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单词 pie
释义

pien.1

Brit. /pʌɪ/, U.S. /paɪ/
Forms: early Middle English pyge, Middle English peye, Middle English piȝe, Middle English pyȝe, Middle English–1600s py, Middle English– pie, Middle English– pye, 1500s 1800s pee (Irish English), 1600s pei, 1600s pey.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French pie; Latin pīca.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French pie (c1170; Middle French, French pie ) and its etymon classical Latin pīca (see pica n.2). Compare Old Occitan piga (14th cent.), Catalan piga (13th cent.), Spanish †pega (1492; Spanish regional (Aragon) pica (14th cent.)), Italian pica (c1321).In sense 1c after Old French pi woodpecker (Middle French, French pic ) < classical Latin pīcus woodpecker (see piciform adj.2); compare also Middle French, French pivert great green woodpecker (see green-peak n.). With senses 4 and Compounds 2 compare French pie (adjective, of animals) particoloured (1549 in Middle French), French pie (noun) piebald horse (1636); compare also Anglo-Norman pie (noun) particoloured cloth (2nd half of 14th cent.). Compare earlier pied adj.1
1.
a. The magpie, Pica pica. Cf. piet n. 2a. Now rare.chatter-pie: see chatter n.1 Compounds 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > larger song birds > family Corvidae (crow) > [noun] > pica pica (magpie)
haggistera1225
piea1225
piet?a1513
maggoty-pie1573
magpie1589
pianet1594
haggess1599
maw-pie1618
pie-maggot1628
mag1802
madge1823
maggie1825
maggot1848
Margaret1854
a1225 (?OE) Latin-Old Eng. Gloss. (Vitell. C.ix) (transcript of lost MS) in N. R. Ker Catal. MSS containing Anglo-Saxon (1957) 471 Pica, pyge the is on englisc Aguster.
c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 126 (MED) Pie & crowe hit to drowe.
c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) 2201 (MED) Þe burgeis hadde a pie..Þat couþe telle tales.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 141v Oþir foules..eten now fleische and now fruyt..as alle foules of raueyne kynde, as chowghes, crowes, rookes and rauenes, and pyes.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 355 (MED) Beleue nouȝt yn þe pyys cheteryng.
?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 22 (MED) Ther was a woman that had a pie in a cage, that spake and wolde tell talys.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. lxxxv Pies will chatter and Mice will pepe.
1563 W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Ld. Hastynges sig. N.iiii The Fox descrye the crowes and chatteryng Pyen.
1647 J. Hall Poems i. 4 Pies Do ever love to pick at witches eyes.
1705 J. Swift Descr. of Salamander in Misc. (1711) 372 Pies and Daws are often stil'd With Christian Nick-names like a Child.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth V. 219 Birds of the Pie Kind.
1853 C. Brontë Villette I. xiii. 239 Chattering like a pie to the best gentleman in Christendom.
1894 A. Newton et al. Dict. Birds: Pt. III 721 The Pie's nest is a wonderfully ingenious structure, whether placed in high trees or low bushes.
1894 L. Morris Songs without Notes 31 The bold pie chatters in the shade, Well knowing she is safe to-day.
2002 Spectator (Nexis) 15 June 28 A gathering of up to 40 pies in a rookery is an ill omen for other birds, as well as for humans.
b. With distinguishing word: any of various other birds related to the magpie or likened to it, esp. in having black and white (pied) plumage.grey, jay, tree-pie: see the first element. See also murdering pie n., sea-pie n.1
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > feather > [noun] > bird having specific colour of
bluebackc1532
pie1552
blue hawk1758
lutino1935
1552 Househ. Expenses Princess Eliz. 40, in Camden Misc. (1853) II Paid in rewarde..to Mr. Levetts servauntes for bringing of sea-pies, x. s.
1615 G. Markham Pleasure of Princes (1635) viii. 37 The Sea-pie is a great devourer of all sorts of Fish.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. xi. 235/1 This bird is of some called a Wierangle, and a Grey Pie, or a Murthering Pie, or a french Pie.
1748 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 45 160 Pica luteo-nigra varia. The yellow and black Pye... These Birds in Jamaica are called Bonano Birds.
1763 R. Brookes New Syst. Nat. Hist. II. 97 The yellow and black pie of Catesby, is a very docile bird, and has the throat covered with hair.
1852 R. Fortune Journey to Tea Countries China xiv. 250 The most beautiful bird seen during our journey was the red-billed pie. This bird..is of a beautiful light-blue colour, and has several long feathers in the tail tipped with white.
1883 List Vertebrated Animals Gardens Zool. Soc. (ed. 8) 283 Dendrocitta vagabunda, Wandering Tree-Pie... D. sinensis, Chinese Tree-Pie.
1885 C. Swainson Provinc. Names Brit. Birds 30 Dipper... The white breast and blackish upper plumage have caused it to be called..River pie (Ireland).
1999 Western Morning News (Plymouth) (Nexis) 11 May 26 Local names for the dipper include Piet, River Pie, Benny Ducker, [etc.].
c. More fully rain-pie, (now rare) wood-pie. Any of various woodpeckers, esp. (a) the greater spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos major (cf. French pie n.2 2) (now rare); (b) the green woodpecker, Picus viridis.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > perching birds > order Piciformes > [noun] > family Picidae > genus Picus (woodpecker)
woodhackc1440
woodwall1490
woodpecker1530
woodhacker1548
woodpeck1552
woodspite1555
woodspeckc1560
modwall1572
eat-bill1598
speck1601
tree-jobber1601
hecco1604
eat-bee1608
knag1639
French pie1783
pie1783
nicker-pecker1787
rind-tabberer1848
peckerwood1859
nickle1885
nicker1886
1783 Ainsworth's Thes. Linguæ Latinæ (new ed.) ii Pīcus,..a woodpecker, a speckt, a hickway, or heighhould; a French pie, a whitwall.
1840 W. Macgillivray Hist. Brit. Birds III. 80 Greater spotted woodpecker..wood-pie, French-pie.
1873 W. P. Williams & W. A. Jones Gloss. Somersetshire 29 Rain pie, woodpecker, yuckle.
1885 C. Swainson Provinc. Names Brit. Birds 98 Great Spotted Woodpecker..Wood pie (Staffordshire; Hants)... Lesser Spotted Woodpecker..Little wood pie (Hants).
1913 H. K. Swann Dict. Names Brit. Birds 187 Rain-bird, Rain-fowl, or Rain-pye: The Green Woodpecker... It is still a country belief that when the cry of this bird is much heard rain will follow.
1999 Guardian 13 May i. 18/7 Other soggy names [for the green woodpecker] include rain-pie, weather cock and storm cock.
2. In extended use.
a. A cunning, sly, or wily person. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > cunning > [noun] > cunning person
foxc1000
yepea1250
slies1297
wily-man1393
wilyc1400
sneck-drawer1402
piea1425
wily-piec1450
artificera1500
tod?a1513
Sim Subtlea1529
serpentinea1533
prata1542
wily beguile1550
wily-wat?1550
elfa1556
dog fox1609
saccularian1652
sly-cap1681
sly-boots1699
craftsmaster1717
scunge1824
sleeveen1834
chickaleary1869
sneck-draw1886
rusée1889
slypuss1942
a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) iii. 527 Dredeles, it cler was in the wynd From every pie and every lette-game.
c1450 in Englische Studien (1925) 59 9 (MED) Ye ben a wyly pye.
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 321v One Accius..a wylie pye, and a feloe full of shiftes.
1587 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. ii. iii. 149/1 Oh madam (saith he) the wiliest pie of all, these are no pies but soules in purgatorie that craue releefe.
b. A person given to chattering; a bold or impertinent person; = magpie n. 2a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > loquacity or talkativeness > [noun] > talkative person
chaterestrea1250
jangler1303
babbler1366
blabbererc1375
jangleressc1386
talkerc1386
clatterer1388
cacklera1400
languager1436
carperc1440
mamblerc1450
praterc1500
jackdaw?1520
chewet1546
flibbertigibbet1549
clatterfart1552
patterer1552
piec1557
long tongue?1562
prattler1567
piet1574
twattler1577
brawler1581
nimble-chops1581
pratepie1582
roita1585
whittera1585
full-mouth1589
interprater1591
chatterer1592
pianet1594
bablatrice1595
parakeet1598
Bow-bell cockney1600
prattle-basket1602
bagpipe1603
worder1606
babliaminy1608
chougha1616
gabbler1624
blatterer1627
magpie1632
prate-apace1636
rattlea1637
clack1640
blateroon1647
overtalker1654
prate-roast1671
prattle-box1671
babelard1678
twattle-basket1688
mouth1699
tongue-pad1699
chatterista1704
rattler1709
morologist1727
chatterbox1774
palaverer1788
gabber1792
whitter-whatter1805
slangwhanger1807
nash-gab1816
pump1823
windbag1827
big mouth1834
gasbag1841
chattermag1844
tattle-monger1848
rattletrap1850
gasser1855
mouth almighty1864
clucker1869
talky-talky1869
gabster1870
loudmouth1870
tonguester1871
palaverista1873
mag1876
jawsmith1887
spieler1894
twitterer1895
yabbler1901
wordster1904
poofter1916
blatherer1920
ear-bender1922
burbler1923
woofer1934
ear-basher1944
motormouth1955
yacker1960
yammerer1978
jay-
c1557 Enterlude of Youth (new ed.) sig. Biii Ye be a lytell prety pye, iwis ye go ful gingerie.
1563 B. Googe Eglogs Epytaphes & Sonettes sig. C.viv Than cownt you them for chatring Pies Whose tongs must alwayes walke.
1607 Dobsons Drie Bobbes sig. O2 Among these maides there was one chattering Pie.
1692 J. Washington tr. J. Milton Def. People Eng. viii. 187 Salmasius, that French chatt'ring Pye.
1840 E. S. Wortley Eva ii. iii. 47 You scaramouch! you scarecrow! Why, you scrap! You chuckling popinjay! you chattering pie!
1886 E. Lynn Linton Paston Carew III. xi. 241 ‘She was no more a hussy than you, you bold pie!’ said Patty in a fume.
3. Friars of the Pie n. = pied friar n. at pied adj.1 and n. Compounds 1a.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > church government > monasticism > religious order > Carmelite Order > [noun]
Friars of the Piec1600
a1450 T. Walsingham Historia Anglicana (1863) I. 182 Fratrum quos ‘Freres Pyes’ veteres appellabant.]
c1600 PPl.Creed 65 Þe foles foundeden hem-self freres of the Pye.
4. A pied or particoloured animal. Cf. Compounds 2. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > hound > [noun] > parts of > dog defined by
pie1869
swine-chop1877
1670 Deed of Gift 25 Nov. in J. H. Pleasants Arch. Maryland (1943) LX. 279 A small heifer..called Pie.]
1869 Daily News 7 Aug. 5/4 A couple of those beautiful lemon pyes [sc. dogs], Nosegay and Novelty..just beat the flower of the Brocklesby ‘lady pack’.

