. 8 Hope, contemplating the stinted plan, Throws it in perspective, and calms our fears.

1861 Times 15 Jan. 5/1 He has watched that momentous spectacle [sc. the attack of the Spanish Armada] from the opposite coasts,—from the side of our Dutch allies,—and, seeing it in perspective, has obtained a clearer conception of its dimensions.

1902 Indiana Weekly Messenger 17 Sept. 4/4 Her lack of a sense of proportion has much to answer for. She does not get things in perspective.

1951 Berkshire Evening Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.) 19 Nov. 20/5 ‘This does not blind me to many misdeeds and dishonest acts,’ he said, ‘but we must try to keep things in perspective.’

2001 N. Jones Rough Guide Trav. Health i. 32 Many of the courses for aerophobics focus on putting the risks of flying in perspective.

Categories »

d. Geometry. See sense 6.

Compounds

perspective control n. Photography the facility to alter the perspective of a photographic image; frequently attributive, designating a lens or camera having this facility.

ΚΠ

1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face App. F. 285 I used 2 Nikon bodies, with 24-mm. and 35-mm. perspective-control lenses, [etc.].

1991 Photo Answers Aug. 11/1 Every now and again a camera comes along that you simply have to get your hands on—the perspective-control Corfield is just such a beast.

perspective-free adj. (a) that lacks the appearance of distance, dimension, etc.; (b) free from (personal) opinion.

ΚΠ

1966 R. L. Gregory Eye & Brain ix. 163 It would be interesting to bring animals up in a perspective-free environment.

1992 Amer. Anthropologist 94 775/1 None of the papers addresses the fact that to be postmodernly multiperspective is not perspective-free.

† perspective shell n. Obsolete rare (the conical shell of) the Indo-Pacific sundial shell Architectonica perspectiva (family Architectonicidae), which has markings which when viewed from above give the illusion of a descending spiral staircase.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Perspective shell, a ptenoglossate gastropod, Solarium perspectivum; the sundial shell.

perspective-suggesting adj. rare that suggests new points of view or ways of regarding something; cf. sense 9.

ΚΠ

1880 W. James Let. 12 Dec. in R. B. Perry Thought & Char. W. James (1935) I. 727 Metaphors and epigrams which, witty and striking and perspective-suggesting as they often are,..may be in danger of having the changes rung on them too long.

Derivatives

† perspectiver n. Obsolete rare = perspectivist n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > writer on

perspectivian1569

perspectiver1598

1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge v. 197 The Perspectiuers [It. prospettiui] call it, the Center, Marke, Point, Terme, and the Cone of the Pyramis.

† perspectivian n. Obsolete rare = perspectivist n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > writer on

perspectivian1569

perspectiver1598

1569 J. Sanford tr. H. C. Agrippa Of Vanitie Artes & Sci. xxiii. f. 34^v The Geometricians and Perspectiuians [L. Geometræ & Optici].

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

perspectiveadj.

Brit.

/pəˈspɛktɪv/, U.S.

/pərˈspɛktɪv/

Forms: see perspective n.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin perspectivus.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin perspectivus optical (12th cent., translating ancient Greek ὀπτικός optic adj. in Aristotle; from 1267 in British sources) < classical Latin perspect- , past participial stem of perspicere to see through, look closely into, discern, perceive ( < per- per- prefix + specere to look: see suspect v.) + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Middle French perspectif (end of the 13th cent. in an isolated attestation in science perspective science of refraction), Middle French, French perspectif (of a painter) who knows perspective (1545), (of a drawing, etc.) which presents an object in perspective (1678), made in accordance with the rules of perspective (1770). Compare perspective n., and also prospective adj.

I. Senses relating to vision.

†1. Relating to sight or the science of optics; optical. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > [adjective]

perspective?a1475

optical1570

optic1600

visual1603

specular1656

speculative1656

visional1790

visionary1814

ocular1831

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1871) III. 365 (MED) He made..problemes perspective [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. problemys of perspective; L. perspectiva problemata] and metaphisicalle.

a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) 1683 (MED) Science perspectyfe gevith grete euydence To al the mynysters of this science.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 320/2 Perspectyfe, beholdyng or regarding with the eye, perspectif.

1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. Pref. Archimedes..dyd also by arte perspectiue (whiche is a parte of geometrie) deuise such glasses within the towne of Syracusæ, that dyd bourne their enemies shyppes a great way from the towne.

1592 R. Dallington tr. F. Colonna Hypnerotomachia f. 27 The entrie, which was by my perspectiue iudgement [printed iudgemeut] twelue paces.

a1626 F. Bacon New Atlantis (1650) 30 We have also Perspective-Houses, where we make Demonstrations of all Lights, and Radiations: And of all Colours.

2. Of an instrument: optical; esp. serving to assist the sight, magnifying. Also figurative. Chiefly and now only in perspective glass n. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > [adjective] > for looking through

perspective1570

1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. bj He may wonderfully helpe him selfe, by perspectiue Glasses.

1594 H. Plat Jewell House 6 (heading) A perspectiue Ring that will discouer all the Cards that are neere him that weareth it on his finger.

1620 H. Wotton Let. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 414 He [sc. Kepler] applies a long perspective-trunke..with the convexe glasse fitted to the said hole.

a1625 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Honest Mans Fortune iv. i, in Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Xxxxx/1 This vizard wherewith thou wouldst hide thy spirit Is perspective, to shew it plainlier.

1674 R. Hooke Animadversions Machina Cœlestis 42 Two Perspective Sights of 6 foot long each.

1729 R. Savage Wanderer i. 144 If tubes perspective hem the spotless prize.

3. Of or relating to the art or appearance of perspective; drawn according to the rules of perspective; giving an impression of distance.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [adjective]

perspective1617

scenographical1652

scenographic1670

perspectived1930

perspectivic1949

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 84 The painting of the arched-roof, rare for perspectiue Art, and the chiefe of that kinde.

1658 Sir T. Browne Garden of Cyrus ii, in Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall 110 Perspective pictures, in their Base, Horison, and lines of distances, cannot escape these Rhomboidall decussations.

1731 W. Halfpenny Perspective made Easy 1 To find the Perspective Plan of a Square or Cube fixt above the Eye, whose Point of Sight is in a Right Line, with the Middle of the Object.

1777 P. Thicknesse Year's Journey France & Spain I. p. xiii I might raise..money sufficient to pay for engraving a perspective view of Montserrat.

