pluralismn.

Brit.

/ˈplʊərəlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈplʊərl̩ɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈplɔːrəlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈplɔːrl̩ɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈplʊrəˌlɪz(ə)m/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: plural adj., -ism suffix.

Etymology: < plural adj. + -ism suffix, after pluralist adj. and n. In sense 2 after German Pluralismus (late 18th cent. in Kant as Pluralism). Compare post-classical Latin pluralismus plurality (of votes) (1732 in a German source).

1. The system or practice of two or more offices or positions, esp. ecclesiastical offices, being held at the same time by one person.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > working > [noun] > holding more than one job at a time

plurality1647

pluralism1772

double-dipping1940

moonlighting1954

double dip1963

society > faith > worship > benefice > [noun] > one who possesses > who has two or more > holding of two or more together

pluralityc1400

polygamy1538

pluracy1581

pluralism1772

society > faith > worship > benefice > kinds of benefice > [noun] > two or more held together > holding of

pluralityc1400

polygamy1538

pluracy1581

pluralism1772

1772 W. Pennington Free Inq. Pluralities 54 They [sc. Cardinals] could see the turpitude of Pluralism, when it prevailed among their inferiors, and speak of it with severity.

1818 J. Bentham Church-of-Englandism 248 Obtainment on false pretences, as proved by Non-Residence, Pluralism, and Sinecurism.

1885 A. Christison et al. Life Sir R. Christison I. 411 Pluralism was at this period [sc. 1822] in the ascendant in the Scottish Church.

1892 J. C. Blomfield Hist. Heyford 68 The last [century]..so sadly notorious for the pluralism and non-residence of the parochial clergy.

1904 Daily Chron. 24 Nov. 6/2 It did not follow..that a rich man was the best administrator, but if the system of payment he suggested were adopted there should be an end of pluralism.

1961 G. E. Aylmer King's Servants iii. 136 There do not seem to have been any official pronouncements against pluralism as such, although the House of Commons included it among the charges brought against Buckingham in 1626.

2000 C. Clark in D. Laven & L. Riall Napoleon's Legacy xiii. 225 Frederick William appears to have seen the restoration of religious life in the kingdom as inextricably connected with the elimination of ecclesiastical pluralism.

2. Philosophy. The theory that the world is made up of more than one kind of substance or thing; (more generally) any theory or system of thought which recognizes more than one irreducible basic principle. Also: the theory that the knowable world consists of a plurality of interacting entities. Opposed to monism.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > pluralism

pluralism1873

1873 N. Amer. Rev. July 43 Speculation..by the end of the seventeenth century, revealed three different truths, represented by Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibnitz. The philosophic world was divided between Dualism, Monism, and Pluralism.

1884 B. Bosanquet et al. tr. H. Lotze Metaphysic i. vi. 125 The Pluralism with which our view of the world began has to give place to a Monism, through which the ‘transeunt’ operation, always unintelligible, passes into an ‘immanent’ operation.

1905 Athenæum 11 Feb. 170/2 Thus we reach a pluralism. It is, however, the pluralism, not of Leibnitz, but of Lotze. The monads are not absolute, but interact.

1919 Mind 28 57 For pluralism, the living experience of the subject consists actually in his interaction with other subjects.

1955 R. Carnap in Internat. Encycl. Unified Sci. I. 49 It seems doubtful whether we can find any theoretical content in such philosophical questions as discussed by monism, dualism, and pluralism.

1972 K. R. Popper Objective Knowl. iv. 153 Some philosophers have made a serious beginning towards a philosophical pluralism, but pointing out the existence of a third world.

1989 Brit. Jrnl. Philos. Sci. 40 560 Hookway..seems to be much more at home with a version of Goodmanian pluralism than with what he perceives as Quinian ‘austerity’.

1999 Philos. Q. 49 164 Reacting to..the threats posed by Cartesian dualism on the one hand and..a strong reductionist programme on the other, philosophers have sought to defend a middle way, in which ontological monism..is reconciled with some kind of explanatory pluralism.

