1549 T. Chaloner tr. Erasmus Praise of Folie sig. Mij He had spent whole xxxvi yeeres togethers in studiyng the Phisicals [L. physicis] and Vltra~mundans of Duns and Aristotle.

1756 W. Kenrick Epist. Lorenzo 64 Here the grand Error that we make, Morals for Physicals we take; like those half mad, amphibious wits, Who jumble, in their learned fits, effects & causes.

a1945 E. R. Edison Mezetian Gate (1972) 31 In the university of Miphraz I did seven years apply my youth to study in the Ultramundanes and the Physicals.

1990 D. J. O'Meara Pythagoras Revived ix. 186 We must join the two and always weave together mathematicals and physicals, just as the realities themselves are woven together and are homogeneous and of the same parent.

1824 Examiner 26/2 He lacks physicals for swagger.

1842 G. A. McCall Lett. from Frontiers (1868) 394 Disease, and the wear and tear incidental to the exposure of the physicals in such a country as this.

1836 C. Kingsley Lett. (1878) I. 36 The dreamy days of boyhood, when I knew and worshipped nothing but the physical.

1883 A. Edersheim Life Jesus II. 200 An attempt to shift the argument from the moral to the physical.

1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 806/2 The view is put forward that the relationship of the physical to the phenomenal is one of cause and effect.

1991 A. R. Stone in M. Benedikt Cyberspace (1993) 111 Consciousness remains firmly rooted in the physical.

1934 N. Sainsbury Gridiron Grit in Stirring Football Stories (1941) 77 He found that everybody had had the same idea about physicals and that there were at least forty candidates..ahead of him.

1968 Guardian 28 Dec. 1/5 A day of medical tests—which will go far beyond the ‘complete physical’ that an ordinary citizen knows.

1992 New Republic 27 Apr. 10/2 The Shrub went for his physical today. It lasted four hours and was conducted by Dr. Lee.

1974 Times 5 Dec. 26/3 Rubber physicals closed easier.

1987 Metal Bull. 10 Feb. 11/1 Nymex has expanded the flexibility of its platinum futures contract by changing the rules on the Exchange of Futures for Physicals.

2000 Global News Wire (Malaysia) (Nexis) 1 Mar. Crude palm oil physicals also closed firmer in line with the futures.

1703 Philos. Trans. 1702–3 (Royal Soc.) 23 1312 What the world has hitherto wanted, the Learned Dr Gregory, has supplied it with a compleat System of true and Physical Astronomy.

1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. Pref. ii The Celestial Physics, or Physical Astronomy, is not only the first in dignity of all inquiries into Nature whatever.

1834 Penny Cycl. II. 529/2 The third department of astronomy [sc. after observation and mathematical astronomy]..is that which goes under the name of physical astronomy, and consists in the combination of the various phenomena as actually observed, in order to find out what are their physical causes, and according to what laws those causes act.

1986 D. Knight Age of Sci. x. 176 One of the great names in the new physical astronomy was Norman Lockyer, who rapidly mastered the techniques of spectrum analysis.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Corpuscles, (in Natural Philosophy) signifie the Particles, smallest Parts, or Physical Atoms of a Body.

1813 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 103 61 Though the existence of ultimate physical atoms absolutely indivisible may require demonstration, their existence is by no means necessary to any hypothesis here advanced.

1850 C. G. B. Daubeny Introd. Atomic Theory (ed. 2) v. 147 [Dumas] proposes to designate that description of molecular groups into which bodies are resolved by heat, physical atoms.

1868 Chambers's Encycl. I. 527 What the chemist regards as an atom in his science, may not be an ultimate and indivisible atom in a physical point of view; the chemical atom, though incapable of division as a chemical atom, may still be composed or built up of many physical atoms.

1999 Amer. Hist. Rev. 104 251/2 To eliminate the dualism inherent in Cartesianism, Royer maintained that fluid, expansive physical atoms were the building blocks of both organic and inorganic matter, which were similar.

