phonemen.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊniːm/, U.S.

/ˈfoʊˌnim/

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French phonème.

Etymology: < French phonème (1873) < ancient Greek ϕώνημα a sound < ϕωνεῖν to produce a sound, to speak (see phonetic adj. and n.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form); compare -eme suffix. Compare earlier phone n.¹ In sense 2 after German Phonem (C. Wernicke Grundriss der Psychiatrie (1896) II. 126).The first use of the term phonème is normally attributed to the French linguist Dufriche-Desgenettes (1873); it was subsequently used by F. de Saussure ( Mémoire (1878/1879)), and hence (as German Phonem ) by M. Kruszewski ( Über die Lautabwechslung (1881) 14–15; compare quot. 1896 at sense 1a). N.E.D. (1906) indicates the stress as phoˈneme.

1. Linguistics.

a. A unit of sound in a language that cannot be analysed into smaller linear units and that can distinguish one word from another (e.g. /p/ and /b/ in English pat, bat). See allophone n.¹Although its exact nature is disputed, and the existence of an abstract phonemic level (and hence the abstract phoneme as a constituent of morphemes) is controversial in phonological theory, the phoneme remains a standard taxonomic unit in the description of speech. The phoneme of structural linguistics is sometimes called the autonomous phoneme or taxonomic phoneme by generative phonologists, and distinguished from the systematic phoneme.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [noun] > phoneme, allophone, etc.

phonea1866

phoneme1879

metaphone1930

diaphone1932

variphone1932

morphoneme1933

morphophoneme1934

microphoneme1935

stress phoneme1936

archiphoneme1937

allophone1938

diaphoneme1939

prosodeme1939

keneme1950

proto-phoneme1951

idiophoneme1955

morphon1964

hypophoneme1966

morphophone1967

1879 Academy 27 Sept. 234 The author [sc. Ferdinand de Saussure] concludes that the duality of a and o in the classical languages is original, and that two vowels or phonemes, as he calls them, must have been confounded in the single a of the Northern group.

1896 R. J. Lloyd in Die Neueren Sprachen III. 615 There are a few of these terms which the author [sc. J. Baudouin de Courtenay] still thinks valuable and retains. One of these is the term phoneme, invented by Kruszewski... I take it that the various sounds which are accepted as identical by any speaking community are one phoneme, though they may differ considerably in actual sound.

1917 D. Jones in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1917–20 (1932) 99 The Sechuana language appears to contain twenty-eight phonemes, i.e. twenty-eight sounds or small families of sounds which are capable of distinguishing one word from another.

1958 K. Amis I like it Here i. 6 To cut Sinatra off in mid-phoneme was not such uproarious fun.

1991 Wilson Q. Spring 120/2 We can only know reality through our minds, which function through structural oppositions, typically realized in phonemes and morphemes.

†b. gen. A speech sound. Cf. phone n.¹ Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [noun]

voicec1300

sound1385

pronouncingc1430

pronunciation?a1475

articulation1669

phonea1866

vocalism1873

phoneme1894

phone-type1957

1894 G. Dunn in Classical Rev. Mar. 95/1 The problem remains to determine whether there are any Phonemes which may be regarded as the representatives of these hypothetical and analogically deduced long sonants.

2. Psychiatry. A hallucination in which voices are heard. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > hallucination or hallucinosis

fantasticalness1547

hallucination1646

blue devils1798

Corybantiasm1847

Corybantism1882

hallucinosis1905

phoneme1905

parablepsy1934

1905 A. J. Rosanoff tr. J. Rogues de Fursac Man. Psychiatry i. ii. 44 Phonemes (the verbal auditory hallucinations of Séglas) have..a special significance, inasmuch as they consist of ‘words representing ideas’.