1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain iii. xxviii. 175 A fair arcade, In long perspective view displayed.

1871 M. Gatty Parables 5th Ser. 67 That far-off visionary point where all perspective lines converge.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XX. 470/2 A fresco of ‘The Flood’ at Florence is even more naive in its parade of the painter's [sc. Uccello's] newly won skill in perspective science.

1961 G. Millerson Technique Television Production iii. 31 (caption) Viewing from too close or too far makes its perspective look unnatural. This is termed perspective distortion.

1992 Forum for Mod. Lang. Stud. 28 24 Bonnefoy's argument hinges on the perception of time, but in this essay no attempt is made to evaluate perspective drawing in relation to it.

4. Geometry. Designating a figure that is in perspective with another (perspective n. 6).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > shape or figure > [adjective] > relationship between > equal or similar

like1557

isoperimetral1625

similar1692

isoperimetrical1706

identical1806

homologous1863

homological1885

perspective1885

homothetic1886

trigraphic1895

1885 C. Leudesdorf tr. L. Cremona Elements Projective Geom. 3 We are said to project from a centre (or vertex) S a given figure σ upon a plane of projection σ′. The new figure σ′ is called the perspective image or the central projection of the original one.

1926 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 28 503 The totality of all such triples of perspective triangles in the figure gives only 12 such points on account of the property of four-fold perspectivity.

1996 Amer. Math. Monthly 103 327 From Desargues' theorem each of the 15 pairs of perspective triangles with centres on the Soddy line has a corresponding axis of perspective on which corresponding sides intersect.

†II. Other uses.

5. Prospective, expected (cf. in perspective adv. b at perspective n. Phrases 3). Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > [adjective] > expected

futurec1374

in a possibility1523

forestalled1543

looked-for1548

anticipatec1550

expected1558

long-looked-for1562

looked1565

in expectation1570

expectable1619

expecting1621

in perspective1633

unsurprising1671

in prospect1694

perspective1710

in prospective1746–7

prospective1809

anticipated1814

presumable1825

anticipatable1872

ex ante1937

1710 D. Manley Mem. Europe I. iii. 376 My Hand unable to support the Pen, drops in perspective Extasies.

1797 J. Bidlake in New Ann. Reg. 1796 Poetry 155 O blindness to the future! That kindly veils sharp pain's perspective ills.

Compounds

perspective piece n. a painting or drawing in perspective; = piece of perspective n. at perspective n. Phrases 1.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > a perspective drawing or painting

perspective piece1606

scenography1611

piece of perspective1621

perspective1648

1606 T. Dekker Seuen Deadly Sinnes London i. sig. C1^v You may behold now in this Perspectiue piece which I haue drawne before you, how deadly and dangerous an enemy to the State this Politick Bankruptisme hath bin.

1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) ii. ii. iv. 259 Brokes, riuers, trees, &c. with many pretty landskips, and perspectiue peices.

1867 S. Spooner Biogr. Hist. Fine Arts 570 He..occasionally introduced the figures into the perspective pieces of his father.

1935 Burlington Mag. Apr. 200/1 This artist's work, including his portraits, perspective pieces and genre subjects.

2000 Miami Herald (Nexis) 31 Dec. 10 e They discussed works by famous artists, examined the world around them and produced their own perspective pieces.

perspective plane n. a plane, usually perpendicular to the horizon, which in terms of the internal perspective of a drawing is imagined as the plane nearest to the observer, corresponding to the surface on which the image is depicted, and intersected by notional straight lines passing from the object to the eye, which determine the points of the drawing; also called plane of delineation, plane of the picture.

ΚΠ

1770 J. Priestley Familiar Introd. Theory & Pract. Perspective 15 To ascertain this, I measure the perpendicular distance CM of the given line from the perspective plane.

1884 Ann. Math. 1 13 The x-plane is the perspective plane; the y-plane is the vertical plane at right angles thereto through the center of projection... The distance of the point of view from the perspective plane is d.

1899 N.E.D. at Horizontal Horizontal plane, in Perspective, a plane at the level of the eye, intersecting the perspective plane at right angles.

1934 Isis 21 274 If the perspective (or picture) plane rotates around the ground line and the spectator rotates around his basis, remaining all the time parallel to the plane, the perspective will not be disturbed.

1966 Science 18 Nov. 857/3 The map image that is presented for any viewing point is theoretically formed on a transparent perspective plane. This plane is perpendicular to the central line of vision and lies at a point between the eye of the viewer and the earth surface being mapped.

perspective projection n. a form of projection in which a three-dimensional surface or object is represented as seen from a particular viewpoint, with parallel lines in the object represented as converging in the image.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > type of

aerial perspective1704

perspective projection1807

parallel perspective1854

1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. x. 93 A knowledge of the instruments employed for delineation, and of the rules of perspective projection, is also necessarily required.

1910 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 656/2 The three varieties of the central projection are, as is the case with other perspective projections, known as polar, meridian or horizontal.

