perturbv.

Brit.

/pəˈtəːb/, U.S.

/pərˈtərb/

Forms: Middle English partourbe, Middle English parturbe, Middle English pertorbe, Middle English pertourbe, Middle English–1500s perturbe, 1500s– perturb; Scottish pre-1700 parturbe, pre-1700 perturbe, pre-1700 purturb, pre-1700 1700s– perturb.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French perturber; Latin perturbāre.

Etymology: < Middle French pertourber, perturber, parturber to throw into confusion, to disrupt (c1200 in Old French as parturber ; French perturber ) and its etymon classical Latin perturbāre to throw into confusion, to disrupt, derange, to trouble, upset, agitate < per- per- prefix + turbāre to disturb, confuse (see turbation n.). Compare Old Occitan perturbar (13th cent.; Occitan perturbar), pertorbar (14th cent.), Catalan pertorbar (1472); Spanish perturbar (14th cent.), Italian perturbare (1268).

1. transitive. To disturb physically or externally; to cause disorder or irregularity in; to unsettle or derange; to throw into confusion.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > [verb (transitive)]

perturbc1385

disarraya1387

disordain1398

disjointc1420

disorder1477

mistemperc1485

commovec1500

deraign?a1513

distempera1513

misordera1513

bring1523

turmoil1542

unframe1574

disrank1602

discompose1611

luxate1623

disframec1629

disjoin1630

disconcert1632

untune1638

un-nacka1657

dislocatea1661

unhinge1664

deconcert1715

disarrange1744

derange1777

unadjust1785

mess1823

discombobulate1825

tevel1825

malagruze1864

to muck up1875

untrim1884

unbalance1892

c1385 G. Chaucer Knight's Tale 906 What folk been ye that at myn hom comynge Perturben [v.rr. Pertourbe, Pertourben, Partourben; Disturblen] so my feste with cryynge?

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. 455 (MED) Thi support..may..saue vs..From al assaut of hem þat wolde vs ille, For to perturbe oure noble estat rial.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos i. 13 The force and strengthe of the troyians was thenne so perturbed by the pryckynge of fortune.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 69 Notyng in him arrogancy and wilfulnesse, in perturbyng and refusyng such an honest order of agreement.

1603 King James VI & I Basilicon Doron (1944) I. To Rdr. 14 Rashe-headie preachers, that thinke it their honour to contend with Kings, & perturbe whole kingdomes.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vi. vi. 295 Perturbing the Chaldean and Ægyptian Records with fabulous additions.

1662 Duchess of Newcastle Wits Cabal i. iii. xviii, in Playes Written 266 Your sudden frisking Answer hath put me into a Passion, which hath perturbed the sense of my Discourse.

1730 T. Fuller Exanthematologia i. 114 It [sc. benign matter] will..provoke, and perturb the vital Spirits, and so exagitate them as to stir up an Effervescence.

1795 A. B. Cristall Poet. Sketches 21 The skies disgorg'd, their last drops refrain, The cloudy hemisphere's no more perturb'd.

1853 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 143 56 Any variations which have taken place in the latter [organs] will perturb the normal disposition of the former.

1874 J. Morley On Compromise 96 To perturb the pacific order of society either by active agitation or speculative restlessness.

1925 Times 3 Mar. 15/2 Strategical points of the city are well guarded in order to repress any attempt to perturb order.

1993 N. E. Spear in G. Turkewitz Developmental Time & Timing ix. 191 Alterations in the, [sic] stimulus variability to which young mammals are exposed early in life may perturb the normal development of influential dimensions.