1896 Science 3 July 28/2 This number contains..a physical-chemical study of the Gas Battery.

1964 Economist 29 Feb. 790/1 The Humboldt university, of whose physical-chemical institute he is the director.

1988 L. Stryer Biochem. (ed. 3) vii. 165 In 1949, Linus Pauling and his associates examined the physical-chemical properties of hemoglobin from normal people and from those with sickle-cell trait or sickle-cell anemia.

1896 Science 25 Dec. 933/1 In connection with what has already been accomplished by physical chemists since their branch has become a distinct science..it seems desirable to call attention to some of the generalizations which have been reached by them.

1929 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 89 171 Physical chemists..have criticized methods which make use of tubes of small diameter.

1995 Sci. Amer. Jan. 44/3 The elasticity they displayed was mostly what physical chemists call entropic.

1743 A. Macbean tr. G. Rothe Synopsis Chem. Index p. ix Physical Chemistry, its Parts.

1800 tr. F. A. C. Gren Princ. Mod. Chem. I. 10 The establishing of a scientific system of physical Chemistry took place only in the latter half of the seventeenth century.

1893 I. Remsen Princ. Theoret. Chem. (ed. 4) p. v I have been tempted to change the book fundamentally and give it a character more in keeping with the recent tendencies of work in the field of Physical or General Chemistry.

1940 S. Glasstone Text-bk. Physical Chem. p. xi It is one of the objects of physical chemistry to see how far the chemical interactions observed between atoms and molecules can be interpreted by means of the forces existing within and between atoms.

1986 D. Knight Age of Sci. ix. 161 Whereas Dalton had simply concentrated upon weights in chemical reactions, the new science of physical chemistry came into being to study the energy and the rate of chemical changes.

1833 Rep. 1st & 2nd Meetings Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1831–2 318 The determination of the physical data (or the physical constants, as Mr. Babbage calls them).

1990 Washington Post (Nexis) 26 June a21 Most people regard this situation as unchangeable. They mistake a Cold War artifact for a physical constant of the nuclear age.

2010 W. C. K. Poon in R. M. Lynden-Bell et al. Water & Life xix. 291 Our understanding now permits us to imagine universes with different fundamental laws or physical constants.

1787 A. Vongieur Treat. Bane of Vice 41 We fatally see the important trust of the human frame reposed in gross and stupid men—born without talents, void of literal education or physical culture.

1867 S. D. Kehoe Indian Club Exercise 18 Having discoursed..on the important benefits to be derived from physical culture..we will now describe some of the special means of exercise.

1990 Omni July 70/1 I lay on the bed and browsed through some physical culture magazines.

1894 Olean Democrat 15 June Miss Lindley, a physical culturist.

1997 A. Sivanandan When Memory Dies ii. ii. 140 His son, by contrast, was a quiet, serious man, and strong, a ‘physical culturist’, known to everyone as Sandow.

1873 J. H. Raymond Vassar College 41 The series comprises the study and rendering of select models, together with much vocal and physical drill.

1994 Stud. Family Planning 25 66/2 A Grameen Bank member also has to salute, chant Grameen Bank slogans, and do physical drills.

1748 T. Nugent tr. J.-B. Dubos Crit. Refl. Poetry & Painting II. xiv. 176 Cannot some years prove more favorable than others to the physical education [Fr. éducation Physique] of children, as there are some more favorable than others to the vegetation of trees and plants?

1895 W. Maclaren in A. Maclaren Physical Educ. (rev. ed.) p. v It is now more than thirty years since the demand for systematized Physical Education began to make itself heard in this country.

1991 Times Educ. Suppl. 4 Jan. 30/4 Perhaps the most interesting feature of the whole package is that it is geared up for the national curriculum in physical education for England and Wales.

1623 tr. A. Favyn Theater of Honour & Knight-hood i. v. 49 To this Physicall finger [Fr. doigt Medecinal] a veine answereth.

1716 W. Whiston Sir I. Newton's Math. Philos. Demonstrated 45 We..now Caution our Reader from understanding us, as Meaning and Defining Physical Causes or Reasons of Motions, or attributing to Centres, which are Mathematical Points, true and proper Physical Force.