Compounds

C1. (In sense 1a.)
a.
pie-poetess n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1597 Bp. J. King Lect. Ionas Ep. Ded. sig. *3v Wee all write, learned and vnlearned, crow-poets and py-poetesses.
pie-pecked adj. Obsolete
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > disfigurement > [adjective] > blemished > pitted
pie-pecked1545
smallpox-pitted1926
1545 J. Bale Mysterye Inyquyte P. Pantolabus f. 3 His smered swarme of shauelynges both pylled & pye pecked.
1602 Contention Liberalitie & Prodigalitie iv. iv. sig. E2 O thou vile, ill-fauoured, crow-troden, pye-pecked Ront!
pie-picked adj. Obsolete
ΚΠ
a1652 R. Brome Queenes Exchange (1657) v. i. sig. F 3/2 What are thou..thus Piepickt, Crowtrod, or Sparrow-blasted?
b.
pie-maggot n. [compare later maggot n.2, piemag n.] Obsolete a magpie; (in quot. 1628 figurative).
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > larger song birds > family Corvidae (crow) > [noun] > pica pica (magpie)
haggistera1225
piea1225
piet?a1513
maggoty-pie1573
magpie1589
pianet1594
haggess1599
maw-pie1618
pie-maggot1628
mag1802
madge1823
maggie1825
maggot1848
Margaret1854
1628 A. Leighton Appeal to Parl. (ed. 2) 21 [The bishops are] Rauens and Pye-Maggots to prey upon the State.
a1674 in J. C. Cox Churchwardens' Accts. (1913) xx. 299 Peimaggetes [or] meigetepeys [at 12d. the dozen].
C2. With the sense ‘particoloured’, ‘pied’ (like the black and white plumage of a magpie).
a.
pie-coated adj. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1787 R. Burns Let. 2 Aug. (2001) I. 134 I have not the most distant pretensions to what the pye-coated guardians of eschutcheons call, A Gentleman.
1848 W. M. Thackeray Bk. Snobs ii. 9 The liveries of these pie-coated retainers.
pie-coloured adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > variegation > [adjective]
fawa700
medleyc1350
freckledc1380
motleyc1380
pied1382
specked1382
vary1382
partyc1385
parted1393
peckleda1400
polymitec1425
sere-colouredc1425
vairc1425
discoloured?1440
motleyed1447
varying1488
sheld1507
fleckered1508
piet1508
mellay1515
particoloured1530
pickled1552
varied1578
mingled1580
partly coloured1582
chequered1592
medley-coloured1593
mingle-coloured1593
piebald1594
feathered1610
changeable1612
particolour1612
enamelled1613
variousa1618
pie-coloured1619
jaspered1620
gangean1623
versicolour1628
patchwork1634
damasked1648
variously-coloureda1660
variegateda1661
agated1665
varicoloured1665
damaska1674
various-coloureda1711
pieted1721
versicoloured1721
diversicoloured1756
mosaic1776
harlequin1779
spanged1788
calico1807
piety1811
varied-coloured1811
discolorate1826
heterochromous1842
jaspé1851
discolor1859
discolorous1860
jasperoid1876
damascened1879
heterochromatic1895
variotinted1903
batik1914
varihued1921
rumbled1930
damasky1931
pepper-and-salt1940
partihued1959
1619 R. Brathwait New Spring p. xxvi Pages like Pie-colourd Butterflies.
1706 E. Ward Rambling Fuddle-caps 11 But, Sir, says our Pye-colour'd Sot of a Beau, Why so much upon Pudding, I desire to know.
1858 S. Hawthorne Notes in Eng. & Italy 26 Mar. in F. Sweeney Vatican Impressions (1962) 91 Old-fashioned coats, trimmed richly with pie-colored borders.
1913 Washington Post 16 Mar. (Misc. section) 3/3 Most luxurious hair, glossy and soft, though pie-colored, like their skin.
b.
pie-duck n. Obsolete = pied duck n. at pied adj.1 and n. Compounds 1b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Anseriformes (geese, etc.) > subfamily Merginae (duck) > [noun] > genus Somateria > somateria labradoria (pied duck (extinct))
pied duck1637
pie-duck1813
skunkhead1843
1813 J. Hogg Queen's Wake iii. xvii. 304 The pye-duck sought the depth of the main.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