a. transitive. To disturb mentally; to trouble, upset, agitate, discompose (a person, mind, etc.). Also in early use: to affect adversely; to dampen.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being upset or perturbed > upset or perturb [verb (transitive)]

to-wendc893

mingeOE

dreveOE

angerc1175

sturb?c1225

worec1225

troublec1230

sturble1303

disturbc1305

movea1325

disturblec1330

drubblea1340

drovec1350

distroublec1369

tempestc1374

outsturba1382

unresta1382

stroublec1384

unquietc1384

conturb1393

mismaya1400

unquemea1400

uneasec1400

discomfita1425

smite?a1425

perturbc1425

pertrouble?1435

inquiet1486

toss1526

alter1529

disquiet1530

turmoil1530

perturbate1533

broil1548

mis-set?1553

shake1567

parbruilyiec1586

agitate1587

roil1590

transpose1594

discompose1603

harrow1609

hurry1611

obturb1623

shog1636

untune1638

alarm1649

disorder1655

begruntlea1670

pother1692

disconcert1695

ruffle1701

tempestuate1702

rough1777

caddle1781

to put out1796

upset1805

discomfort1806

start1821

faze1830

bother1832

to put aback1833

to put about1843

raft1844

queer1845

rattle1865

to turn over1865

untranquillize1874

hack1881

rock1881

to shake up1884

to put off1909

to go (also pass) through a phase1913

to weird out1970

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 3048 Lat no þing perturbe Ȝour hiȝe corages.

?a1450 ( J. Lydgate Serpent of Division (McClean) (1911) 56 (MED) Þei myȝte not bi no collaterall occasion of aduersite be perturbed.

1512 Helyas in W. J. Thoms Coll. Early Prose Romances (1828) III. 45 Matabrune was ful sorye and perturbed of these tidings.

1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour 5094 in Wks. (1931) I. 350 Gretlye it doith perturbe my mynde.

a1637 B. Jonson Magnetick Lady i. i. 76 in Wks. (1640) III I doe never feele my selfe perturb'd With any generall words 'gainst my profession.

1665 J. Crowne Pandion & Amphigenia ii. 136 I should bury it in eternal oblivion, rather than perturb your breast with the relation of it.

1744 J. Miller Joseph & his Brothers i. ii. 8 Thy Fame has reach'd great Pharaoh's Ear, Who late in Dreams perturb'd,..Demands thy instant Presence.

1787 T. Holcroft Seduction v. p. i There is a foreboding of mischief, which haunts, and perturbs, my imagination!

1826 W. Scott Woodstock I. v. 146 His childish imagination was perturbed at a phenomenon, for which he could not account.

1875 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 189 It perturbs our faith a little to learn that the prophet is Mr. Joe Smith.

1927 A. Conan Doyle Case-bk. Sherlock Holmes 195 ‘Did he seem to you much perturbed?’ ‘Mr. Gibson is a very strong, self-contained man. I do not think that he would ever show his emotions on the surface.’

1988 R. Christiansen Romantic Affinities ii. 58 Goethe himself was particularly perturbed in 1777 when a woman drowned herself in the river near his home.

b. intransitive. To disturb or trouble; to agitate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > commotion, disturbance, or disorder > be in commotion or disorder [verb (intransitive)] > cause commotion or disorder

to make work?1473

perturb1543

hurly-burly1598

to throw (also fling) the house out of (also at) the window (also windows)1602

tumultuate1611

to beat up the quarters of1670

hurricane1682

larum1729

to kick up, make, raise a stour1787

stour1811

to strike a bustle1823

to cut shindies1829

to kick up a shindy1829

hurricanize1833

rumpus1839

to raise (Old) Ned1840

to raise hell1845

fustle1891

to rock the boat1903

1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 148 Fortune, false executryse..where men euer would lyue in charitee, Thou doest perturbe [a1500 Ashm. perturble] with mutabilitee.

1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos vi. sig. R.iij^v Thy greuous ghost, Perturbing in my dremes hath me compeld to see this coast.

1871 J. R. Lowell Poet. Wks. 450/1 This growth original of virgin soil,..Pleases and shocks, entices and perturbs.

1902 Daily Chron. 23 Apr. 3/3 It is the unexpected that perturbs.

1986 B. L. Knapp Archetype, Archit. & Writer vii. 100 What agitates and perturbs..is the subtle way he has of introducing the unexpected.