1994 Sci. Amer. Feb. 45/2 Other software can generate completely synthetic photorealistic pictures by applying sophisticated perspective projection and shading to digital models of three-dimensional scenes.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	perspective
释义	perspectiven. Brit. /pəˈspɛktɪv/, U.S. /pərˈspɛktɪv/ Forms: Middle English persectiue (transmission error), Middle English perspecsitiue, Middle English perspectyff, Middle English–1500s perspectif, Middle English–1500s perspectyfe, Middle English–1500s perspectyue, Middle English–1600s perspectiue, Middle English– perspective, 1500s parspectiue. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French perspective; Latin perspectiva. Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French perspective science of refraction, science of optics, art of making mirrors (end of the 13th cent. in Old French), art of drawing in perspective (1547; probably after Italian), a collection of things regarded in light of the aesthetic appearance which it presents from a certain angle (c1584), picture which represents gardens, buildings, etc., from a distance (1551), appearance which various objects have when viewed from a particular vantage point (1635), way in which one projects the future development of a present situation (1676), anticipation of an event in the near future (1688), the foreseeable future (1689), way in which an individual, ideology, or institution conceives or interprets the course of events (1797), the manner in which one imagines an event or the course of a series of events (1836), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin perspectiva the science of optics (12th cent.; frequently 13th cent.–1620 in British sources), use as noun (short for scientia perspectiva ) of feminine of perspectivus perspective adj. Compare also Middle French perspectif mirror (c1530). Compare Italian prospettiva (15th cent. in sense ‘drawing in perspective’, early 14th cent. in sense ‘flat representation of a three-dimensional figure, as seen from a certain viewpoint’). Compare perspective adj., and also prospective n. (and note at sense 2a).There is occasional evidence in the 17th and 18th centuries for the pronunciation of this word or perspective adj. with stress on the first syllable, but stress on the second syllable seems always to have been commoner. I. Senses relating to light, vision, and visualization. †1. In singular and plural. The science of optics, esp. (in later use) as used in assisting sight. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical skills and techniques > [noun] perspectivea1387 optic1563 optics1579 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 365 (MED) Aristotle..made..problemys of perspective [L. perspectiva problemata] and of methaphesik. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 24 It is I-proued in perspectiue [L. perspectiua]: þey a þing come sodeinliche to fore þe siȝt, it is noȝt knowen redeliche wiþoute auisement. a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 299 As tellen men of perspectif, Þer ben þree maner of bodili siȝt: þe first siȝt is even siȝt, as man seeþ þing þat is bifore him, [etc.]. ?c1450 Trivet's Life of Constance in F. J. Furnivall Originals & Analogues Canterbury Tales (1876) 225 The vij sciences, the whyche beth logyke, naturel, moral, astronomy, Geometry, Musique, perspectiue, Whyche bethe the philosophies seculiers ynamed and cleped. 1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. bj Perspectiue, is an Art Mathematicall, which demonstrateth the maner, and properties, of all Radiations Direct, Broken, and Reflected. 1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. ii. vi. f. 79/2 (margin) , in R. Holinshed Chron. I Study of the Quadriuialles & perspectiues neglected. 1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated i. vii. 177 The Angle of Vision (as we finde it taught in the Perspectiues) doth not extend to a right Angle, but is somewhat lesse. 1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Perspective,..the art of advantaging the sight by the contrivance of glasses, being a branch of Opticks. 2. a. An optical instrument for looking through, as a magnifying glass, telescope, monocle, etc. In early use also: any of various devices, such as an arrangement of mirrors, for producing an unusual optical effect, e.g. the distortion of an image. Also figurative. Cf. perspective glass n. Now archaic or historical.This sense shades into prospective n. 1 and prospective glass n. [In quot. c1395, the word has the prefix contracted in all of the most authoritative early manuscripts, although the contraction is sometimes that for per- , and sometimes that for pro- . Given the weight of other Middle English evidence, perspective seems the likelier reading, although for other Middle English evidence for forms in pro- see Middle Eng. Dict. at perspectīf. For a further variant reading in the same quotation see note at perceptive adj. and n.] ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > [noun] > instrument for looking through perspectivec1395 spectaclec1430 prospectionc1460 perspective glass1570 optic1599 optic glass1607 optical glassc1660 glass1700 c1395 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 234 They speke of Alocen and Vitulon And of Aristotle þat writen..Of queynte mirours and of perspectyues [v.rr. perspecsitiuis, prospectyues, prospecsatiuis; profectyues]. a1529 J. Skelton Wks. (1843) I. 25 Encleryd myrroure and perspectyue most bryght. ?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Bbi The perspectif or glasse in the whiche the kindes [printed kyndnes] and symilitudes of thynges ben shewed. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie i. viii. 14 The perspectiues..some be false glasses and shew thinges otherwise than they be in deede. a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) v. iii. 49 Contempt his scornfull Perspectiue did lend me, Which warpt the line, of euerie other fauour. View more context for this quotation a1661 W. Brereton Trav. (1844) 60 W^m. Daviseon offered to furnish me with a couple of these perspectives, which shew the new-found motion of the stars about Jupiter. 1692 tr. C. de Saint-Évremond Misc. Ess. 280 By the means of great Perspectives, which Invention becomes more perfect every Day, they discover new Planets. 1696 C. Cibber Love's Last Shift i. 8 If we look through Reason's never erring Perspective. 1709 R. Steele & J. Addison Tatler No. 103. ⁋13 I..refused him a Licence for a Perspective, but allowed him a Pair of Spectacles. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. vi. 195 By means of our perspectives..we saw an English flag hoisted. 1789 R. Burns Let. 4 Mar. (2001) I. 382 As a snail pushes out his horns, or as we draw out a perspective. a1849 H. Coleridge Ess. & Marginalia (1851) II. 189 What would an Aristarchus, wont to read Homer, not only by the clear day-light of common sense, but through the glimmering perspective of French criticism. 1911 C. Mackenzie Passionate Elopement 26 But somehow it was no longer amusing to quizz the young woman..through his ivory rimmed perspective. 1922 E. R. Eddison Worm Ouroboros xxxiii. 434 Thou hast crystals and perspectives can show thee things afar off. 1967 E. F. Bleiler tr. Best Tales of Hoffman 203 He took up a small, very beautifully cut pocket perspective, and..looked through the window. b. A picture or figure designed to appear distorted or confused except when viewed from a certain position, or presenting totally different aspects from different positions. Cf. piece of perspective n. at Phrases 1. Now historical. rare after 17th cent. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > executed in specific manner perspective1597 grotesque1643 al fresco1756 gesso1759 polychrome1801 transfer1839 rangoli1884 trompe l'œil1889 retardataire1903 environment1962 CAD1965 photo work1981 Georgiana1989 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. ii. 18 For Sorrowes eyes..Diuides one thing entire to many obiects, Like perspectiues, which rightly gazde vpon Shew nothing but confusion; eyde awry, Distinguish forme. View more context for this quotation 1937 A. H. R. Fairchild Shakespeare & Art of Design iii. vii. 128 A less complicated type of perspective is that of a distorted figure which becomes foreshortened into normal form when looked at horizontally through a hole. 1954 M. R. Ridley in W. Shakespeare Ant. & Cl. (rev. ed.) 79 The pictures formerly called perspectives... Different objects are painted on the opposite surfaces of any suitable material, [etc.]. 3. a. The art of drawing solid objects on a plane surface so as to give the same impression of relative position, size, or distance, as the actual objects do when viewed from a particular point. Formerly also in plural. Cf. in perspective adv. a at Phrases 3.Without a distinguishing word, this usually denotes the drawing of the image that would be made on a transparent vertical plane (the plane of delineation) interposed between the eye and the object, by drawing straight lines from the position of the eye (the point of sight) to each point of the object, their intersections with the plane of delineation forming the corresponding points of the drawing. aerial, oblique perspective: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > [noun] > perspective perspective1563 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] prospective1533 perspective1563 slantinga1618 scene painting1706 scenography1738 skiagraphy1850 1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. f. 2^v Whiche Optica, is properly called perspectiue. 1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge Pref. 8 A Painter without the Perspectiues was like a Doctor without Grammer. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxxv. xi. 547 So excellent he was in this perspectiue, that a man would say, his euen, plaine, and flat picture were embossed and raised work. 1694 J. Dryden To Sir G. Kneller in Ann. Miscellany 90 Yet perspective was lame; no distance true; But all came forward in one common view. a1719 J. Addison Dialogues Medals in Wks. (1721) I. iii. 530 They have represented their buildings according to the rules of perspective. 1783 W. Mason tr. C. A. Dufresnoy Art of Painting 163 Yet deem not, Youths, that Perspective can give Those charms complete by which your works shall live. 1818 S. E. Ferrier Marriage II. i. 5 Her Drawings..displayed a perfect knowledge of the rules of perspective. 1871 E. B. Lytton Coming Race v. 28 These paintings seemed very accurate in design and very rich in colouring, showing a perfect knowledge of perspective. 1914 H. A. Dickinson German Masters of Art vi. 56 That the artist really knows nothing of perspective..is betrayed by his showing the outside of the hall as well as the inside. 1992 Economist 14 Mar. 134/1 In the early Renaissance, the invention of perspective gave artists the power to put on to a flat surface the world as it is seen by the eye. 2003 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 29 July 17 The usual explanation for this leap [in artistic realism] invokes the invention of oil paint, as well as the application of newly discovered rules of perspective. b. A picture drawn or painted according to the rules of perspective; spec. a picture (esp. a theatrical backcloth) appearing to enlarge or extend the actual space, or to give the effect of distance. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > a perspective drawing or painting perspective piece1606 scenography1611 piece of perspective1621 perspective1648 1648 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 217 I give him alsoe my two perspectives of Saint Marke, hanging in the chamber of my laboritary. c1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1644 (1955) II. 112 A little Garden, which though very narrow, is yet by the addition of an excellently painted Perspective strangely enlarg'd to appearance. 1703 Philos. Trans. 1702–3 (Royal Soc.) 23 1404 A Perspective of the late King of Denmark's Family, the Queen's Face being in the middle, and eight Princes and Princesses round her. 1858 N. Hawthorne French & Ital. Note-bks. II. 77 A vista of cypress-trees, which were indeed an illusory perspective, being painted in fresco. 1861 W. M. Thackeray Four Georges i. 47 Hogarth's lively perspective of Cheapside. 1948 C. S. Smith Makers of Opera i. 5 The portal in the wall of the classic stage..expanded into a frame for the painted perspectives introduced by Bramante to lend realism to court masques. 1995 Independent (Nexis) 3 Oct. (Gazette section) 12 Charles Hutton..drew perspectives of what was to be London's tallest building. 4. A visible scene; a view or prospect, esp. an extensive one. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > [noun] > view or scenery regardc1500 prospect1573 discovery1587 prospective1599 view1606 perspective1612 landscape?a1645 vista1657 coup d'œil1739 scape1773 survey1821 outlook1828 eyeshot1860 outscape1868 1612 J. Cotta Short Discouerie Dangers Ignorant Practisers Physicke ii. v. 112 Thence accomplished brightnesse of his beames doth..soly giue the rectified perspectiue of particular obiects. 1652 R. Loveday tr. G. de Costes de La Calprenède Cassandra iii. 156 The frontispeece did discover it selfe in perspective through a long walk of goodly trees. 1712 Spectator No. 524. ⁋5 At the end of the Perspective of every strait Path,..appeared a high Pillar. 1791 A. Radcliffe Romance of Forest I. ii. 39 Dark hills, whose outline appeared distinctly upon the vivid glow of the horizon, closed the perspective. 1836 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers (1837) iv. 36 Nothing was to be seen on either side, as far as the eye could reach, but a long perspective of red coats and white trousers. 1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve Narr. Walking Tour Brittany ii. 21 Mysterious perspectives among pillars and arches. 1917 E. Wharton Summer ix. 132 They saw the double line of flags and lanterns tapering away gaily to the park at the other end of the perspective. 1989 S. Bedford Jigsaw iv. 132 What one saw looking out of the front windows was the austere perspective of a cypress alley. 5. The appearance of viewed objects with regard to relative position, distance from the viewer, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [noun] > as affected by position prospective1533 view1658 perspective1826 1826 M. Faraday in London Mechanics' Reg. 7 Oct. 376/2 The convergence of the rays to one spot..was merely an effect of perspective. 1834 M. Somerville On Connexion Physical Sci. xxxvi. 395 The stars, from the effects of perspective alone, would seem to diverge in the direction to which we are tending. 1926 R. S. Dugan et al. Astronomy xiii. 456 The radiant is an effect of perspective. The meteors are all moving in nearly parallel lines when encountered by the earth, and the radiant is simply the perspective vanishing point of this system of parallels. 2002 Bellingham (Washington) Herald (Nexis) 22 Nov. (Lifestyles section) 1 c It [sc. the glacier] was more than a mile above us, but it seemed closer than that. It wasn't the only trick of perspective. 