† porailn.adj.

Forms:

α. Middle English pouerail, Middle English poueraile, Middle English poueral, Middle English pouerall, Middle English pouerayl, Middle English pouraile, Middle English pouraille, 1500s poverelle; Scottish pre-1700 pouerale, pre-1700 poueralȝe, pre-1700 pouerall, pre-1700 poveraill, pre-1700 powyrall, pre-1700 puuerale.

β. Middle English parayle (transmission error), Middle English pooraille, Middle English poralis (plural), Middle English poralles (plural), Middle English porayll, Middle English poraylle, Middle English poreil, Middle English purraile, Middle English–1500s porail, Middle English–1500s poraile, Middle English–1500s poraill, Middle English–1500s poraille, Middle English–1500s porayle, 1500s poorall, 1500s porall; Scottish pre-1700 poorall, pre-1700 pooreall, pre-1700 puirell, pre-1700 puirral, pre-1700 puraill, pre-1700 purale, pre-1700 purall, pre-1700 pureall, pre-1700 purell, pre-1700 purrell, pre-1700 pwirell.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French poveraile, poverail, povraille.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman poveraile, poveraille, poveralie, povraile, povraille, povreile (feminine; also (masculine) poverail, povrail) and Old French povraille, povralle (feminine) poor people collectively, rabble (early 13th cent.) < povere , povre poor adj. + -aile , -aille , -alle , -eile (see -al suffix¹).The β. forms are apparently not paralleled in French; they show either elision of the medial -v- or alteration after poor adj.; the same may apply also to some of the α. forms (compare discussion at poor adj. and n.¹). Compare earlier poor n.¹

Obsolete.

A. n.

a. Poor people as a class; the poor.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [noun]

waedlec888

wanspeedc893

wanea1100

wandrethc1175

miseasea1200

povertya1225

lowness?c1225

needc1225

orcostc1225

poorness?a1300

unwealtha1300

defaultc1300

porailc1325

straitnessa1340

poorhead1340

mischiefa1375

miseasetya1382

needinessa1382

misterc1385

indigencec1386

scarcitya1387

noughtc1400

scantnessc1400

necessity?1406

penurya1425

povertnessa1434

exilitya1439

wantc1450

scarcenessc1475

needinga1500

povertiesa1500

penurity?a1505

poortith?a1513

debility1525

tenuity1535

leanness1550

lack1555

Needham1577

inopy1581

pinching1587

dispurveyance1590

egency1600

macritude1623

penuriousness1630

indigency1631

needihood1648

necessitousness1650

egestuosity1656

straitened circumstancesa1766

unopulence1796

Queer Street1811

lowliness1834

breadlessness1860

unwealthiness1886

out-of-elbowness1890

secondary poverty1901

Short Street1920

the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > poor people or the poor

waedlec888

needfula1200

needya1225

poorc1225

God's poorc1230

porailc1325

porailsa1425

povertya1450

poorality1536

God's poverty1563

miserable1582

necessitous1622

necessitated1638

ptochocracy1831

fallen1878

worse off1890

po'1945

α.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 5082 Þe pouerail [v.rr. poueral; a1400 Trin. Cambr. poraylle] ouer Seuerne fley þat þer was þo.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 12259 Þat the poueral [a1400 Gött. poueraile; a1400 Fairf. pouer] get sum bote.

c1440 (a1401) Life Bridlington in Neuphilol. Mitteilungen (1970) 71 144 (MED) He was bothe large and liberall..And þat mainly to pouerall.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) viii. 368 The king, in set battalȝe, With a quheyn like poueralȝe.

?1553 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (London) iii. l. 2122 in Shorter Poems (1967) 130 Thy gret puissance, may maist auance all thyng. And pouerale, to myche auale, sone bryng.

β. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 5123 Neuer þe pore porayle be piled for þi sake.c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. Prol. 82 (MED) The parisch prest and þe pardonere parten þe siluer, That þe poraille [v.rr. pore men, pouere poraille, pouerty] of þe parisch sholde haue ȝif þei nere.a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. 6664 How Þat þe poraille [?a1400 Petyt poueraile] Gracian slow.a1500 in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1861) II. 285 A ordynaunce wolde be maad for the poore porayle, That in thyse dayes have but lytyll avayle.1503–4 Act 19 Hen. VII c. 32 The poraill of his Comens of this his land.1549 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 270 To eschait and daill the same to the purale for thair contentioun.1561 Newe Enterlude Script. Queene Hester sig. Biij^v Almes to the poorall.1621 in A. M. Munro Rec. Old Aberdeen (1909) II. 1 The names of the poorall.

b. In plural in same sense.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > poor people or the poor

waedlec888

needfula1200

needya1225

poorc1225

God's poorc1230

porailc1325

porailsa1425

povertya1450

poorality1536

God's poverty1563

miserable1582

necessitous1622

necessitated1638

ptochocracy1831

fallen1878

worse off1890

po'1945

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Prov. xxx. 14 Nedi men of erthe, and the porails of men [a1382 E.V. pore men; L. pauperes].

?c1430 (c1383) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 14 Bodily almes bi whiche þes poralis schulden be cloþid.

a1500 (a1425) Metrical Life St. Robert of Knaresborough (1953) 184 Þar Robertt wouned þan all a ȝhere Wyth hys poralles in prayer.

1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour 3821 in Wks. (1931) I. 312 Wes no man left..Bot purellis lauborand with thare handis.

B. adj.

Scottish. Poor; (also) of or relating to paupers.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective]

poorc1300

straitc1300

porail1514

needy1574

necessitous1608

down at heel1856

1514 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 90 All vther personis puuerale cumand within this burgh.