1991 S. J. Gould Bully for Brontosaurus xxxv. 499 I suspect..that our fascination with iffy history arises..from our awe at the ability of individuals to perturb.

a. transitive. Originally (Astronomy): to deflect (a celestial object) from its theoretically regular orbit by the gravitational attraction of bodies other than its primary. Later more widely (Science): to subject (a system or process) to an influence tending to alter the normal or regular state.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > move [verb (transitive)] > cause to deviate

perturb1879

1879 R. A. Proctor Pleasant Ways Sci. iii. 68 The members of the sun's family perturb each other's motions in a degree corresponding with their relative mass.

1879 R. A. Proctor Pleasant Ways Sci. iii. 69 The earth plays..but a small part in perturbing the planetary system.

1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth vii. 110/1 Tides on the Moon would perturb neither the rotation nor orbital motion of the Earth.

1995 Sci. Amer. Oct. 32/1 The expansion of the world population perturbs ecosystems that were stable a few decades ago.

2000 New Scientist 3 June 23/1 Quantum systems may decay faster if they are constantly perturbed—by an electromagnetic pulse, for example.

b. transitive. Physics and Mathematics. To subject (a set of equations or their solutions) to a perturbation (perturbation n. 4b), as a mathematical technique.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > algebra > perform algebra [verb (transitive)]

equate1779

expand1802

perturb1901

Fourier-analyse1962

exponentiate1971

1901 [implied in: London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 2 268 He shows that such perturbed elliptic motion may be regarded as resultant of two or more circular motions of different amplitudes and frequencies. (at perturbed adj. 2b)].

1931 Physical Rev. 38 875 The ³P₂⁰ sequence is perturbed by X³P₂⁰.

1973 Nature 17 Aug. 416/1 If the initial potential is that of a hard sphere, this can be ‘perturbed’ into a realistic form by adding an attractive term and softening the repulsion.