6. Geometry. The relation of two figures in the same plane such that every point in each figure corresponds to a point in the other, the straight lines joining pairs of corresponding points meet in a point, and the corresponding lines in each figure intersect on a fixed straight line; = homology n. 4. Chiefly in in perspective. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > shape or figure > [noun] > relationship between figures perspective1857 homology1863 confocal1903 1857 A. Cayley in Q. Jrnl. Math. 1 8 Triangles are in perspective when the three lines forming the corresponding angles meet in a point, or, what is the same thing, when the three points of intersection of the corresponding sides lie in a line. 1881 J. Casey Sequel to Euclid 77 Triangles whose corresponding vertices lie on concurrent lines have received different names from Geometers... Townshend and Clebsch call them triangles in perspective, and the point O and the line XYZ the centre and the axis of perspective. 1885 C. Leudesdorf tr. L. Cremona Elements Projective Geom. iv. 20 A point O in space is taken as centre of perspective or homology. 1917 Amer. Math. Monthly 24 391 Show that the Brocard triangle and the fundamental triangle are in perspective. 1996 Amer. Math. Monthly 103 327 Each of the 15 pairs of perspective triangles with centres on the Soddy line has a corresponding axis of perspective on which corresponding sides intersect. 7. An apparent spatial distribution or extent in perceived sound. Frequently with modifying word, as auditory, sound, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > science of sound > [noun] > apparent spatial distribution perspective1933 1933 Science 21 Apr. 6a/1 Engineers had previously felt that this illusion of auditory perspective might be obtained only with many loudspeakers.., but three were found to give perfect results. 1949 J. G. Frayne & H. Wolfe Elem. Sound Recording xxxii. 674 Adjustment of the gain of the individual channels also helps in preserving the acoustic perspective. 1961 G. Millerson Technique Television Production i. 17 He can warn boom operators against dipping into shot..while assisting them in achieving sound perspective to suit the transmitted picture. 1999 Observer (Nexis) 30 July 18 A certain amount of synthesized sound created some odd aural perspectives. †II. The action of looking into or through something. 8. Close inspection; insight, perspicuity. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > [noun] inspection1390 search1415 probationc1422 ensearchingc1430 surview1432 enserchise1436 overseeingc1449 sight1452 hearkeninga1483 discuting1483 ensearcha1509 inquiry1512 upsightc1515 perusing1556 perpending1558 overlooking1565 interview1567 trial1575 peruse1578 visitation1583 perspective?a1586 overviewing1590 looking over1599 sounding1599 perusal1604 supervise1604 disquisition1605 expiscation1605 prospect1625 ravellinga1626 disquiry1628 disquisitive1660 perpendment1667 inspecting1788 sleuthing1900 casing1928 the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > sharpness, shrewdness, insight > [noun] > clarity knowledgea1398 perspiciencec1450 clearness1535 perspicacity1548 insightc1580 perspective?a1586 subtileness1591 perspicacy1600 clarity1616 quicksightedness1625 perspicuity1662 clear-sightednessa1691 perspicaciousness1727 percipiency1845 far-sightedness1846 clairvoyance1861 X-ray scrutiny1896 ?a1586 Queen Elizabeth I Let. in Lett. Queen Elizabeth & King James VI (1849) 173 I haue not so smal a parspectiue in my neighbors actions, but I haue foresene some wicked euent to folowe a careles gouvernement. 1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 23 Doubting that there would bee too neare looking, and too much Perspectiue into his Disguise, if he should show it here in England; he..sailed with his scholar into Ireland. 1644 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce (ed. 2) 66 And this also will be somwhat above his reach, but yet no lesse a truth for lack of his perspective. a1649 W. Drummond Poems (1656) 104 To me this World did once seem sweet and faire, While Senses light, Minds Perspective kept blind. III. Extended uses. 9. a. The relation or proportion in which the parts of a subject are viewed by the mind; the aspect of a subject or matter, as perceived from a particular mental point of view. Now only: a particular attitude towards or way of regarding something; an individual point of view. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > school of thought > [noun] > way of thinking perspective1605 way of thinking1650 view1713 framework1754 ideology1896 value system1912 frame of reference1921 value orientation1940 blik1950 theology1962 the mind > mental capacity > belief > expressed belief, opinion > mental attitude, point of view > [noun] spectaclec1386 reckoninga1393 view1573 sect1583 prospective1603 light1610 posture1642 point of view1701 stand1819 attitude of mind1832 psychology1834 standpoint1834 perspective1841–8 position1845 viewpoint1856 angle1860 way of looking at it1861 attitudea1873 pose1892 Anschauung1895 slant1905 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Hh3 We haue endeauoured in these our Partitions to observe a kind of perspectiue, that one part may cast light vpon another. View more context for this quotation 1623 W. Drummond Cypresse Groue in Flowres of Sion 56 All wee can set our eyes on, in these intricate mazes of life, is but vaine perspectiue and deceiuing shadowes, appearing farre other ways a farre off, than when..gazed vpon in a neare distance. 1738 S. Boyse Transl. & Poems i. 159 Oh Liberty, thy just Perspective lend, To Britain's Isle his calm Reflection bend. 1813 P. B. Shelley Queen Mab ii. 29 The events Of old and wondrous times..were unfolded In just perspective to the view. 1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iv. xxxv. 359 Clearly no method can be satisfactory but that which preserves the perspective of history true. 1894 H. Drummond Lowell Lect. Ascent of Man 11 Evolution..has thrown the universe into a fresh perspective. 1934 M. Bodkin Archetypal Patterns in Poetry 307 I intend this statement less as criticism than as recognition of the limitations of the vital perspective present in these essays. 1964 J. Gould & W. L. Kolb Dict. Social Sci. 262/1 There has been much discussion from many perspectives as to the origins and ‘causes’ of fascism. 2000 Rev. No. 53. 21/1 Aiming for a 100 per cent safety record is the right thing to do, not just from an ethical standpoint but also from a hard-nosed business perspective. b. The true understanding of the relative importance of things; a realistic sense of proportion. Frequently in sense of perspective. Cf. in perspective adv. c at Phrases 3. ΚΠ 1865 Macmillan's Mag. Mar. 405/1 To give in a novel the daily twaddle which is talked by all civilized beings is to write out of all perspective. 1883 N. Amer. Rev. Oct. 394 We lose all sense of perspective if we suffer ourselves to regard the Revolution as a mere apotheosis of the guillotine, as a season of simple terror. 1901 Times 13 May 12/3 The heady patriotic orgies of the last 18 months, in which their opponents seemed to have lost all sense of perspective. 1958 Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News 15 May 6/3 He added that ‘we must keep a sense of perspective about our national problems and the budget’ and not spend unwisely. 1989 A. Stoddard Living beautifully Together (1991) i. 97 Often when you do get away you gain necessary perspective on your own life, strengthening your inner resources which help keep your relationship fresh and vital. 