1629 in T. Mair Rec. Parish of Ellon (1876) 74 All gotten in of common good and puirell silver was given out.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	porail
释义	† porailn.adj. Forms: α. Middle English pouerail, Middle English poueraile, Middle English poueral, Middle English pouerall, Middle English pouerayl, Middle English pouraile, Middle English pouraille, 1500s poverelle; Scottish pre-1700 pouerale, pre-1700 poueralȝe, pre-1700 pouerall, pre-1700 poveraill, pre-1700 powyrall, pre-1700 puuerale. β. Middle English parayle (transmission error), Middle English pooraille, Middle English poralis (plural), Middle English poralles (plural), Middle English porayll, Middle English poraylle, Middle English poreil, Middle English purraile, Middle English–1500s porail, Middle English–1500s poraile, Middle English–1500s poraill, Middle English–1500s poraille, Middle English–1500s porayle, 1500s poorall, 1500s porall; Scottish pre-1700 poorall, pre-1700 pooreall, pre-1700 puirell, pre-1700 puirral, pre-1700 puraill, pre-1700 purale, pre-1700 purall, pre-1700 pureall, pre-1700 purell, pre-1700 purrell, pre-1700 pwirell. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French poveraile, poverail, povraille. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman poveraile, poveraille, poveralie, povraile, povraille, povreile (feminine; also (masculine) poverail, povrail) and Old French povraille, povralle (feminine) poor people collectively, rabble (early 13th cent.) < povere , povre poor adj. + -aile , -aille , -alle , -eile (see -al suffix¹).The β. forms are apparently not paralleled in French; they show either elision of the medial -v- or alteration after poor adj.; the same may apply also to some of the α. forms (compare discussion at poor adj. and n.¹). Compare earlier poor n.¹ Obsolete. A. n. a. Poor people as a class; the poor. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] waedlec888 wanspeedc893 wanea1100 wandrethc1175 miseasea1200 povertya1225 lowness?c1225 needc1225 orcostc1225 poorness?a1300 unwealtha1300 defaultc1300 porailc1325 straitnessa1340 poorhead1340 mischiefa1375 miseasetya1382 needinessa1382 misterc1385 indigencec1386 scarcitya1387 noughtc1400 scantnessc1400 necessity?1406 penurya1425 povertnessa1434 exilitya1439 wantc1450 scarcenessc1475 needinga1500 povertiesa1500 penurity?a1505 poortith?a1513 debility1525 tenuity1535 leanness1550 lack1555 Needham1577 inopy1581 pinching1587 dispurveyance1590 egency1600 macritude1623 penuriousness1630 indigency1631 needihood1648 necessitousness1650 egestuosity1656 straitened circumstancesa1766 unopulence1796 Queer Street1811 lowliness1834 breadlessness1860 unwealthiness1886 out-of-elbowness1890 secondary poverty1901 Short Street1920 the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > poor people or the poor waedlec888 needfula1200 needya1225 poorc1225 God's poorc1230 porailc1325 porailsa1425 povertya1450 poorality1536 God's poverty1563 miserable1582 necessitous1622 necessitated1638 ptochocracy1831 fallen1878 worse off1890 po'1945 α. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 5082 Þe pouerail [v.rr. poueral; a1400 Trin. Cambr. poraylle] ouer Seuerne fley þat þer was þo. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 12259 Þat the poueral [a1400 Gött. poueraile; a1400 Fairf. pouer] get sum bote. c1440 (a1401) Life Bridlington in Neuphilol. Mitteilungen (1970) 71 144 (MED) He was bothe large and liberall..And þat mainly to pouerall. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) viii. 368 The king, in set battalȝe, With a quheyn like poueralȝe. ?1553 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (London) iii. l. 2122 in Shorter Poems (1967) 130 Thy gret puissance, may maist auance all thyng. And pouerale, to myche auale, sone bryng. β. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 5123 Neuer þe pore porayle be piled for þi sake.c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. Prol. 82 (MED) The parisch prest and þe pardonere parten þe siluer, That þe poraille [v.rr. pore men, pouere poraille, pouerty] of þe parisch sholde haue ȝif þei nere.a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. 6664 How Þat þe poraille [?a1400 Petyt poueraile] Gracian slow.a1500 in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1861) II. 285 A ordynaunce wolde be maad for the poore porayle, That in thyse dayes have but lytyll avayle.1503–4 Act 19 Hen. VII c. 32 The poraill of his Comens of this his land.1549 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 270 To eschait and daill the same to the purale for thair contentioun.1561 Newe Enterlude Script. Queene Hester sig. Biij^v Almes to the poorall.1621 in A. M. Munro Rec. Old Aberdeen (1909) II. 1 The names of the poorall. b. In plural in same sense. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > poor people or the poor waedlec888 needfula1200 needya1225 poorc1225 God's poorc1230 porailc1325 porailsa1425 povertya1450 poorality1536 God's poverty1563 miserable1582 necessitous1622 necessitated1638 ptochocracy1831 fallen1878 worse off1890 po'1945 a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Prov. xxx. 14 Nedi men of erthe, and the porails of men [a1382 E.V. pore men; L. pauperes]. ?c1430 (c1383) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 14 Bodily almes bi whiche þes poralis schulden be cloþid. a1500 (a1425) Metrical Life St. Robert of Knaresborough (1953) 184 Þar Robertt wouned þan all a ȝhere Wyth hys poralles in prayer. 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour 3821 in Wks. (1931) I. 312 Wes no man left..Bot purellis lauborand with thare handis. B. adj. Scottish. Poor; (also) of or relating to paupers. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] poorc1300 straitc1300 porail1514 needy1574 necessitous1608 down at heel1856 1514 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 90 All vther personis puuerale cumand within this burgh. 1629 in T. Mair Rec. Parish of Ellon (1876) 74 All gotten in of common good and puirell silver was given out. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.adj.c1325
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