1990 T. Petrie & J. Randall Connections, Definite Forms, & Four-manifolds vi. 73 The equivariant transversality argument..perturbs Rˍ to a new..map R′ˍ.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	perturb
释义	perturbv. Brit. /pəˈtəːb/, U.S. /pərˈtərb/ Forms: Middle English partourbe, Middle English parturbe, Middle English pertorbe, Middle English pertourbe, Middle English–1500s perturbe, 1500s– perturb; Scottish pre-1700 parturbe, pre-1700 perturbe, pre-1700 purturb, pre-1700 1700s– perturb. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French perturber; Latin perturbāre. Etymology: < Middle French pertourber, perturber, parturber to throw into confusion, to disrupt (c1200 in Old French as parturber ; French perturber ) and its etymon classical Latin perturbāre to throw into confusion, to disrupt, derange, to trouble, upset, agitate < per- per- prefix + turbāre to disturb, confuse (see turbation n.). Compare Old Occitan perturbar (13th cent.; Occitan perturbar), pertorbar (14th cent.), Catalan pertorbar (1472); Spanish perturbar (14th cent.), Italian perturbare (1268). 1. transitive. To disturb physically or externally; to cause disorder or irregularity in; to unsettle or derange; to throw into confusion. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > disorder > [verb (transitive)] perturbc1385 disarraya1387 disordain1398 disjointc1420 disorder1477 mistemperc1485 commovec1500 deraign?a1513 distempera1513 misordera1513 bring1523 turmoil1542 unframe1574 disrank1602 discompose1611 luxate1623 disframec1629 disjoin1630 disconcert1632 untune1638 un-nacka1657 dislocatea1661 unhinge1664 deconcert1715 disarrange1744 derange1777 unadjust1785 mess1823 discombobulate1825 tevel1825 malagruze1864 to muck up1875 untrim1884 unbalance1892 c1385 G. Chaucer Knight's Tale 906 What folk been ye that at myn hom comynge Perturben [v.rr. Pertourbe, Pertourben, Partourben; Disturblen] so my feste with cryynge? c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. 455 (MED) Thi support..may..saue vs..From al assaut of hem þat wolde vs ille, For to perturbe oure noble estat rial. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos i. 13 The force and strengthe of the troyians was thenne so perturbed by the pryckynge of fortune. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 69 Notyng in him arrogancy and wilfulnesse, in perturbyng and refusyng such an honest order of agreement. 1603 King James VI & I Basilicon Doron (1944) I. To Rdr. 14 Rashe-headie preachers, that thinke it their honour to contend with Kings, & perturbe whole kingdomes. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vi. vi. 295 Perturbing the Chaldean and Ægyptian Records with fabulous additions. View more context for this quotation 1662 Duchess of Newcastle Wits Cabal i. iii. xviii, in Playes Written 266 Your sudden frisking Answer hath put me into a Passion, which hath perturbed the sense of my Discourse. 1730 T. Fuller Exanthematologia i. 114 It [sc. benign matter] will..provoke, and perturb the vital Spirits, and so exagitate them as to stir up an Effervescence. 1795 A. B. Cristall Poet. Sketches 21 The skies disgorg'd, their last drops refrain, The cloudy hemisphere's no more perturb'd. 1853 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 143 56 Any variations which have taken place in the latter [organs] will perturb the normal disposition of the former. 1874 J. Morley On Compromise 96 To perturb the pacific order of society either by active agitation or speculative restlessness. 1925 Times 3 Mar. 15/2 Strategical points of the city are well guarded in order to repress any attempt to perturb order. 1993 N. E. Spear in G. Turkewitz Developmental Time & Timing ix. 191 Alterations in the, [sic] stimulus variability to which young mammals are exposed early in life may perturb the normal development of influential dimensions. 2. a. transitive. To disturb mentally; to trouble, upset, agitate, discompose (a person, mind, etc.). Also in early use: to affect adversely; to dampen. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being upset or perturbed > upset or perturb [verb (transitive)] to-wendc893 mingeOE dreveOE angerc1175 sturb?c1225 worec1225 troublec1230 sturble1303 disturbc1305 movea1325 disturblec1330 drubblea1340 drovec1350 distroublec1369 tempestc1374 outsturba1382 unresta1382 stroublec1384 unquietc1384 conturb1393 mismaya1400 unquemea1400 uneasec1400 discomfita1425 smite?a1425 perturbc1425 pertrouble?1435 inquiet1486 toss1526 alter1529 disquiet1530 turmoil1530 perturbate1533 broil1548 mis-set?1553 shake1567 parbruilyiec1586 agitate1587 roil1590 transpose1594 discompose1603 harrow1609 hurry1611 obturb1623 shog1636 untune1638 alarm1649 disorder1655 begruntlea1670 pother1692 disconcert1695 ruffle1701 tempestuate1702 rough1777 caddle1781 to put out1796 upset1805 discomfort1806 start1821 faze1830 bother1832 to put aback1833 to put about1843 raft1844 queer1845 rattle1865 to turn over1865 untranquillize1874 hack1881 rock1881 to shake up1884 to put off1909 to go (also pass) through a phase1913 to weird out1970 c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 3048 Lat no þing perturbe Ȝour hiȝe corages. ?a1450 ( J. Lydgate Serpent of Division (McClean) (1911) 56 (MED) Þei myȝte not bi no collaterall occasion of aduersite be perturbed. 