pien.2

Brit. /pʌɪ/, U.S. /paɪ/
Forms: Middle English pey, Middle English pi, Middle English–1600s py, Middle English– pie, Middle English– pye (now English regional), 1600s pay, 1800s– poi (English regional (northern and midlands)), 1800s– poy (English regional (northern and midlands)); Scottish pre-1700 paye, pre-1700 pey, pre-1700 pi, pre-1700 1700s py, pre-1700 1700s–1800s pye, pre-1700 1700s– pie, pre-1700 1800s pay, 1800s poy.
Origin: Of uncertain origin.
Etymology: Origin uncertain; identical in form with earlier pie n.1 and perhaps in some way connected with that word (see below).The dish, which originally consisted of any variety of ingredients, may have been named by association with the bird, either after the bird's particoloured appearance or after its habit of collecting miscellaneous articles. In this context, the similarity between the words haggis n. and haggess n., a name for the magpie, has been pointed out; compare also chewet n.1, a dish of mixed ingredients, and chewet n.2, a name for the chough. For an alternative etymology < an unattested variant *pis of Anglo-Norman puz and Old French puis pit, well (Middle French puis , French puits ; < classical Latin puteus : see pit n.1), and thus an assumption that sense 2 is in fact the original sense, see C. H. Livingston History and Etymology of English "Pie"(1959). Compare post-classical Latin pia (1303, 1317 in British sources), which is perhaps < English. Compare also quot. 1304 at sense 1a, which apparently shows an English form in a Latin context, and also the following example from the same source, which could be interpreted as showing either an English or a Latin form:1303 Bolton Abbey Compotus f. 68v Frumentum expenditum..in pyis et pastellis. Compare also post-classical Latin pica pie, pastry (c1310, 1419 in British sources; perhaps identified with classical Latin pīca magpie: see pie n.1) . No further related word is known outside English; Scottish Gaelic pighe, Irish†píghe, are < English. Attested earlier in surnames, as Henricus Piehus (1199), Rogero Pieman (1301).
I. A baked pastry dish; something regarded as resembling this.
1.
a. A baked dish of fruit, meat, fish, or vegetables, covered with pastry (or a similar substance) and frequently also having a base and sides of pastry. Also (chiefly North American): a baked open pastry case filled with fruit; a tart or flan. Also as a mass noun.The pie appears to have been at first of meat or fish. Doubtful or undefined uses appear in 16th cent. Fruit pies (also called tarts, esp. in the north of England, Ireland, Scotland, and frequently in the U.S.) appear before 1600, e.g. apple pie n., plum pie n.Frequently with distinguishing word denoting the main ingredient, as apple, eel, pork pie, etc.: see the first element.A pie may be of any shape, but the round shape is the basis of several figurative and similative uses; cf. also pie-shaped adj. at Compounds 2.Recorded earliest in pieman n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > pie > [noun]
pie1301
tart?a1400
dish-meata1513
coulibiac1898
1301 in W. Brown Yorks. Lay Subsidy (1894) 87 Rogero Pyman.
1304 Bolton Abbey Compotus f. 82v In pane furnato..et in pyes et pastellis, 33 qr. 2 bus. di.
c1387–95 G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. 384 He koude rooste and sethe and broille and frye, Maken mortreux and wel bake a pye.
c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. Prol. 104 Cookis and here knaues cryeþ, ‘hote pyes, hote!’
a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 53 (MED) Pyez de parez: Take & smyte fayre buttys of Porke..caste þer-to ȝolkys of Eyroun..make fayre past and cofynnys, & do þer-on, kyuer it, & let bake.
1513 Will of Robert Fabyan in R. Fabyan New Chrons. Eng. & France (1811) Pref. p. ix If it happen the saide obite to fall in Lent, than I will that for the peces of beeff abovesaid..be ordeyned pyes of elys, or som other goode fysh mete.
1568 ‘In somer quhen flouris will smell’ 35 in Bannatyne MS (1928) III. 400 Itss is lyk þat ȝe had eitin pyiss, Ȝe are so sweit.
1624 T. Heywood Γυναικεῖον ix. 444 Burnt alive, for killing young infants and salting their flesh and putting them into pyes.
1694 J. Crowne Regulus ii. 12 A man all Vertue, like a Pye all Spice, will not please.
c1710 C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 242 He weares a great Velvet cap..like a Turbant or great bowle in forme of a great open pye.
1778 J. Cook Jrnl. 8 Oct. (1967) III. i. 448 A pie made in the form of a loaf, for some salmon highly seasoned with peper & ca was in it.
1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby vii. 62 It's a pity to cut the pie if you're not hungry... Will you try a piece of the beef?
1864 G. A. Sala in Daily Tel. 18 Aug. There it is; pumpkin pie, blackberry pie, whortleberry pie, huckleberry pie—pie of all kinds.
1917 H. L. Wilson Ruggles of Red Gap (1936) xiii. 153 Moulds of custard set in a row, flanked on either side by ‘pies’, as the natives [of America] call their tarts.
1996 Observer 29 Dec. (Life Suppl.) 22/1 If there is plenty of meat left, you could make a pie.
b. colloquial (originally British). Usually depreciative or (occasionally) humorous. Who ate all the pies? and variants: a taunt implying that a person is fat.Originally chanted at football matches.
ΚΠ
1992 Who ate all Pies? No. 1. 4 (caption) [Spectator at football match:] who ate all the pies.
1997 Evening Post (Wellington, N.Z.) (Nexis) 15 Dec. 32 The English supporters came up with a soccer style chant: ‘Fat boy, fat boy. You ate all our pies’.
2001 T. Parsons One for my Baby xxvi. 223 I can't walk down a corridor without someone saying something. Fatty Day. Fat Slag. Who ate all the pies?
2. A collection of things made into a heap; (Agriculture) a quantity of potatoes, or other produce formed into a heap, or placed in a shallow pit, and covered with straw, earth, etc., for storage and protection from frost; a heap of manure stacked for maturing. Now English regional.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > mass formed by collection of particles > an accumulation > heap or pile
heapc725
cockeOE
hill1297
tassc1330
glub1382
mow?1424
bulkc1440
pile1440
pie1526
bing1528
borwen1570
ruck1601
rick1608
wreck1612
congest1625
castle1636
coacervation1650
congestion1664
cop1666
cumble1694
bin1695
toss1695
thurrock1708
rucklea1725
burrow1784
mound1788
wad1805
stook1865
boorach1868
barrow1869
sorites1871
tump1892
fid1926
clamp-
1526 in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (1790) 227 Item, that the Pye of Coales be abridged to the one halfe that theretofore had been served.
1782 W. Raley Pract. Ess. Managem. Potatoes 4 (heading) Directions for preserving potatoes in pyes.
1791 Trans. Soc. Arts 9 42 [The potatoes] were taken up, and a large pye made of them, which is laying them in a heap and covering them with straw.
1848 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 9 ii. 514 Mangolds..stored ‘in pies’ on the level surface.
1887 Daily Tel. 4 Apr. 2 Making ‘pies’ of the green fodder just as dung pies are made.
1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 19 Jan. 61/1 Growers in North Yorkshire are ‘perturbed and concerned’ at the amount of potatoes left in pies on farms.
1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 225/2 Pies, earth covered barrows of root crops stored until wanted.
3.
a. Something considered to resemble a baked pie in shape or constituency; a mass of some substance shaped into the form of a pie. Cf. cake n. 6a.Frequently as the final element in compounds: see clay-pie n. at clay n. Compounds 3; mud-pie n.; dirt-pie n., etc.
ΚΠ
1647 R. Corbet Dr Corbets Journey into France in Poems (ed. 3) 83 He with little switch doth play, And makes fine dirty pies of Clay.
1776 App. Pranceriana 1 Like pies of dirt my vaunted projects spurn'd.
1868 W. Collins Moonstone I. i. viii. 100 You dabbled in nasty mud, and made pies, when you were a child.
1873 W. J. Gardner Hist. Jamaica 199 The governor's purse was called a pie.
1968 R. McGough Blazing Fruit (1990) 64 When I was a boy..I made pies out of you [sc. soil] when you were wet.
1990 News Herald (Panama City, Florida) 7 Nov. d5/1 The dealers break down an eight-inch crack cocaine ‘pie’..and sell it in tiny rocks.
b. Electrical Engineering. Each of a number of individually wound flat coils placed side by side on a form or core and connected in series, with adjacent coils separated so as to reduce the distributed capacitance.
ΚΠ
1935 C. J. Smith Intermediate Physics (ed. 2) v. xlix. 846 These sections are wound separately and then assembled, the ends of the wire between adjacent sections being soldered together so that one continuous winding is formed. Each section is known as a ‘pie’.
1947 R. Lee Electronic Transformers & Circuits vii. 186 High, narrow core windows or several pies are desirable to reduce leakage inductance.
1982 Giant Bk. Electronics Projects vi. 229 Impregnate the winding with hot coil wax and put a single turn link over the top of the pie for L2.
II. Extended uses. Cf. cake n. 9.
4.
a. An affair, business, enterprise, etc. Esp. in to have a finger (also hand) in the pie: to be involved in a matter, esp. in an interfering way; to have a piece of the pie and variants: to be involved in a matter; to have a finger in every pie: to be involved in a large and varied number of activities or enterprises; to put a finger into (a person's) pie and variants: to interfere in (someone else's) business; †to cut a pie (U.S.): to become involved in a matter (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > be occupied or busy (in or at something) [verb (intransitive)] > be involved in or have to do with something
entermetec1300
to make (a) market1340
meddlec1390
to do with ——a1400
mell1416
intermeddle1477