1806 Lady Morgan Wild Irish Girl III. xxvi. 66 It is not by physical force, but moral influence, the illusion is to be dissolved.

1897 Daily News 27 May 6/1 He was entirely opposed to any attempt at rebellion by physical force, because he held..that there was no chance for a physical-force struggle.

1946 G. Hopkins tr. F. Mauriac Woman of Pharisees vii. 71 I had always seen him as the bad boy of the school..the dunce on whom Uncle Adhémar and Monsieur Rausch had to use physical force.

1994 Our Schools, our Selves Nov. 58 The Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP) broke the strike with physical force.

2004 Evening Standard (Nexis) 21 Sept. 49 Although I'm not necessarily using maths and physics on a daily basis, I understand how aircraft work and the physical forces that affect them.

1675 J. Lead Fountain of Gardens 110 All the Materials are lying or growing so close about thee within this Physical Garden.

1739 S. Johnson in Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 115 His Profession of Botany made it part of his Duty to superintend the physical Garden.

1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated i. i. 4 The obiect in Geographie is for the most part Physicall, consisting of the parts whereof the Spheare is composed.]

1753 London Monthly Mercury 1 19 M. Buache closed the Sitting, by an Essay of physical Geography on the Structure of the Earth.

1775 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 65 5 The physical Geography of the Countries in which they are found.

1866 W. T. Brande & G. W. Cox Dict. Sci., Lit. & Art (new ed.) II. 898/1 Physical geography is the history of the earth in its material organisation.

1985 K. J. Gregory Nature of Physical Geogr. (BNC) 130 The major part of the earth's surface, the oceans, has been ignored in physical geography research.

2000 Jrnl. Soc. Archer-Antiquaries 43 15/1 The physical geography of Japan provides a very wide range of climatic and vegetative variations.

1837 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. III. xviii. viii. 609 The progress of physical geology will be better understood by attending to the doctrine of uniformity.

1879 F. Rutley Study of Rocks iii. 9 The branches of physical geology known as Vulcanicity and Seismology.

1973 C. Vita-Finzi Recent Earth Hist. ix. 111 Several themes in physical geology suffer from falling between the stools of historical geology and geomorphology.

1743 Chambers's Cycl. (ed. 5) (at cited word) Natural Horizon is the sensible or physical horizon.

1851 Encycl. Americana VI. 426/1 By sensible horizon is also frequently meant a circle which determines the segment of the surface of the earth over which the eye can reach; called, also, the physical horizon.

1889 Cent. Dict. at Horizon Physical horizon.

1917 C. T. O'Neill Soldier's Poems 6 We go an' do about an hour at what we call Physical Jerks.

1998 Jrnl. Contemp. Hist. 33 261 ‘Sam Hibbs’ had a vision of ‘a thousand or more young factory workers doing physical jerks in their grounds’.

1744 J. Colson tr. P. van Musschenbroek Elements Nat. Philos. II. 184 About the same time another [air-pump] was invented at Leyden..with which experiments were made in 1675, in the physical laboratory.

1897 Daily News 17 Feb. 2/5 To find funds for the foundation and maintenance of a national physical laboratory.

1985 R. G. C. Arridge Introd. Polymer Mech. (BNC) 184 The ultrasonic immersion method developed at the National Physical Laboratory uses the measurement of wave velocity on accurately made specimens with parallel sides.

1905 Proc. Royal Soc. 1904–5 75 196 It was in the domain of physical metallurgy that he specially excelled.

1965 R. W. Cahn Physical Metall. p. v Physical metallurgy..is the root from which the modern science of materials has principally sprung.

1991 Mining Mag. Feb. 106/2 Subjects covered by these databases include..pyrometallurgy, process chemistry, physical metallurgy, economic geology, mineral economics and process control.

1872 T. Egleston Lect. Mineral. Pref. p. iii The first part, comprising crystallography and physical mineralogy, will be printed at some future time.