2000 A. Bourdain Kitchen Confid. (2001) 47 Covered with gelée, sleepless after forty-eight hours in the cooler, we lost all perspective, Dimitri at one point obsessing over a tiny red faux mushroom in one corner of a poached salmon. 10. A mental view, outlook, or prospect, esp. into the future; an expectation or anticipation. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > [noun] > object of bidinga1382 expectation1598 outsight1606 prospect1665 view1689 perspective1742 lookout1792 1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the First 9 Joy behind joy, in endless Perspective! 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) I. 438 This perspective of a divine felicity, here below, would throw us into a lethargic rapture. 1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xxxix. 255 The concluding words of this section..open a glorious perspective of ultimate hope for all whose hearts are sufficiently large and loving to accept it. 1965 Economist 6 Mar. 989/2 Only a general negotiation can offer the perspective of a return to peace and a real independence. 1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 14 June 22/4 Basic conditions for this Europeanization include..a longer-term perspective of ever-closer association with the existing EC. Phrases P1. piece of perspective n. †a. A picture or figure constructed so as to produce a fantastic or distorted effect; = sense 2b. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > optical shows > [noun] > peep-show piece of perspective1600 raree-show1677 raree-fine show1734 peep show1801 cosmorama1823 1600 B. Jonson Every Man out of his Humor iv. iii. sig. M To view 'hem (as you'ld doe a piece of Perspectiue) in at a key-hole. View more context for this quotation 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 16 A Walking-Staff, Vermilion Gilt, in which was a piece of Perspective. 1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ ii. v. §8 To direct them in those excellent pieces of Perspective, wherein by the help of a Prophetick glass they might see the Son of God fully represented. b. A picture drawn or painted according to the rules of perspective; = sense 3b. Now historical and rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > a perspective drawing or painting perspective piece1606 scenography1611 piece of perspective1621 perspective1648 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. ii. iv. 351 Those excellent landskips, and Dutch-works,..such pleasant pieces of perspectiue. 1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 159 Besides these, upon the same Mountains some pieces of perspective are elaborately and regularly cut, resembling the noblest sort of ancient structure. 1733 G. Berkeley Theory of Vision 54 Since Art can only deceive us as it imitates Nature, we need but observe Pieces of Perspective and Landschapes [sic], to be able to judge of this point. 1755 E. Young Centaur vi, in Wks. (1757) IV. 262 As in some pieces of perspective, by the pressure of the eye..the magnificent prospect is opened, and aggrandized, still more and more. 1770 J. Priestley Familiar Introd. Theory & Pract. Perspective 96 The draught will always appear a regular piece of perspective. 1947 F. Antal Florentine Painting & Social Background iii. 332 Such an experimental piece of perspective as the Healing of the Possessed Child..with its huge architectural construction divided by arches and foreshortened into the distance. 2003 Grove Dict. Art (electronic ed.) at Hoogstraten, Samuel van This piece of perspective [sc. The View Down a Corridor]..was one of several large works of this kind. †P2. figurative. to look (also see) through the wrong (also other) end of the perspective: to regard or interpret something as being either much less or much more significant than it actually is. See sense 2a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > misjudgement > judge wrongly [verb (intransitive)] > underestimate or understate to look (also see) through the wrong (also other) end of the perspective1646 diminuate1883 poor-mouth1948 lowball1979 1646 G. Buck Hist. Life Richard III Ded. To looke at other mens actions and memory by the wrong end of the perspective. 1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing 120 The wrong end of the Perspective, which scants their dimensions. 1693 W. Congreve Double-Dealer iv. i, in Wks. (1930) 139 You have looked through the wrong end of the perspective all this while, for nothing has been between us but our fears. 1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. iv. 158 The Fears of a Lover..are apt to magnify every Favour conferred on a Rival, and to see the little Advances towards themselves through the other End of the Perspective. View more context for this quotation 1773 G. A. Stevens Trip to Portsmouth iv. 41 You look at things through the wrong end of the perspective. 1809 C. Dibdin Lion & Water Wagtail iii. 117 Thus fools, to make their view defective, Take the wrong end of the perspective. P3. in perspective adv. a. In accordance with the rules of perspective. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [adverb] prospectively1557 in perspective1614 perspectively1700 1614 Maske of Flowers sig. C2 Behind the Garden..were set artificiall trees appearing like an Orchard ioyning to the Garden, and ouer all was drawne in perspectiue, a firmament like the Skies in a cleere night. 1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions §97 An instrument whereby an ignorant person may take any thing in Perspective, as justly, and more then the skilfullest Painter can do by his eye. a1770 H. Jones Isle of Wight (1782) iii. 41 See beneath the glassy river wind; Yon clumps of trees that in perspective bend. 1806 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 15 10 My delineations..together with one done by a friend in perspective. 1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing v. 282 The tops of the trees..receding in perspective into the distance. 1902 Daily Chron. 16 July 3/2 The engraver said he must..‘put it in proper perspective’. 2003 M. Kraak & F. Ormeling Cartography (ed. 2) i. 6/1 By drawing the model in perspective..this 3D aspect could be simulated. †b. figurative. In mental view or prospect; in expectation. Cf. sense 10. Obsolete.In quot. 1633 the sense is unclear; perhaps ‘by mental projection’. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > [adjective] > expected futurec1374 in a possibility1523 forestalled1543 looked-for1548 anticipatec1550 expected1558 long-looked-for1562 looked1565 in expectation1570 expectable1619 expecting1621 in perspective1633 unsurprising1671 in prospect1694 perspective1710 in prospective1746–7 prospective1809 anticipated1814 presumable1825 anticipatable1872 ex ante1937 1633 G. Herbert Temple: Sacred Poems 55 Yet as in sleep we see foul death, and live: So devils are our sinnes in perspective. 1640 C. Harvey Bible in Synagogue xiv 'Tis heaven in perspective, and the bliss Of glory here. 1667 K. Philips Poems 163 For to know Grandeur we must live In that, and not in perspective. 1789 ‘A. Pasquin’ Poems II. 47 Not content with receiving the debt that's his due, Still John, in perspective, has others in view. 1849 C. Brontë Shirley I. xi. 301 Take care of this future magistrate, this churchwarden in perspective. 1867 M. E. P. Tucker Loew's Bridge 19 Some, looking forward, in perspective see When their one dollar shall ten thousand be. 1883 G. H. Boker Betrothal v. v. 119 Marsio: O! curse you—O! [stage direct. Faints.] Salvatore: Well done! He shows his death-bed in perspective. c. In proportion; correctly regarded in terms of relative importance; in context. ΚΠ a1809 A. Seward in Poet. Wks. (1810) II. 8 Hope, contemplating the stinted plan, Throws it in perspective, and calms our fears. 