1512 Helyas in W. J. Thoms Coll. Early Prose Romances (1828) III. 45 Matabrune was ful sorye and perturbed of these tidings. 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour 5094 in Wks. (1931) I. 350 Gretlye it doith perturbe my mynde. a1637 B. Jonson Magnetick Lady i. i. 76 in Wks. (1640) III I doe never feele my selfe perturb'd With any generall words 'gainst my profession. 1665 J. Crowne Pandion & Amphigenia ii. 136 I should bury it in eternal oblivion, rather than perturb your breast with the relation of it. 1744 J. Miller Joseph & his Brothers i. ii. 8 Thy Fame has reach'd great Pharaoh's Ear, Who late in Dreams perturb'd,..Demands thy instant Presence. 1787 T. Holcroft Seduction v. p. i There is a foreboding of mischief, which haunts, and perturbs, my imagination! 1826 W. Scott Woodstock I. v. 146 His childish imagination was perturbed at a phenomenon, for which he could not account. 1875 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 189 It perturbs our faith a little to learn that the prophet is Mr. Joe Smith. 1927 A. Conan Doyle Case-bk. Sherlock Holmes 195 ‘Did he seem to you much perturbed?’ ‘Mr. Gibson is a very strong, self-contained man. I do not think that he would ever show his emotions on the surface.’ 1988 R. Christiansen Romantic Affinities ii. 58 Goethe himself was particularly perturbed in 1777 when a woman drowned herself in the river near his home. b. intransitive. To disturb or trouble; to agitate. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > commotion, disturbance, or disorder > be in commotion or disorder [verb (intransitive)] > cause commotion or disorder to make work?1473 perturb1543 hurly-burly1598 to throw (also fling) the house out of (also at) the window (also windows)1602 tumultuate1611 to beat up the quarters of1670 hurricane1682 larum1729 to kick up, make, raise a stour1787 stour1811 to strike a bustle1823 to cut shindies1829 to kick up a shindy1829 hurricanize1833 rumpus1839 to raise (Old) Ned1840 to raise hell1845 fustle1891 to rock the boat1903 1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 148 Fortune, false executryse..where men euer would lyue in charitee, Thou doest perturbe [a1500 Ashm. perturble] with mutabilitee. 1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos vi. sig. R.iij^v Thy greuous ghost, Perturbing in my dremes hath me compeld to see this coast. 1871 J. R. Lowell Poet. Wks. 450/1 This growth original of virgin soil,..Pleases and shocks, entices and perturbs. 1902 Daily Chron. 23 Apr. 3/3 It is the unexpected that perturbs. 1986 B. L. Knapp Archetype, Archit. & Writer vii. 100 What agitates and perturbs..is the subtle way he has of introducing the unexpected. 1991 S. J. Gould Bully for Brontosaurus xxxv. 499 I suspect..that our fascination with iffy history arises..from our awe at the ability of individuals to perturb. 3. a. transitive. Originally (Astronomy): to deflect (a celestial object) from its theoretically regular orbit by the gravitational attraction of bodies other than its primary. Later more widely (Science): to subject (a system or process) to an influence tending to alter the normal or regular state. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > move [verb (transitive)] > cause to deviate perturb1879 1879 R. A. Proctor Pleasant Ways Sci. iii. 68 The members of the sun's family perturb each other's motions in a degree corresponding with their relative mass. 1879 R. A. Proctor Pleasant Ways Sci. iii. 69 The earth plays..but a small part in perturbing the planetary system. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth vii. 110/1 Tides on the Moon would perturb neither the rotation nor orbital motion of the Earth. 1995 Sci. Amer. Oct. 32/1 The expansion of the world population perturbs ecosystems that were stable a few decades ago. 2000 New Scientist 3 June 23/1 Quantum systems may decay faster if they are constantly perturbed—by an electromagnetic pulse, for example. b. transitive. Physics and Mathematics. To subject (a set of equations or their solutions) to a perturbation (perturbation n. 4b), as a mathematical technique. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > algebra > perform algebra [verb (transitive)] equate1779 expand1802 perturb1901 Fourier-analyse1962 exponentiate1971 1901 [implied in: London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 2 268 He shows that such perturbed elliptic motion may be regarded as resultant of two or more circular motions of different amplitudes and frequencies. (at perturbed adj. 2b)]. 1931 Physical Rev. 38 875 The ³P₂⁰ sequence is perturbed by X³P₂⁰. 1973 Nature 17 Aug. 416/1 If the initial potential is that of a hard sphere, this can be ‘perturbed’ into a realistic form by adding an attractive term and softening the repulsion. 1990 T. Petrie & J. Randall Connections, Definite Forms, & Four-manifolds vi. 73 The equivariant transversality argument..perturbs Rˍ to a new..map R′ˍ. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.c1385
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