3. Politics. A theory or system of devolution and autonomy for organizations and individuals in preference to monolithic state power. Also: (advocacy of) a political system within which many parties or organizations have access to power.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories

mutualism1842

pluralism1917

possibilism1925

primitivism1934

universalism1939

particularism1949

unilinealism1957

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > principles of or attachment to types of government > [noun] > pluralism

pluralism1917

1917 H. J. Laski Stud. Probl. Sovereignty i. 6 Pluralism, in the ultimate sense, is..impossible, for it would make unintelligible any rational interpretation of society.

1954 B. North & R. North tr. M. Duverger Polit. Parties ii. i. 257 As a ‘party system’ the single party is obviously different from the multi-party system or ‘pluralism’.

1977 M. Walker National Front i. 16 Britain is historically accustomed to one form or another of coalition government, which is the essence of pluralism.

2005 Africa News (Nexis) 1 Apr. We have swung from pluralism at the early stages of our independence to the all-powerful single party and back to pluralism.

4. The presence or tolerance of a diversity of ethnic or cultural groups within a society or state; (the advocacy of) toleration or acceptance of the coexistence of differing views, values, cultures, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > existence of two or more cultures

pluralism1924

biculturalism1953

biculturation1955

multiculturalism1957

multiculturism1975

multiculti1989

1924 H. Kallen Culture & Democracy in U.S. 43 Cultural growth is founded upon Cultural Pluralism. Cultural Pluralism is possible only in a democratic society whose institutions encourage individuality in groups, in persons, [and] in temperaments.

1969 Guardian 20 Sept. 4/4 A good deal of discussion at the conference..has been about pluralism as opposed to assimilation.

1976 Times 7 Aug. 14/4 To be in favour of pluralism is to declare that one does not intend to hound or persecute theologians or catechists whose expression of faith differs from your own.