1861 Times 15 Jan. 5/1 He has watched that momentous spectacle [sc. the attack of the Spanish Armada] from the opposite coasts,—from the side of our Dutch allies,—and, seeing it in perspective, has obtained a clearer conception of its dimensions. 1902 Indiana Weekly Messenger 17 Sept. 4/4 Her lack of a sense of proportion has much to answer for. She does not get things in perspective. 1951 Berkshire Evening Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.) 19 Nov. 20/5 ‘This does not blind me to many misdeeds and dishonest acts,’ he said, ‘but we must try to keep things in perspective.’ 2001 N. Jones Rough Guide Trav. Health i. 32 Many of the courses for aerophobics focus on putting the risks of flying in perspective. Categories » d. Geometry. See sense 6. Compounds perspective control n. Photography the facility to alter the perspective of a photographic image; frequently attributive, designating a lens or camera having this facility. ΚΠ 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face App. F. 285 I used 2 Nikon bodies, with 24-mm. and 35-mm. perspective-control lenses, [etc.]. 1991 Photo Answers Aug. 11/1 Every now and again a camera comes along that you simply have to get your hands on—the perspective-control Corfield is just such a beast. perspective-free adj. (a) that lacks the appearance of distance, dimension, etc.; (b) free from (personal) opinion. ΚΠ 1966 R. L. Gregory Eye & Brain ix. 163 It would be interesting to bring animals up in a perspective-free environment. 1992 Amer. Anthropologist 94 775/1 None of the papers addresses the fact that to be postmodernly multiperspective is not perspective-free. † perspective shell n. Obsolete rare (the conical shell of) the Indo-Pacific sundial shell Architectonica perspectiva (family Architectonicidae), which has markings which when viewed from above give the illusion of a descending spiral staircase.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Perspective shell, a ptenoglossate gastropod, Solarium perspectivum; the sundial shell. perspective-suggesting adj. rare that suggests new points of view or ways of regarding something; cf. sense 9. ΚΠ 1880 W. James Let. 12 Dec. in R. B. Perry Thought & Char. W. James (1935) I. 727 Metaphors and epigrams which, witty and striking and perspective-suggesting as they often are,..may be in danger of having the changes rung on them too long. Derivatives † perspectiver n. Obsolete rare = perspectivist n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > writer on perspectivian1569 perspectiver1598 1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge v. 197 The Perspectiuers [It. prospettiui] call it, the Center, Marke, Point, Terme, and the Cone of the Pyramis. † perspectivian n. Obsolete rare = perspectivist n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > writer on perspectivian1569 perspectiver1598 1569 J. Sanford tr. H. C. Agrippa Of Vanitie Artes & Sci. xxiii. f. 34^v The Geometricians and Perspectiuians [L. Geometræ & Optici]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). perspectiveadj. Brit. /pəˈspɛktɪv/, U.S. /pərˈspɛktɪv/ Forms: see perspective n. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin perspectivus. Etymology: < post-classical Latin perspectivus optical (12th cent., translating ancient Greek ὀπτικός optic adj. in Aristotle; from 1267 in British sources) < classical Latin perspect- , past participial stem of perspicere to see through, look closely into, discern, perceive ( < per- per- prefix + specere to look: see suspect v.) + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Middle French perspectif (end of the 13th cent. in an isolated attestation in science perspective science of refraction), Middle French, French perspectif (of a painter) who knows perspective (1545), (of a drawing, etc.) which presents an object in perspective (1678), made in accordance with the rules of perspective (1770). Compare perspective n., and also prospective adj. I. Senses relating to vision. †1. Relating to sight or the science of optics; optical. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > [adjective] perspective?a1475 optical1570 optic1600 visual1603 specular1656 speculative1656 visional1790 visionary1814 ocular1831 ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1871) III. 365 (MED) He made..problemes perspective [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. problemys of perspective; L. perspectiva problemata] and metaphisicalle. a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) 1683 (MED) Science perspectyfe gevith grete euydence To al the mynysters of this science. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 320/2 Perspectyfe, beholdyng or regarding with the eye, perspectif. 1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. Pref. Archimedes..dyd also by arte perspectiue (whiche is a parte of geometrie) deuise such glasses within the towne of Syracusæ, that dyd bourne their enemies shyppes a great way from the towne. 1592 R. Dallington tr. F. Colonna Hypnerotomachia f. 27 The entrie, which was by my perspectiue iudgement [printed iudgemeut] twelue paces. a1626 F. Bacon New Atlantis (1650) 30 We have also Perspective-Houses, where we make Demonstrations of all Lights, and Radiations: And of all Colours. 2. Of an instrument: optical; esp. serving to assist the sight, magnifying. Also figurative. Chiefly and now only in perspective glass n. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > [adjective] > for looking through perspective1570 1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. bj He may wonderfully helpe him selfe, by perspectiue Glasses. 1594 H. Plat Jewell House 6 (heading) A perspectiue Ring that will discouer all the Cards that are neere him that weareth it on his finger. 1620 H. Wotton Let. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 414 He [sc. Kepler] applies a long perspective-trunke..with the convexe glasse fitted to the said hole. a1625 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Honest Mans Fortune iv. i, in Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Xxxxx/1 This vizard wherewith thou wouldst hide thy spirit Is perspective, to shew it plainlier. 1674 R. Hooke Animadversions Machina Cœlestis 42 Two Perspective Sights of 6 foot long each. 1729 R. Savage Wanderer i. 144 If tubes perspective hem the spotless prize. 3. Of or relating to the art or appearance of perspective; drawn according to the rules of perspective; giving an impression of distance. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [adjective] perspective1617 scenographical1652 scenographic1670 perspectived1930 perspectivic1949 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 84 The painting of the arched-roof, rare for perspectiue Art, and the chiefe of that kinde. 1658 Sir T. Browne Garden of Cyrus ii, in Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall 110 Perspective pictures, in their Base, Horison, and lines of distances, cannot escape these Rhomboidall decussations. 1731 W. Halfpenny Perspective made Easy 1 To find the Perspective Plan of a Square or Cube fixt above the Eye, whose Point of Sight is in a Right Line, with the Middle of the Object. 1777 P. Thicknesse Year's Journey France & Spain I. p. xiii I might raise..money sufficient to pay for engraving a perspective view of Montserrat. 1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain iii. xxviii. 