intermell1480
to have art or (and) part ina1500
participate1531
to have a finger (also hand) in the pie?1553
tigc1598
get1727
concern1791
involve1843
to mix up1882
tew1891
to screw with ——1973
the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > be occupied or busy (in or at something) [verb (intransitive)] > be involved in or have to do with something > become involved in a matter
to put a finger into (a person's) pie?1553
immix1593
immerse1667
?1553 Respublica (1952) i. iii. 9 Bring me in credyte that my hande be in the pye.
1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII i. i. 52 The diuell speed him: No mans Pye is freed From his Ambitious finger. View more context for this quotation
1630 T. Dekker Second Pt. Honest Whore v. ii. 136 My hand was in the Pye, my Lord, I confesse it.
1656 B. Harris tr. J. N. de Parival Hist. Iron Age i. iii. v. 76 Lusatia..must needs, forsooth, have her Finger in the Pye.
1723 J. Barker Patch-work Screen for Ladies ii. 56 This being in particular one of my Sex, my Muse wou'd needs have a Finger in the Pye; and so a Copy of Verses was writ on the Subject.
1765 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy VIII. xi. 33 'Tis an excellent cap..; especially if you stroke it the right way—but alas! that will never be my luck... No; I shall never have a finger in the pye (so here I break my metaphor).
1843 T. C. Haliburton Attaché I. xi. 180 By gosh Aunty,..you had better not cut that pie: you will find it rather sour in the apple sarse, and tough in the paste.
1868 ‘M. Twain’ Let. 6 Feb. (1920) 85 They want to send me abroad, as a Consul or a Minister. I said I didn't want any of the pie.
1921 L. Strachey Queen Victoria iii. 93 That was very like her uncle Leopold, who wanted to have a finger in every pie.
1970 G. Jackson Let. 17 Apr. in Soledad Brother (1971) 224 We don't want their culture. We don't want a piece of that pie.
2003 Australian (Nexis) 12 June t16 The federal government also has its hand in the pie.
b. Originally U.S. With the: assets, proceeds, wealth, etc., considered collectively as something to be apportioned or shared out. Frequently with qualifying adjective. Cf. cake n. 9.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > giving > distributing or dealing out > [noun] > dividing and sharing out > that which is
cake1577
pie1886
shareable1909
1886 Reno (Nevada) Evening Gaz. 17 Nov. In the general prosperity we will all get a slice of the pie.
1943 Amer. Econ. Rev. 33 199 It does not follow that conflict would not be acute, since the favorable conditions might simply lead to a scramble for a larger slice of the pie.
1971 Ink 12 June 7/4 The thousands of workers..are searching for ways to fight not only for a bigger portion of the capitalist pie but for a freer and more dignified life.
2003 Houston Business Jrnl. (Nexis) 4 July 1 It is against this backdrop that Chase is making a grab for a bigger slice of the retail pie.
5. colloquial (originally U.S.).
a. As the type of something pleasurable, in (as) nice (also good, sweet, etc.) as pie.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > [phrase]
to rightsc1330
all (also everything) is gas and gaiters1839
(as) nice (also good, sweet, etc.) as pie1855
(as) right as rain1891
everything in the garden is lovely (also rosy)1898
she'll be right1947
1855 Which: Right or Left? 184 For nearly a week afterwards, the domestics observed significantly to each other, that Miss Isabella was as ‘nice as pie!’
1857 ‘Dow, Jr.’ Patent Serm. 1st Ser. 21 Let her alone and in five minutes the storm will be over, and she as good as pie again.
1877 Address in ‘M. Twain’ Autobiography (2010) I. 263 Mr. Longfellow smiles as sweet as pie.
1884 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Huckleberry Finn ii. 28 You're always as polite as pie to them.
1933 E. O'Neill Ah, Wilderness! iv. iii. 151 I ran into him upstreet this afternoon and he was meek as pie.
1952 M. Laski Village vi. 109 She was as sweet as pie, said she was awfully sorry.
1995 J. Miller Voxpop iii. 65 Another guy who seemed nice as pie in his letters..turned out to be a paranoid piss-head.
b. Something very pleasant or pleasurable to deal with; something to be eagerly appropriated; a prize, a treat. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > excellence > [noun] > excellent thing
starOE
dainty1340
daisyc1485
say-piece1535
bravery1583
paragon1585
daint1633
rapper1653
supernaculum1704
dandy1785
roarer1813
sneezer1823
plum1825
trimmer1827
sockdolager1838
rasper1844
dinger1861
job1863
fizzer1866
champagne1880
beauty1882
pie1884
twanger1889
smasher1894
crackerjack1895
Taj Mahal1895
beaut1896
pearler1901
lollapalooza1904
bearcat1909
beaner1911
grande dame1915
Rolls-Royce1916
the nuts1917
pipperoo1939
rubydazzler1941
rumpty1941
rumptydooler1941
snodger1941
sockeroo1942
sweetheart1942
zinger1955
blue-chipper1957
ring-a-ding1959
premier cru1965
sharpie1970
stormer1978
the mind > emotion > pleasure > quality of being pleasant or pleasurable > [noun] > source of pleasure > a treat
treat1805
nicey?1870
jam1871
a fair treat1884
pie1884
1884 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Huckleberry Finn v. 42 So he took him to his own house, and dressed him up clean and nice,..and was just old pie to him, so to speak.
1888 W. F. Cody Story of Wild West 531 I wanted to reach Fort Larned before daylight, in order to avoid if possible the Indians, to whom it would have been ‘pie’ to have caught me there on foot.
1895 Outing 26 436/1 Green dogs are pie for him [sc. the racoon].
1902 Westm. Gaz. 16 June 3/1 Sometimes he is ‘pie’ for the cartoonist to an unfortunate extent.
6. U.S. slang. Political favour, patronage. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > discreditable political activity > [noun] > political favour or patronage
pie1879
1879 Daily Tel. 26 Dec. The Grant ‘Boom’ may be succeeded by the Sherman ‘Boom’; but Pie goes on for ever.
1910 Richmond (Va.) Weekly Times-Disp. 17 Aug. 10 Representative Slemp was looked upon as the dispenser of the patronage in Virginia because of the promise of the President that he would allow the pie to be handed out by the men who did the fighting.
1916 N.Y. Times 12 May 10/4 Take your tribute, but buy national defense with it, don't waste it in ‘pork’ and ‘pie’ and Populist lunacies!
1959 Midwest Jrnl. Polit. Sci. 3 125 The land in which ‘fat cats’ eat ‘pie’ and in which public servants are ‘maced’ remains largely terra incognita for academic political science.
7. colloquial (originally U.S.).
a. Something easily accomplished or dealt with; a cinch. Cf. pie in the sky n.In some cases not clearly distinguishable from sense 5b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > easiness > [noun] > that which is easy
ball play?c1225
child's gamec1380
boys' play1538
walkover1861
picnic1870
pudding1884
cakewalk1886
pie1886
cinch1888
snipa1890
pushover1891
pinch1897
sitter1898
pipe1902
five-finger exercise1903
duck soup1912
pud1917
breeze1928
kid stuff1929
soda1930
piece of cake1936
doddle1937
snack1941
stroll1942
piece of piss1949
waltz1968
1886 Sporting Life (Philadelphia) 26 May 8/1 As for stealing second and third, it's like eating pie.]
1886 Sporting Life (Philadelphia) 15 Sept. 5/3 The St. Louis Maroons are no longer ‘pie’ for the other League clubs. It takes hard work to down them now.
1905 N. Davis Northerner 93 It will be just—what was it you said—pie?—pie for them, won't it.
1919 P. G. Wodehouse Their Mutual Child i. v. 64 This Kid Mitchell was looked on as a coming champ in those days... I guess I looked pie to him.
1967 G. F. Fiennes I tried to run Railway iii. 26 In the current work York was pie compared with Cambridge.
1993 F. Collymore Mark learns Another Lesson 84 He was supremely confident when he sat down to tackle the Scripture paper. It was pie. He let himself go.
b. easy (also simple, etc.) as pie.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > easiness > [adjective] > easy to do or accomplish
eathlyc1000
lightOE
eathc1175
easyc1380
facile1484
good1490
easy (also simple, etc.) as pie1890
untroublesome1894
potty1899
sitting1932
cake1968
slow-pitch1981
renable1995
1890 Judge 1 Feb. 272/1 I thought 'twould be easy as pie Ketchin' up city ways.
1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 14/2 I told him what I was up against. ‘All right’, says he, taking it easy as pie, all as a matter of course.
1925 P. G. Wodehouse Sam the Sudden xix. 156 ‘How do you propose to make your entry?’..‘Easy as pie. Odd-job man... They always want odd-job men.’
1937 D. L. Sayers Busman's Honeymoon xii. 210 He's knocked out... Simple as pie. No cutting or stealing keys or hiding blunt instruments or telling lies.
1959 C. Bush Case of Careless Thief vii. 87 It's in the bag... Everything we wanted and easy as pie.
2007 J. T. Edge New Encycl. Southern Culture VII. 223/2 The evolution of pie crusts..could be one reason fledgling bakers laugh at the notion that something is ‘easy as pie’.
8. Australian. A cartel formed to buy wool. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1959 New S. Wales Parl. Papers 2nd Sess. IV. 1310 The facts that pies are formed..between buyers interested in the same types of wool, and that their admitted purpose is to avoid the competition of members inter se shows clearly the distinct advantages to pie members.
1960 Times Rev. Industry Jan. 103/1 A pie is a combination of wool buyers who do not bid against one another at wool sales, then divide the wool purchased by members of the group.
1966 S. J. Baker Austral. Lang. (ed. 2) iii. 58 The Australian public became aware in 1958 that wool-buying was not always a straightforward operation... Some buyers were combining into pies (also called rings) to bid and then share purchases, so that competition was reduced.