1911 W. A. White Outl. Psychiatry (ed. 3) vi. 47 The more complicated hallucinations which are conceived by the patient to be ‘voices’—verbal auditory hallucinations—are known as phonemes.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	phoneme
释义	phonemen. Brit. /ˈfəʊniːm/, U.S. /ˈfoʊˌnim/ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French phonème. Etymology: < French phonème (1873) < ancient Greek ϕώνημα a sound < ϕωνεῖν to produce a sound, to speak (see phonetic adj. and n.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form); compare -eme suffix. Compare earlier phone n.¹ In sense 2 after German Phonem (C. Wernicke Grundriss der Psychiatrie (1896) II. 126).The first use of the term phonème is normally attributed to the French linguist Dufriche-Desgenettes (1873); it was subsequently used by F. de Saussure ( Mémoire (1878/1879)), and hence (as German Phonem ) by M. Kruszewski ( Über die Lautabwechslung (1881) 14–15; compare quot. 1896 at sense 1a). N.E.D. (1906) indicates the stress as phoˈneme. 1. Linguistics. a. A unit of sound in a language that cannot be analysed into smaller linear units and that can distinguish one word from another (e.g. /p/ and /b/ in English pat, bat). See allophone n.¹Although its exact nature is disputed, and the existence of an abstract phonemic level (and hence the abstract phoneme as a constituent of morphemes) is controversial in phonological theory, the phoneme remains a standard taxonomic unit in the description of speech. The phoneme of structural linguistics is sometimes called the autonomous phoneme or taxonomic phoneme by generative phonologists, and distinguished from the systematic phoneme. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [noun] > phoneme, allophone, etc. phonea1866 phoneme1879 metaphone1930 diaphone1932 variphone1932 morphoneme1933 morphophoneme1934 microphoneme1935 stress phoneme1936 archiphoneme1937 allophone1938 diaphoneme1939 prosodeme1939 keneme1950 proto-phoneme1951 idiophoneme1955 morphon1964 hypophoneme1966 morphophone1967 1879 Academy 27 Sept. 234 The author [sc. Ferdinand de Saussure] concludes that the duality of a and o in the classical languages is original, and that two vowels or phonemes, as he calls them, must have been confounded in the single a of the Northern group. 1896 R. J. Lloyd in Die Neueren Sprachen III. 615 There are a few of these terms which the author [sc. J. Baudouin de Courtenay] still thinks valuable and retains. One of these is the term phoneme, invented by Kruszewski... I take it that the various sounds which are accepted as identical by any speaking community are one phoneme, though they may differ considerably in actual sound. 1917 D. Jones in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1917–20 (1932) 99 The Sechuana language appears to contain twenty-eight phonemes, i.e. twenty-eight sounds or small families of sounds which are capable of distinguishing one word from another. 1958 K. Amis I like it Here i. 6 To cut Sinatra off in mid-phoneme was not such uproarious fun. 1991 Wilson Q. Spring 120/2 We can only know reality through our minds, which function through structural oppositions, typically realized in phonemes and morphemes. †b. gen. A speech sound. Cf. phone n.¹ Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [noun] voicec1300 sound1385 pronouncingc1430 pronunciation?a1475 articulation1669 phonea1866 vocalism1873 phoneme1894 phone-type1957 1894 G. Dunn in Classical Rev. Mar. 95/1 The problem remains to determine whether there are any Phonemes which may be regarded as the representatives of these hypothetical and analogically deduced long sonants. 2. Psychiatry. A hallucination in which voices are heard. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > hallucination or hallucinosis fantasticalness1547 hallucination1646 blue devils1798 Corybantiasm1847 Corybantism1882 hallucinosis1905 phoneme1905 parablepsy1934 1905 A. J. Rosanoff tr. J. Rogues de Fursac Man. Psychiatry i. ii. 44 Phonemes (the verbal auditory hallucinations of Séglas) have..a special significance, inasmuch as they consist of ‘words representing ideas’. 1911 W. A. White Outl. Psychiatry (ed. 3) vi. 47 The more complicated hallucinations which are conceived by the patient to be ‘voices’—verbal auditory hallucinations—are known as phonemes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1879
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