1914 Science 27 Feb. 328/2 Thirty-seven pages are devoted to physical mineralogy which includes..(a) specific gravity (b) elasticity and cohesion (c) optical properties and (d) miscellaneous physical properties.

1989 Science 28 Apr. 478/3 (heading) Physical Mineralogy.

1752 tr. J. L. d'Alembert Plan French Encycl. 44 Intuitive evidence is the result of mere Operations of the Mind,..whilst Demonstration regards physical Objects.

1818 T. Jefferson Rep. Commissioners Univ. Virginia in Public Papers 463 Physics, or Physiology, in a general sense,..the doctrine of the physical objects of our senses.

1952 A. J. Ayer Lang., Truth, & Logic (new ed.) vi. 123 The difference between the entire class of mental objects and the entire class of physical objects is not..more fundamental than the difference between any two sub-classes of mental objects, or the difference between any two sub-classes of physical objects.

1988 Mind 97 533 The sort of objects usually required are physical objects, which are unified objects which exist in space and time.

2002 D. Jacquette Ontology I. i. 16 We may want to say that physical and abstract objects both exist, but that physical objects exist in one way and abstract objects exist in another way.

1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics vii. 66 Physical Optics is that branch of the science which treats of the physical properties of light.

1895 H. G. Wells Time Machine xi. 114 I thought chiefly of the Philosophical Transactions and my own seventeen papers upon physical optics.

1993 Dict. National Biogr.: Missing Persons (BNC) 496/1 Such a device was quickly appreciated as the most practical way of producing polarized light—of great value in physical optics and in petrography.

1654 J. Crandon Mr. Baxters Aphorisms Exorized & Anthorized ii. 77 The saying over again of what he had said before, and a little prattle of Physicall and morall Philosophy.

1720 A. Pope in tr. Homer Iliad (ed. 2) I. Pref. sig. A6 Those secrets of nature and physical philosophy, which Homer is generally suppos'd to have wrapt up in his allegories.

1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. vii. 343 The business of physical philosophy is, to explain external phenomena with a view to their prediction.

1986 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 47 12 As a popularizer of Epicurus's physical philosophy Lucretius was unknown to the Middle Ages, or so it has been generally believed.

a1703 R. Hooke Present State Nat. Philos. in Posthumous Wks. (1705) 66 A Physical Point, or Material Cone, or Pyramid..will have Extension and Bluntness [as contrasted with a mathematical point].

1739 D. Hume Treat. Human Nature I. ii. 77 A real extension, such as a physical point is suppos'd to be, can never exist without parts, different from each other.

1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 56 Whether matter consists of indivisible corpuscles, or physical points.

1851 W. J. M. Rankine in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 1 443 The fundamental suppositions of the hypothesis of molecular vortices are the following:—First. That each atom of matter consists of a nucleus or central physical point enveloped by an elastic atmosphere, which is retained around it by attraction.

1992 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 53 276 The first is that it appears certain to reason that an infinite number of physical points composes an infinite extension. We cannot comprehend, however, an infinite extension and consequently the number of physical points should be finite.

1705 tr. Present State Europe 103 The [French] Academy of Sciences, whose Design is the improvement of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, in Imitation of the Royal Society of England.

1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 202 My inclination for the study of nature, and for curious and useful enquiries into the physical sciences.

1802 Brit. Critic 20 175 In the physical and mathematical science..the advantage of attending a regular course of lectures is indeed most obvious.

1845 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1847) I. 60/1 That part of Grammar..is evidently Physical, and of course follows the common laws of Physical Science.

1937 Mind 46 512 The physical sciences are in a happy position, because their numerical world is mathematically structurated.

1983 New Scientist (BNC) 17 Mar. The four cardinal metaphors are the four foundations of physical science (space, time, matter and number).

1715 tr. J. Groeneveld Grounds of Physick iv. i. 183 (heading) Of Physical Signs [L. De Signo Medico] in general, and some of their Kinds.