Compounds

C1. General attributive and objective. See also piecrust n., pieman n.
pie baker n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook > [noun] > baker > baker of pies
pie baker1320
1320 in B. Thuresson Middle Eng. Occup. Terms (1950) 199 (MED) Petr. Piebakere.
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 395 Pye baker, Cereagius.
1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy Interchangeable Course iii. f. 28v Prepared and dressed by Cookes and pybakers.
1765 Laws & Customs City of London (City of London Corporation) iv. 194 That no manner of cook, pie-baker, nor huckster, sell or put to sale any manner of victual, except it be good and wholesome.
1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well I. ii. 41 Down cam masons and murgeon-makers..and Papists and pie-bakers, and doctors and drugsters.
2004 Grimsby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 4 Mar. 12 Pie baker to the royal house of Sandringham.
pie feast n.
ΚΠ
?1550 R. Weaver Lusty Iuventus sig. C.iiiv Will you go to the pye feast?
1709 E. Ward Secret Hist. Clubs xxxi. 370 When their Pye Feast was over.
1889 Decatur (Illinois) Daily Republican 5 Jan. 4/3 At the close of the pie feast one of the number suggested ‘Pie Town’ as an appropriate name for Upper Alton.
1999 Commerc. Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee) (Nexis) 18 Nov. nt2 A reception and pie feast will follow.
pie fork n.
ΚΠ
1871 Fort Wayne (Indiana) Daily Sentinel 22 Dec. Chopping Knives, Pie Forks, Dust Pans, Candlesticks..everything that can be expected in a first-class House Furnishing Store.
2000 Dallas Morning News (Nexis) 17 Nov. 1 g Couples will ask for salt cellars, fruit and cheese plates, pie forks or special dessert plates.
pie knife n.
ΚΠ
1850 Bangor (Maine) Daily Whig & Courier 25 Feb. 2/6 (advt.) Pie Knives, Soup Ladles.
2001 Spectator (Hamilton, Ont.) (Nexis) 24 May d3 When company came calling, the kettle went on for tea, and the pie knife came out of the drawer.
pie-maker n.
ΚΠ
1332 Subsidy Roll, London in G. Unwin Finance & Trade Edward III (1918) 92 (MED) Adam le Piemakere.
a1500 Gloss. John of Garland in T. Wright Vocabularies (1857) 127 Pastillarii, pye-makyers.
1712 Acct. Tryal Mr. Francis Higgins 20 Mrs Thornton, the Pye-maker.
1849 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. vii. 69 He passed one evening with the lovely pie-maker at Chatteris.
1994 Daily Tel. 20 Dec. 19/2 The fate of the electrical innovation of 1994—the pie-maker—is not yet clear.
pie meat n.
ΚΠ
1575 R. B. Apius & Virginia p. xiv Nor Puddings, nor Pie meate, Poore knaues will come nie.
1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue i. 245 Amongst the Cookes our credit was very good for Pye-meate.
1730 C. Carter Compl. Pract. Cook 166 Make them of minc'd Pie-meat, or Lumber Pie-meat.
1861 I. M. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. xiii. 281 Always remove the bone from pie-meat, unless it be chicken or game.
2000 Dominion (Wellington) (Nexis) 12 Feb. 23 Meat wholesalers are aware of the repercussions if they put rubbish into their pie meat.
pie pan n.
ΚΠ
1674 in J. S. Moore Clifton & Westbury Probate Inventories (1981) 128 A Pye panne with a Cover..two Iron backs.
1760 W. Gelleroy London Cook 219 Dry it in an oven upon a pye pan.
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2466/1 Other swages operate in drop or lever presses upon sheet-metal; forming the struck-up tinware, such as pie-pans [etc.].
1986 E. M. Mickler White Trash Cooking vi. 111 Mash up some Graham crackers with a fork... Press into a pie pan.
pie paste n.
ΚΠ
?1578 W. Patten Let. Entertainm. Killingwoorth 49 Butter for theyr pastiez, and pyepast.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. iii. 84 Pie-paste, is fine Flour, Butter, Eggs, Kneaden, or Moulden together.
1754 P. Bradshaw Family Jewel (ed. 7) 15 Put over it an ordinary Pye Paste.
1859 E. G. Storke Domest. & Rural Affairs 51 Line flat-bottomed dishes with pie-paste, and nearly fill them with the pumpkin mixture.
2003 Derby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 20 May 28 She was an expert at placing the pie paste onto wooden blocks and was able to take the blocks.
pie plate n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > setting table > table utensils > [noun] > table-vessels > dish or plate > other types of dish
spice-plate1391
pie plate1573
maple dish1637
cheese platea1665
supper dish1664
copperplate1665
reaming dish1712
paper plate1723
pickle leaf1762
pap-boat1782
supper1787
vegetable dish1799
well-dish1814
ice plate1820
pudding plate1838
tea plate1862
picnic plate1885
strawberry dish1941
1573 in A. H. Smith et al. Papers N. Bacon of Stiffkey (1979) I. 79 1 charger with a pieplat.
1653 R. Verney Let. May in M. M. Verney Mem. Verney Family Commonwealth (1894) iv. 113 I presume there are dishes, pyplates, candlesticks.
1737 Compl. Family-piece (ed. 2) i. ii. 105 Cover your Bason with a Pye-plate.
1895 Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 431/3 Agate iron pie plates.
2004 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 31 Mar. f 3/2 Strain mixture into a pie plate.
pie shell n.
ΚΠ
1904 Fort Wayne (Indiana) News 7/2 Pour into pie shell and let cool.
2003 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 10 July 3 k Fill the baked pie shell with tomatoes. Sprinkle with salt and pepper. Top with chives, basil and bacon.
pie shop n.
ΚΠ
1709 E. Ward Secret Hist. Clubs xxxi. 360 He Remov'd out of Grays-Inn-Lane to keep a Pudding-Pye-Shop.
?1800 Strange & Wonderful Relation 23 The New River broke out just at the Eel Pye Shop.]
1839 C. F. Briggs Adventures Harry Franco II. ii. 14 I got up from table, and went out to a pie shop.
2004 Herald Sun (Melbourne) (Nexis) 17 Mar. 59 He's opening an Australian pie shop in his adopted town of Los Angeles.
pie tin n.
ΚΠ
1868 St. Joseph (Mich.) Herald 4 July 3/6 Roll it out large enough to cover a large pie tin.
1992 J. Stern & M. Stern Encycl. Pop Culture 185/1 Frisbee playing probably goes back to 1920, when students at Yale University were first observed tossing thin metal pie tins back and forth to each other.
C2.
pie board n. a board on which pies are made, baked, or carried.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > baker's equipment > bread or pastry board
pennybred?c1300
moulding board1327
pastry board1442
pasteboard1452
bakbrade1457
bred1538
bakeboard1545
panel1612
pie board1691
breadboard1761
board1845
1691 in J. S. Moore Clifton & Westbury Probate Inventories (1981) 159 In the Kitching..One Sault box and pye board..22 peaces of earthen ware.
1709 Brit. Apollo 23–25 Nov. The Puny Author who supplies still The Cooks, and on their Pye-boards lies still.
1844 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit xxxix. 451 She tripped down stairs into the kitchen for the flour, then for the pie-board.
2002 Sunday News (Lancaster, Pa.) (Nexis) 15 Sept. f2 Items sold included a small grained blanket chest..a tin pie board, [etc.].
pie-cart n. New Zealand a cart, stall, or van from which pies and other food are sold.
ΚΠ
1920 N.Z. Free Lance (Wellington) 1 Dec. (Christmas Ann.) 33 There were a few points which appealed to the aesthetic tastes of the pie-cart frequenter.
1991 North & South (Auckland) Mar. 29 Jim Jennings..was Auckland's true hero of ‘different’ cuisine (from the pie-cart, boarding-house stodge).
pie chart n. a diagram in the form of a circle divided by radii into sectors, the areas of the sectors being proportional to the relative magnitudes or frequencies of a set of items.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun] > diagram > employing circles
three-circle diagram1883
Venn diagram1918
pie diagram1921
pie chart1922
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [noun] > diagram > other types of diagram
map1797
base map1862
polar diagram1879
Gantt chart1918
pie diagram1921
pie chart1922
pie graph1930
histomap1931
process sheet1935
rose diagram1938
process chart1939
stereodiagram1945
wall chart1958
network1959
concept map1967
polar1975
mind map1987
1922 A. C. Haskell Graphic Charts in Business xiv. 75 Because the circle, divided..into sections, resembles a pie which has been cut in the usual manner, the Circular Percentage Chart is sometimes referred to as the ‘pie chart’.
1994 New Yorker 19 Sept. 110/2 ‘The Social Organization of Sexuality’ runs to more than seven hundred pages, many of which are graced with pie charts, dotted graphs, and other filth.
pie counter n. U.S. a counter at which pies are sold; (also figurative) a source of grants or favours (cf. sense 6).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > advantage > [noun] > an advantage, benefit, or favourable circumstance > a source of benefit
pie counter1880
1880 Daily Nevada State Jrnl. 3 Aug. 2/2 He..stopped at the pie counter and took a piece of cheese.
1912 M. Nicholson Hoosier Chron. 470 I'm in the ranks of the patriots and not looking for the pie counter.
2003 Jrnl. News (Westchester County, N.Y.) (Nexis) 19 Feb. 12 k On the pie counter, there are grandma and grandpa dolls made from cloth.