175 A fair arcade, In long perspective view displayed. 1871 M. Gatty Parables 5th Ser. 67 That far-off visionary point where all perspective lines converge. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XX. 470/2 A fresco of ‘The Flood’ at Florence is even more naive in its parade of the painter's [sc. Uccello's] newly won skill in perspective science. 1961 G. Millerson Technique Television Production iii. 31 (caption) Viewing from too close or too far makes its perspective look unnatural. This is termed perspective distortion. 1992 Forum for Mod. Lang. Stud. 28 24 Bonnefoy's argument hinges on the perception of time, but in this essay no attempt is made to evaluate perspective drawing in relation to it. 4. Geometry. Designating a figure that is in perspective with another (perspective n. 6). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > shape or figure > [adjective] > relationship between > equal or similar like1557 isoperimetral1625 similar1692 isoperimetrical1706 identical1806 homologous1863 homological1885 perspective1885 homothetic1886 trigraphic1895 1885 C. Leudesdorf tr. L. Cremona Elements Projective Geom. 3 We are said to project from a centre (or vertex) S a given figure σ upon a plane of projection σ′. The new figure σ′ is called the perspective image or the central projection of the original one. 1926 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 28 503 The totality of all such triples of perspective triangles in the figure gives only 12 such points on account of the property of four-fold perspectivity. 1996 Amer. Math. Monthly 103 327 From Desargues' theorem each of the 15 pairs of perspective triangles with centres on the Soddy line has a corresponding axis of perspective on which corresponding sides intersect. †II. Other uses. 5. Prospective, expected (cf. in perspective adv. b at perspective n. Phrases 3). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > [adjective] > expected futurec1374 in a possibility1523 forestalled1543 looked-for1548 anticipatec1550 expected1558 long-looked-for1562 looked1565 in expectation1570 expectable1619 expecting1621 in perspective1633 unsurprising1671 in prospect1694 perspective1710 in prospective1746–7 prospective1809 anticipated1814 presumable1825 anticipatable1872 ex ante1937 1710 D. Manley Mem. Europe I. iii. 376 My Hand unable to support the Pen, drops in perspective Extasies. 1797 J. Bidlake in New Ann. Reg. 1796 Poetry 155 O blindness to the future! That kindly veils sharp pain's perspective ills. Compounds perspective piece n. a painting or drawing in perspective; = piece of perspective n. at perspective n. Phrases 1. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > a perspective drawing or painting perspective piece1606 scenography1611 piece of perspective1621 perspective1648 1606 T. Dekker Seuen Deadly Sinnes London i. sig. C1^v You may behold now in this Perspectiue piece which I haue drawne before you, how deadly and dangerous an enemy to the State this Politick Bankruptisme hath bin. 1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) ii. ii. iv. 259 Brokes, riuers, trees, &c. with many pretty landskips, and perspectiue peices. 1867 S. Spooner Biogr. Hist. Fine Arts 570 He..occasionally introduced the figures into the perspective pieces of his father. 1935 Burlington Mag. Apr. 200/1 This artist's work, including his portraits, perspective pieces and genre subjects. 2000 Miami Herald (Nexis) 31 Dec. 10 e They discussed works by famous artists, examined the world around them and produced their own perspective pieces. perspective plane n. a plane, usually perpendicular to the horizon, which in terms of the internal perspective of a drawing is imagined as the plane nearest to the observer, corresponding to the surface on which the image is depicted, and intersected by notional straight lines passing from the object to the eye, which determine the points of the drawing; also called plane of delineation, plane of the picture. ΚΠ 1770 J. Priestley Familiar Introd. Theory & Pract. Perspective 15 To ascertain this, I measure the perpendicular distance CM of the given line from the perspective plane. 1884 Ann. Math. 1 13 The x-plane is the perspective plane; the y-plane is the vertical plane at right angles thereto through the center of projection... The distance of the point of view from the perspective plane is d. 1899 N.E.D. at Horizontal Horizontal plane, in Perspective, a plane at the level of the eye, intersecting the perspective plane at right angles. 1934 Isis 21 274 If the perspective (or picture) plane rotates around the ground line and the spectator rotates around his basis, remaining all the time parallel to the plane, the perspective will not be disturbed. 1966 Science 18 Nov. 857/3 The map image that is presented for any viewing point is theoretically formed on a transparent perspective plane. This plane is perpendicular to the central line of vision and lies at a point between the eye of the viewer and the earth surface being mapped. perspective projection n. a form of projection in which a three-dimensional surface or object is represented as seen from a particular viewpoint, with parallel lines in the object represented as converging in the image. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > type of aerial perspective1704 perspective projection1807 parallel perspective1854 1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. x. 93 A knowledge of the instruments employed for delineation, and of the rules of perspective projection, is also necessarily required. 1910 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 656/2 The three varieties of the central projection are, as is the case with other perspective projections, known as polar, meridian or horizontal. 1994 Sci. Amer. Feb. 45/2 Other software can generate completely synthetic photorealistic pictures by applying sophisticated perspective projection and shading to digital models of three-dimensional scenes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). perspectivev. Brit. /pəˈspɛktɪv/, U.S. /pərˈspɛktɪv/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: perspective n. Etymology: < perspective n. rare. †1. intransitive. To sketch out the perspective of a picture. Obsolete.Apparently an isolated use. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > draw perspective [verb (intransitive)] perspective1812 1812 B. R. Haydon Jrnl. 4 Apr. in Autobiogr. (1853) I. x. 171 Began my picture—perspectived the greater part of the day—felt a sort of check in imagination at the difficulties I saw coming. 2. transitive. To set or lay out in perspective; (figurative) to order, arrange. ΚΠ 1902 Westm. Gaz. 12 Sept. 2/1 Towers, battlements, cypresses, statues all perspectived not merely for the eye but for the imagination. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 8 Aug. 4/1 A certain aimlessness, casualness almost, has suddenly been perspectived into purpose and plan. 1946 W. C. Williams Clouds (1948) 55 Southern writers, foreign writers, hugging a distinction, while perspectived Behind them following The crisis (at home) Peasant loyalties inspire The avant-garde. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1387adj.?a1475v.1812
随便看	rotissed rotisserie rotisserie chicken rotisserie league rotisserie oven rotisseries rotissing rotissomat rotmaster rotness roto roto- roto-tom rotochute rotocracy rotodyne rotograph rotographing rotographs rotogravure rotogravures rotolo rotometer roton rotonda

perspectiven.

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perspectiveadj.

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perspectivev.