1828 C. J. B. Williams (title) A rational exposition of the physical signs of the diseases of the lungs and pleura; illustrating their pathology, and facilitating their diagnosis.

1842 W. A. Guy Hooper's Physician's Vade Mecum (new ed.) i. iii. 16 The term physical sign is in common use among medical men: it means a sign which is an object of sense. Thus heat, redness, and swelling are physical signs of inflammation, pectoriloquy of phthisis, coagulable urine of disease of the kidney.

1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. 9 107 The physical signs pointed to fluid at the left base, and to enlargement of the right lobe of the liver.

1949 H. Bailey Demonstr. Physical Signs Clin. Surg. (ed. 11) xxvii. 345 In the absence of this evidence, by all means measure the limb and test the movement of the joint, but put not your trust in physical signs or, for that matter, in subperfect radiographs.

1991 Lancet 9 Mar. 573/2 These clinical data were analysed retrospectively for combinations of physical signs..compatible with uncal herniation or with one of the four stages of central cerebral herniation.

1967 N.Y. Times 9 Apr. 5/1 I prepare very precise stage directions about the gestures—longer than the text itself. My aim is physical theater.

1976 Evening Post (Nottingham) 17 Dec. 12/2 Based on Polish producer Jerzy Grotowski's ‘physical theatre’ ideas, Steve Rumbelow and his team offer lessons which should prove a great stimulus to amateur societies.

1999 J. Cassidy Street Life 8 I won a place at a specialised theatre college to study physical theatre, movement techniques, acrobatics, dance and music.

1736 T. Burnet Doctrina Antiqua de Rerum Originibus 235 Varro likewise explained the Physical Theology of the Ancients, and wrote many beautiful Treatises concerning Learned Men.

1829 J. Fearn (title) A manual of the physiology of mind, comprehending the first principles of physical theology.

1991 Classical Rev. 41 232 The parallelism between Michael's introductory words on the omnipresence of God and on Adam's fallen state..and Anchises' physical theology..is worth pointing out.

1937 Science 24 Sept. 279/2 In future the institute will be a department of the Medical School..to provide for the instruction of psychiatric social workers, occupational therapists and physical therapists.

1954 Newsweek 30 Aug. 46/1 Crash teams of doctors, nurses, and physical therapists for all important diagnosis and initial treatment cannot be sent to critical areas in sufficient numbers.

1993 Dressage & CT Apr. 19/1 A variety of massage therapists, applied kinesiologists, and physical therapists around the country do excellent work and can really help many back problems.

1919 Sci. Monthly Sept. 260 This branch of physical therapy is winning an established place in the treatment of tuberculosis.

1964 Surg., Gynecol. & Obstetr. 118 1030/2 He stopped work and received physical therapy which consisted mainly of heat.

1993 Time 31 May 60/3 If one is going to question the use of psychotherapy for the stress of going through a divorce, then one should also question physical therapy to rehabilitate a knee so a patient can return to skiing.

1900 Dial. Notes 2 48 Physical torture, physical culture.

1920 331st Field Artillery (U.S.) 417 The officers,..knowing that boat drills were something of a bore, attempted to make them more interesting..by giving us ‘physical torture’ at these times.

1968 W. C. Anderson Gooney Bird iii. 35 The physical torture program..started promptly at 0630 every morning at Eglin Air Force Base.

1839 Times 30 Apr. 6/3 Besides the physical training of the children in various employments, to introduce such exercises during the hours of recreation as will develope their strength.

1910 Handbk. Physical Training (Admiralty) i. 12 Physical training at schools should provide for the stimulation of the physiologic functions of the body.

2001 Sea Breezes 75 328/1 This was followed by ‘cleaning stations’ (the polishing of brass and the bailing of boats), physical training on the parade ground, breakfast, [etc.].

1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II Physicalness, Naturalness, also Medicinalness.

1857 J. Hinton Let. in Life (1878) vii. 133 The inertness, the evil, that is added by our physicalness.

1990 Inside Sports Dec. 34/1 I admire Ewing's low-post play and his physicalness.