pie crimper n. a utensil for sealing a pie crust by pressing together the edges of the top and base in a series of indentations.
ΚΠ
1860 Sci. Amer. 17 Nov. 333/2 Patent Claims:..C. A. Shaw, of Biddeford, Maine, for an Improved Pie Crimper: I claim the knife and wheel, when combined to crimp and trim a pie at one operation.
2004 B. Swell Lost Art of Pie Making made Easy 14 Pie crimper or jagger: So much fun! You have to have one. My favorite is a 19th century brass beauty that I bought for ten bucks at an on-line auction.
pie diagram n. = pie chart n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun] > diagram > employing circles
three-circle diagram1883
Venn diagram1918
pie diagram1921
pie chart1922
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [noun] > diagram > other types of diagram
map1797
base map1862
polar diagram1879
Gantt chart1918
pie diagram1921
pie chart1922
pie graph1930
histomap1931
process sheet1935
rose diagram1938
process chart1939
stereodiagram1945
wall chart1958
network1959
concept map1967
polar1975
mind map1987
1921 H. Secrist Statistics in Business v. 65 Pie-diagram showing the distribution of the total stock of hams, bacon and shoulders, reported August 31, 1917.
1999 Evolution 53 1965/1 Histograms or pie diagrams are sometimes used to display haplotype frequency data.
pie dish n. a deep dish in which a pie is made.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking vessel or pot > [noun] > ovenware > pie-dish or terrine
coffin1581
terrine1706
pie dish1769
1769 E. Raffald Experienced Eng. House-keeper iv. 115 Lay your Pidgeons in a Pye Dish.
1864 Social Sci. Rev. 37 A pie-dish and decanter take the place of jug and bason at the washing stand.
2003 Sunday Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 27 Apr. s16 Line a greased pie dish with one sheet of pastry.
pie-eating adj. (a) that eats pies; (b) Australian slang, stupid, worthless (cf. pie eater n. 2b).
ΚΠ
1835 New Monthly Mag. July 312 The great, fat, pie-eating, yawning, boarding-school misses one sees over a hedge at Hampstead.
1949 L. Glassop Lucky Palmer 96 The trouble is, Mr. Hughes, you're too good for the pie-eating bookmakers round these parts. You bet too well for them, Mr. Hughes.
2004 Bristol Evening Post (Nexis) 26 Feb. 42 Chunky, pie-eating farmers in checked shirts.
pie funnel n. a funnel-shaped device placed within a pie while it cooks to support the piecrust and to provide a vent for steam.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > baker's equipment > pie-funnel
timbale-iron1895
pie funnel1910
1910–11 Junior Army & Navy Stores Catal. 1304 Pie funnel.
1995 Independent on Sunday 10 Dec. (Review Suppl.) 62/3 Victorian straight-sided pie funnels can be found in junk shops and on market stalls.
pie-gaudy n. Obsolete a feast or holiday entertainment at which pies are eaten (cf. gaudy n. 5).
ΚΠ
1659 P. Heylyn Certamen Epistolare 136 The suppressing of so many Gaudies, and Pie-Gaudies, to the destruction of the hospitality and charity of the noble foundation.
pie graph n. = pie chart n.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [noun] > diagram > other types of diagram
map1797
base map1862
polar diagram1879
Gantt chart1918
pie diagram1921
pie chart1922
pie graph1930
histomap1931
process sheet1935
rose diagram1938
process chart1939
stereodiagram1945
wall chart1958
network1959
concept map1967
polar1975
mind map1987
1930 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 17 760 What is needed is a general term to designate this type of graph similar to the terms ‘piegraph’ and ‘bargraph’.
2003 Sunday Times (Perth, Austral.) (Nexis) 11 May I see no reason to smile when I look at these charts and pie graphs that you like to call the Budget papers.
pie house n. a house at which pies are sold, a pie shop.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > trading place > place where retail transactions made > [noun] > shop > shop selling provisions > baked goods or pastry
baker1548
pie house1589
baker's shop1593
bakery1598
cake house1641
pastry shop1656
bakehouse1714
bread shop1773
bakeshop1789
confectionery shop1801
confectionery1803
patisserie1824
cakery1841
bun-shop1889
pasticceria1921
konditorei1935
1199 Rotuli Curiae Regis (1835) I. 302 Henricus Piehus.]
1589 J. Rider Bibliotheca Scholastica 1087 A pie house, artocrearium.
1638 T. Nabbes Springs Glorie sig. B4 The very three-penny ordinary will keepe me in an upper gallery, and I can be invisible even in the pye-house.
1706 R. Estcourt Fair Example i. 10 A Walk with my Husband to Islington Wells, or the Farthing Pye-house.
1851 Ladies' Repository Oct. 395/1 A large and hungry section find their way to the pie-house.
1998 Sacramento (Calif.) Bee (Electronic ed.) 11 Nov. There is also an indoor restaurant,..pie house and fudge factory.
pie-lass n. Obsolete a girl who sells pies.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > selling > seller > sellers of specific things > [noun] > seller of provisions > seller of bakery goods > woman
wafrestre1377
pie-wife1592
wafer-woman1607
cake woman1648
pie woman1653
pie-lass1837
tart-woman1848
1837 B. D. Walsh tr. Aristophanes Knights iii. i, in Comedies 231 Why, that he'll seize on the pie-lass, And rob her and render her pieless.
pie plant n. U.S. colloquial (a) garden rhubarb, Rheum × hybridum; (b) canaigre or wild rhubarb, Rumex hymenosepalus, which is used like garden rhubarb.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > valued plants and weeds > edible product or fruit > [noun] > plant yielding
pie plant1838
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > stalk vegetables > garden rhubarb
rhapontic?c1425
rha1578
Pontic rhubarb1597
rhubarb1650
Indian rhubarb1652
monk's rhubarb1737
pie plant1838
1838 Youth's Mag. (N.Y.) July 91 Half a dozen roots of the pie-plant (rhubarb) will furnish abundant materials for pies and tarts.
1884 W. Miller Dict. Eng. Names Plants 106/1 Pie-plant, Californian, Rumex hymenosepalus.
1930 E. Ferber Cimarron 44 Mother Bridget was in the Mission vegetable garden, superintending the cutting of the great rosy stalks of late pie plant.
1993 Coloradoan (Fort Collins) 26 May b1/4 Despite the nickname of ‘pie plant’, rhubarb's old-fashioned charm and classic preparations don't last forever.
pie safe n. U.S. regional (now chiefly historical) a ventilated cupboard for storing food, fitted with a gauze or perforated metal screen to protect against insects; cf. meat safe n. (a) at meat n. Compounds 2, safe n. 2a.
ΚΠ
1887 Philadelphia Press 3 Nov. 4/4 The Texas woman who has just patented a pie safe squandered her inventive genius in the wrong direction.
1995 Midwest Living Feb. 48/2 Antique furniture (everything from a primitive pie safe to a formal dining set) abounds.
pie-shaped adj. shaped like a pie; shaped like a piece of pie, wedge-shaped.
ΚΠ
1868 R. F. Burton Let. 17 Oct. in Lett. from Paraguay 190 A pie-shaped domelet rises ahead.
1907 E. M. Forster Longest Journey xxvi. 262 He saw that the clod of earth nourished a blue lobelia, and that a wound of corresponding size appeared on the pie-shaped bed.
2003 Jrnl. Business (Nexis) 3 July b4 The project is to include expanding and reshaping the school's 24 pieshaped classrooms into rectangular rooms.
pie supper n. U.S. a social event at which pies are sold or auctioned to raise funds for a church, school, or other community organization.
ΚΠ
1876 Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern 25 Sept. The ladies of the Presbyterian Church give a chicken pie supper Tuesday night.]
1887 Bangor (Maine) Daily Whig & Courier 28 Nov. 1/6 There was a ball at Knight's Hall, and a pie supper served at his dining hall.
2002 Bluegrass Unlimited Oct. 21/3 The pair began playing pie suppers and square dances at local schoolhouses.
pie-wife n. Obsolete = pie woman n.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > selling > seller > sellers of specific things > [noun] > seller of provisions > seller of bakery goods > woman
wafrestre1377
pie-wife1592
wafer-woman1607
cake woman1648
pie woman1653
pie-lass1837
tart-woman1848
1592 T. Nashe Strange Newes sig. L4v To..cosen poore victuallers and pie-wiues of Doctours cheese and puddinges.
pie woman n. a woman who sells pies.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > selling > seller > sellers of specific things > [noun] > seller of provisions > seller of bakery goods > woman
wafrestre1377
pie-wife1592
wafer-woman1607
cake woman1648
pie woman1653
pie-lass1837
tart-woman1848
1653 Mercurius Democritus No. 56. 442 To shun the suspition of the jealous Hostesse, who had been a Py-Woman her self.
1716 J. S. St. Patrick's Purgatory 2 Run in Debt with the Pye-woman.
1817 J. Evans Excursion to Windsor 343 An old Pie-woman carried them provisions, but never saw them.
2002 Spokeman Rev. (Spokane, Washington) 5 Dec. d7 A barber who takes revenge on the town by murdering his clients, with help from the local pie woman.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