1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 19 Oct. 30/1 The institutions and practices of liberalism are likely to open public space to previously repressed and invisible groups, turning a merely theoretical or potential pluralism into an actual on-the-ground pluralism.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pluralism
释义	pluralismn. Brit. /ˈplʊərəlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈplʊərl̩ɪz(ə)m/, /ˈplɔːrəlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈplɔːrl̩ɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈplʊrəˌlɪz(ə)m/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: plural adj., -ism suffix. Etymology: < plural adj. + -ism suffix, after pluralist adj. and n. In sense 2 after German Pluralismus (late 18th cent. in Kant as Pluralism). Compare post-classical Latin pluralismus plurality (of votes) (1732 in a German source). 1. The system or practice of two or more offices or positions, esp. ecclesiastical offices, being held at the same time by one person. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > working > [noun] > holding more than one job at a time plurality1647 pluralism1772 double-dipping1940 moonlighting1954 double dip1963 society > faith > worship > benefice > [noun] > one who possesses > who has two or more > holding of two or more together pluralityc1400 polygamy1538 pluracy1581 pluralism1772 society > faith > worship > benefice > kinds of benefice > [noun] > two or more held together > holding of pluralityc1400 polygamy1538 pluracy1581 pluralism1772 1772 W. Pennington Free Inq. Pluralities 54 They [sc. Cardinals] could see the turpitude of Pluralism, when it prevailed among their inferiors, and speak of it with severity. 1818 J. Bentham Church-of-Englandism 248 Obtainment on false pretences, as proved by Non-Residence, Pluralism, and Sinecurism. 1885 A. Christison et al. Life Sir R. Christison I. 411 Pluralism was at this period [sc. 1822] in the ascendant in the Scottish Church. 1892 J. C. Blomfield Hist. Heyford 68 The last [century]..so sadly notorious for the pluralism and non-residence of the parochial clergy. 1904 Daily Chron. 24 Nov. 6/2 It did not follow..that a rich man was the best administrator, but if the system of payment he suggested were adopted there should be an end of pluralism. 1961 G. E. Aylmer King's Servants iii. 136 There do not seem to have been any official pronouncements against pluralism as such, although the House of Commons included it among the charges brought against Buckingham in 1626. 2000 C. Clark in D. Laven & L. Riall Napoleon's Legacy xiii. 225 Frederick William appears to have seen the restoration of religious life in the kingdom as inextricably connected with the elimination of ecclesiastical pluralism. 2. Philosophy. The theory that the world is made up of more than one kind of substance or thing; (more generally) any theory or system of thought which recognizes more than one irreducible basic principle. Also: the theory that the knowable world consists of a plurality of interacting entities. Opposed to monism. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > pluralism pluralism1873 1873 N. Amer. Rev. July 43 Speculation..by the end of the seventeenth century, revealed three different truths, represented by Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibnitz. The philosophic world was divided between Dualism, Monism, and Pluralism. 1884 B. Bosanquet et al. tr. H. Lotze Metaphysic i. vi. 125 The Pluralism with which our view of the world began has to give place to a Monism, through which the ‘transeunt’ operation, always unintelligible, passes into an ‘immanent’ operation. 1905 Athenæum 11 Feb. 170/2 Thus we reach a pluralism. It is, however, the pluralism, not of Leibnitz, but of Lotze. The monads are not absolute, but interact. 1919 Mind 28 57 For pluralism, the living experience of the subject consists actually in his interaction with other subjects. 1955 R. Carnap in Internat. Encycl. Unified Sci. I. 49 It seems doubtful whether we can find any theoretical content in such philosophical questions as discussed by monism, dualism, and pluralism. 1972 K. R. Popper Objective Knowl. iv. 153 Some philosophers have made a serious beginning towards a philosophical pluralism, but pointing out the existence of a third world. 1989 Brit. Jrnl. Philos. Sci. 40 560 Hookway..seems to be much more at home with a version of Goodmanian pluralism than with what he perceives as Quinian ‘austerity’. 1999 Philos. Q. 49 164 Reacting to..the threats posed by Cartesian dualism on the one hand and..a strong reductionist programme on the other, philosophers have sought to defend a middle way, in which ontological monism..is reconciled with some kind of explanatory pluralism. 3. Politics. A theory or system of devolution and autonomy for organizations and individuals in preference to monolithic state power. Also: (advocacy of) a political system within which many parties or organizations have access to power. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories mutualism1842 pluralism1917 possibilism1925 primitivism1934 universalism1939 particularism1949 unilinealism1957 society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > principles of or attachment to types of government > [noun] > pluralism pluralism1917 1917 H. J. Laski Stud. Probl. Sovereignty i. 6 Pluralism, in the ultimate sense, is..impossible, for it would make unintelligible any rational interpretation of society. 1954 B. North & R. North tr. M. Duverger Polit. Parties ii. i. 257 As a ‘party system’ the single party is obviously different from the multi-party system or ‘pluralism’. 1977 M. Walker National Front i. 16 Britain is historically accustomed to one form or another of coalition government, which is the essence of pluralism. 2005 Africa News (Nexis) 1 Apr. We have swung from pluralism at the early stages of our independence to the all-powerful single party and back to pluralism. 4. The presence or tolerance of a diversity of ethnic or cultural groups within a society or state; (the advocacy of) toleration or acceptance of the coexistence of differing views, values, cultures, etc. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > existence of two or more cultures pluralism1924 biculturalism1953 biculturation1955 multiculturalism1957 multiculturism1975 multiculti1989 1924 H. Kallen Culture & Democracy in U.S. 43 Cultural growth is founded upon Cultural Pluralism. Cultural Pluralism is possible only in a democratic society whose institutions encourage individuality in groups, in persons, [and] in temperaments. 1969 Guardian 20 Sept. 4/4 A good deal of discussion at the conference..has been about pluralism as opposed to assimilation. 1976 Times 7 Aug. 14/4 To be in favour of pluralism is to declare that one does not intend to hound or persecute theologians or catechists whose expression of faith differs from your own. 1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 19 Oct. 30/1 The institutions and practices of liberalism are likely to open public space to previously repressed and invisible groups, turning a merely theoretical or potential pluralism into an actual on-the-ground pluralism. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1772
随便看	feet against feet feet and hands feet binding feet cube feet first feet foremost feet of clay feet swather feet to feet feet washing feetable feetail feetail expectant feetheatre feetless feeyielding feeze feeze about feezed feezes feezing fegaries fegary fegs fehling