pien.3

Brit. /pʌɪ/, U.S. /paɪ/
Forms: late Middle English– pye, 1500s– pie, 1600s py.
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: pie n.1
Etymology: Origin uncertain; perhaps a transferred use of pie n.1 Compare post-classical Latin pica (more fully pica Sarum ), the nickname of the 13th-cent. Sarum Ordinale (see pica n.1; compare quot. ?1476 at sense 1 and also Sarum n.), which is also identical in form with the name of the bird.The nickname is perhaps suggestive of the pied appearance of the pages of the Sarum Ordinale, resulting from the mass of the unevenly spaced blocks of text.
Now historical.
1. Christian Church. In 15th and 16th-cent. England: the book of directions, written in Latin, for saying the church service (in Latin called the Ordinale or Directorium), which was especially concerned with the occurrence of movable feasts such as Easter, Whitsun, and Trinity, and their concurrence with immovable feasts such as saints' days. Cf. by cock and pie at cock n.6 2a.The book indicated the way in which commemoration of saints' days, etc., could be postponed if they fell on one of the movable feast days. It fell into disuse in the mid 16th cent. and was censured by the 1549 Book of Common Prayer for ‘the number and hardness of its rules’. See Oxf. Dict. Christian Church (ed. 3, 1997), s.v.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > liturgical year > feast, festival > [noun] > coinciding of > rules for dealing with
pie?1476
picaa1684
?1476 W. Caxton Advt. for Sarum Pie (single sheet) If it plese ony man spirituel or temporel to bye ony pyes of two and thre comemoracions of salisburi vse enpryntid after the forme of this present lettre whiche ben wel and truly correct, late hym come to westmonester in to the almonesrye at the reed pale and he shal haue them good chepe.
1498 Will of William Thomson (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/11) f. 192v My boke callid a pye.
1507 in E. Hobhouse Churchwardens' Accts. (1890) 129 Payd for a Masboke and a pye..xjs. vid.
a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) ii. f. 55v If he..could turne his Portresse and pie readilie.
1581 J. Fielde Caueat for Parsons Howlet 93 Sundry lessons moste absurd, in euery popish pie and seruice booke of theirs yet extant.
1737 J. Lewis Life W. Caxton 110 In the Breviary, after the Use of Sarum, it is called Pica. And in our English Liturgy, the Pye.
1785 W. Herbert Ames' Typogr. Antiq. (rev. ed.) I. 246 This pica is what is called the pye in the common prayer-book.
1852 W. F. Hook Church Dict. (1871) 585 The pie was the table used before the Reformation to find out the service for the day.
1879 Marquis of Bute tr. Rom. Breviary I. p. xii As to anything else, see the Chapters of the Pye treating specially of each detail.
1926 A. S. Aurner Caxton ii. 41 This Sarum Ordinale, commonly called the Pica or Pye, was a book explaining the occurrence of Church festivals and how to adapt the calendar to the service for each week according to the thirty-five varieties of the almanac.
1991 J. Harper Forms & Orders Western Liturgy xiii. 208 The Directory (also identified as Pie, Pica, Pye, or even Ordinal) was intended to clarify the sophisticated rules of festal and ferial observance.
2. In full pie book. An alphabetical index to rolls and records. Now rare.There are ‘Pye Books’ to Indictments extending as far back as 1660; but there is nothing to show when the term first came into use. It was in use in the Court of King's Bench early in the 18th cent. It was also fairly generally used in the Courts of the Palatinate of Lancaster, and the Indexes to the Affidavits, Declarations, and Sessional Papers were each styled ‘Pye Books’ (J. J. Cartwright, Sec. Publ. Rec. Office).
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > record > written record > arrangement and storage of written records > [noun] > indexing
pie?a1527
indexing1887
society > communication > record > written record > arrangement and storage of written records > [noun] > indexing > index > alphabetical
pie?a1527
alphabet1552
pica1847
?a1527 in Regulations & Establishm. Househ. Earl of Northumberland (1905) 65 Item that the said Clerkis of the Brevements mak up the Pyes of th' Expendunturs at every moneth end.
1547 in 35th Ann. Rep. Deputy Keeper Public Rec. (1874) 195 in Parl. Papers (C. 1043) XXXII. 1 A pye of all the names of such Balives as been to accompte pro anno regni regis Edwardi sexti primo.
a1687 W. Petty Papers (1927) I. 83 The generall Registry att Dublin, where there are to bee Py-bookes, Alphabetts, tables, Mapps &c.
1788 Chambers's Cycl. (new ed.) (at cited word) In much the same sense the term was used by officers of civil courts, who called the calendars or alphabetical catalogues directing to the names and things contained in the rolls and records of their courts the Pyes.
1960 G. A. Glaister Gloss. Bk. 334/2 Pye-book,..2.a term used in 18th-century England for an alphabetical index to a collection of rolls or records.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

pien.4

Brit. /pʌɪ/, U.S. /paɪ/
Forms: 1600s py, 1600s–1800s pye, 1700s– pie; U.S. 1800s pi.
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Probably a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: pie n.2
Etymology: Origin uncertain; probably transferred use of pie n.2, with reference to its miscellaneous contents. Compare French pâté mass of confused type (1690), spec. use of pâté pâté n.3
1. Printing. A mass of type in confusion or mingled indiscriminately, such as results from the accidental breaking up of a form of type.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > [noun] > confused mass or disturbed order
pie1659
broken letter1683
1659 J. Howell Particular Vocab. §li, in Lex. Tetraglotton (1660) A Corrector, a proof, a revise,..pye all sorts of letter mixed, Correttore, &c.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. ii. 124 Pye, when a page is broken, those broken Letters are called Pye.
1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 371 Before he [sc. the young compositor] proceeds, he should be cautioned;..3. Not to distribute his case too full; because it creates pie.
a1790 B. Franklin Autobiogr. (1981) i. 62 Having impos'd my Forms..one of them by accident was broken and two Pages reduc'd to Pie, I immediately distributed & compos'd it over again before I went to bed.
1845 T. Carlyle in O. Cromwell Lett. & Speeches I. 25 This same Dictionary..(gone to pie,) as we may call it.
1869 Vindicator (Esterville, Iowa) 13 Jan. in Amer. Speech (1928) 204 The simple fact that they knock into pi,..about two columns of matter each week, is of no particular consequence to them.
1903 ‘No. 7’ 25 Years in 17 Prisons x. 96 There was ‘pie’ to the left of us, ‘pie’ to the right of us..and what had only taken a week to ‘set up’ took nearly a month to ‘dis’.
1996 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 13 Sept. 31 The jumble of lead usually referred to as Printer's Pie.
2. A jumble, a mess; a state of confusion. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > [noun] > a confused assemblage or mixture
mishmashc1475
rabblement1539
mingle-mangle1549
bumble broth1572
bumble-bath1595
mash1601
colluvies1647
bumble1648
farrago1650
higgledy-piggledy1659
jumble1661
farrage1698
tumble1755
pie1837
Sargasso Sea1855
wirrwarra1866
chop suey1888
dog's breakfast1892
dog's dinner1902
sargasso1934
paella1939
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. ii. iv. 119 Your..Arrangement going all (as the Typographers say of set types, in a similar case) rapidly to pie.
1841 G. Catlin Lett. N. Amer. Indians II. xli. 53 We were thrown into ‘pie’ (as printers would say,) in an instant of the most appalling alarm.
1897 Spectator 30 Jan. 162/2 To make pie of the European arrangements for securing peace.
1920 Times 3 Mar. 16/5 The House made pie of its professions of zeal for economy in the afternoon.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

pien.5

Brit. /pʌɪ/, U.S. /paɪ/
Inflections: Plural unchanged, pies.
Forms: 1700s– pie, 1800s pi, 1800s– pai.
Origin: A borrowing from Hindi. Etymon: Hindi pāī.
Etymology: < Hindi pāī, literally ‘quarter’ < Sanskrit pādikā . Compare paisa n., pice n. Compare:1855 H. H. Wilson Gloss. Judicial & Revenue Terms India 388 Páí..the fourth part of an ana, but applied in Bengal to a smaller division, or one twelfth.., [struck as a coin] since 1835.
Formerly: the smallest copper coin in use in South Asia, worth one twelfth of an anna. Now frequently in extended use: a minute amount of money. Cf. pice n.Under Mughal rule a rupee divided into 16 Annas, 64 Pice, or 192 Pie existed in the northern, Muslim parts of India. After the 1835 Coinage Act this system became standard throughout British India and a uniform coinage was issued. However, owing to inflation, the coin was no longer minted after 1943. It was demonetized after decimalization in 1957.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > coins of Indian subcontinent
fanam1555
St. Thomas' coin1559
pardao1582
seraphin1582
chequina1587
pagody1588
pagoda1598
tanga1598
mahmudi1612
rupee1612
mohur1614
tola1614
lakh1615
picec1617
sicca rupee1619
rupee1678
anna1680
cash1711
R1711
star pagoda1741
pie1756
sicca1757
dam1781
dub1781
hun1807
swamy-pagoda1813
chick1842
re1856
paisa1884
naya paisa1956
poisha1974
1756 Batty or Batta Tables 4 The following Batty or Batta Tables, are calculated from one Pie, to one Million of Rupees.
1787 J. Bentley Universal Tables Simple Interest p. vi What will the Interest of 6400 Current Rupees, 14 Annas, Five Pie, amount to in 10 Years, at 8 per Cent per Annum?
1846 Times 21 Aug. 6/3 The prices now current being from 3 to 6 pie per morah.
1883 F. M. Crawford Mr. Isaacs xii. 261 Several coins, both rupees and pais.
1938 R. Narayan Dark Room ix. 157 ‘How much?’ ‘Eight pies’, said the shopman.
1960 R. P. Jhabvala Householder iii. 171 Everyone would..say: ‘He earns not a pai to keep himself and still he loads his wife with children.’
1993 U. Chatterjee Last Burden (1994) ii. 64 Even if we were on the breadline, Burfi, you'd never lay out a pie to pluck any of us back from death.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

pieadj.

Origin: Either (i) a borrowing from French. Or (ii) a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French pie; Latin pius.
Etymology: Originally < Middle French pie pious, compassionate (c1165 in Anglo-Norman and Old French as pi , feminine pie ; French pie ) or its etymon classical Latin pius pious, dutiful (see pious adj.).Middle French, French pie represents a generalization of the feminine form.
Obsolete. rare.
Merciful; compassionate.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > compassion > [adjective] > pitying or compassionate
ruefulc1225
ruthfulc1225
piteousc1300
pietousa1393
rueinga1400
piec1429
compassionable1548
compassioned?1578
miserable1584
compassionate1587
pitying1589
eleemosynous?1590
humane1603
compassionful1604
remorsive1606
remorseful1610
compassive1612
yearnful1633
c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 793 (MED) Sho was..humble, pie [glossed mercifull; L. misericors] and devoute.
c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l.1690 The pie [L. pius] Godde was redy to forgyf hym.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2020).

piev.1

Forms: 1600s pying (present participle).
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pie n.3
Etymology: < pie n.3
Obsolete.
transitive. To make an alphabetical index of rolls and records: see pie n.3 2. Attested only in present participle.
ΚΠ
1653 G. T. Practick Part Law (rev. ed.) 257 The Keeper of the files of Declarations Hath for the filing, pying, and shewing the files of every Clark, for every Term, 2s.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

piev.2

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pie n.1
Etymology: < pie n.1 Compare earlier parrot v.
Obsolete.
transitive. To repeat like a magpie.Apparently an isolated use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (transitive)] > imitate slavishly or parrot
parrot1640
pie1657
poll-parrot1868
copycat1932
parrotize1957
1657 J. Watts Scribe, Pharisee 74 Yea, to Pie and Parrat out our Tongues, Degrees, and Learning of the University.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online September 2020).

piev.3

Brit. /pʌɪ/, U.S. /paɪ/
Forms: 1700s–1800s pye, 1800s– pie.
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pie n.2
Etymology: < pie n.2
1. transitive. English regional (eastern). To put (potatoes or other root crops) in a pit or heap and cover with straw, earth, etc., for storage and protection from frost. Also intransitive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > storage or preservation of crops > [verb (transitive)] > pit or clamp
pit1454
hog1725
pie1791
clamp1851
1791 Trans. Soc. Arts 9 44 Weeding potatoes, getting them up, and pyeing them.
1807 A. Young Gen. View Agric. Essex I. 389 His haulm houses for receiving the crop are well contrived,..and he thinks them cheaper than pyeing.
1819 W. Cobbett Year's Resid. U.S.A. ii. vii. 207 He may pie them [sc. potatoes] in the garden..but he must not open the pie in frosty weather.
1845 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 5 ii. 326 This system of pyeing turnips is a very common one in Norfolk.
1886 R. E. G. Cole Gloss. Words S.-W. Lincs. (at cited word) Potatoes or other roots placed in a hole,..against the winter,..are said to be ‘pied down’ or..‘in pie’.
1965 in P. Jennings Living Village (1968) 62 Mangolds were lifted and pied ready for winter feeding for the stock.
1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 225/1 To pie is to cover with earth; as one heaps earth up the stems of celery to blanch it.
2. transitive. Originally U.S. To throw a (custard) pie at. Also figurative: to humiliate or embarrass someone. Cf pieing n.1 2.
ΚΠ
1977 Washington Post 20 May c3/2 Schillreff said that two teachers have been ‘pied’ in recent months without the perpetrators being punished.
1989 R. Jolly Jackspeak 213 She went and pied him after a year of living together.
1998 Guardian 12 Dec. (Editor Suppl.) 21/2 Anything that has anything to do with pieing somebody in the face, she collects film clips of.
2001 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 17 May a6/4 Pieing the Prime Minister was not a protest. It was an attempt to humiliate and embarrass the Prime Minister.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

piev.4

Brit. /pʌɪ/, U.S. /paɪ/
Forms: 1800s pye, 1800s– pie.
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pie n.4
Etymology: < pie n.4
Printing.
transitive. To make (type) into pie (pie n.4). Also in extended use: to mix or jumble (something) indiscriminately.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > type [verb (transitive)] > mix up indiscriminately
pie1846
1846 Yankee Doodle 52/2 We had made for it an extract from Yankee Doodle, and as our foreman was inserting it, he unfortunately read a few lines and fell into such an earthquake of laughter that he instantly pied the form.
1883 Owl (Birmingham) 30 Nov. 11/2 A ‘comp’ stands at his frame all night,..‘Setting’ a line, ‘pieing’ a line, Dozing awhile at his case.
1893 Linotype Company's Prospectus In the economy of this machine... To pye matter is impossible.
1911 S. Ford Torchy 38 By the time he found it he'd pied things from one end of the coop to the other.
1996 Salt Lake Tribune (Nexis) 16 June a1 They were accused of breaking into the Nauvoo Expositor and unlawfully burning and pieing its type.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

> as lemmas

PIE
PIE n. Linguistics proto-Indo-European.
ΚΠ
1947 Language 23 8 (table) PIE, Proto-Indo-European.
1964 Language 40 140 A typical phonemic analysis of the PIE vowels in laryngealist terms.
2001 Archaeology Mar. 76/2 These three languages, he proposed, had developed from a single ultimate parent langue, now called Proto-Indo-European (PIE).
extracted from Pn.
<
n.1a1225n.21301n.3?1476n.41659n.51756adj.c1429v.11653v.21657v.31791v.41846
as lemmas
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