pneuman.

Brit.

/ˈnjuːmə/, U.S.

/ˈn(j)umə/

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin neuma, pneuma; Greek πνεῦμα.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin neuma, pneuma melody, melisma, breath of God, Holy Spirit (see neume n.) and its etymon ancient Greek πνεῦμα wind, breath, in Hellenistic Greek also spirit, in Byzantine Greek also a sign in musical notation indicating a leap < πνεῖν (uncontracted πνέειν ) to blow, to breathe (perhaps < the same Indo-European base as fnese v.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form).With sense 1 compare Spanish pneuma (1498 or earlier; now usually neuma ). Compare neume n., neuma n., pneum n. With sense 2 compare Italian pneuma (1521), French pneuma (1824; compare Middle French neupmate (in paraclit neupmate the Holy Ghost, c1500 in an apparently isolated attestation)).

1. Early Music. (a) = neume n. 1. (b) In Byzantine chant: one of a series of signs indicating a melodic leap of a third or a fifth, ascending or descending.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > church music > plainchant > [noun] > group of notes

pneumaa1398

neume1440

neuma1776

society > leisure > the arts > music > written or printed music > notation > [noun] > character in notation > note > plain-song notes

pneumaa1398

virgula1786

neume1843

neuma1848

pneum1879

virga1908

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > chanted > plainchant > part of plainchant

pneumaa1398

neume1440

intonation1620

antiphony1753

mediation1776

neuma1776

antiphon1778

recitation note1844

initial1880

punctum1882

mediant1930

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 326 In al general kynde is oonhede and welle þat is particuler þer Inne, as white in colours and in pneuma, sownes [L. in neumatibus tonus siue sonus].

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 412/1 Notheryus abbot of saynt galle made the sequences psalmes in stede of pneuma of alleluyas.

1880 W. S. Rockstro in G. Grove Dict. Music II. 691/2 The very essence of the Pneuma lies in its adaptation to an inarticulate sound.

1881 W. S. Rockstro in G. Grove Dict. Music III. 4/2 The Preface to the Ratisbon Gradual directs that the Pneuma shall be sung upon the vowel A.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xv. [Circe] 509 With swaying arms they wail in pneuma over the recreant Bloom.

1926 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 46 219 The laws of subordination or Hypotaxis, and a tabulation of the most important combinations (a) of ascending signs annulled by descending signs; (b) of Soma and Pneuma combinations.

1961 E. Wellesz Hist. Byzantine Mus. 17 If he wanted to give this melodic step a particular nuance..he set this sign before the Pneuma indicating a third or fifth.

2004 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 24 Sept. 40 A passage closely resembling the opening strains of Kol Nidre appears in two medieval antiphonaries where it is given as an example of a pneuma.

2. Spirit, soul, or life force; (Theology) the spirit of God; (History of Science) the invisible fluid or spirit permeating the body and forming the vital principle of health and strength according to the Pneumatic school of medicine.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > mind, soul, spirit, heart > [noun]

wombeOE

moodeOE

heartOE

inner manc1000

soulOE

ghostOE

sprite1340

inwit1382

consciencec1384

spiritc1384

minda1387

spirtc1415

esperite1477

inward man1526

pneuma1559

esprite1591

internala1594

interior1600

entelechy1603

inside1615

psyche1648

sprit1653

citta1853

undersoul1868

Geist1871

heart-mind1959

1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus Pref. sig. Aii ^v Callinge it sometimes..pneuma, that is, spirit of the nature of the firmament.

1596 E. Coote Eng. Schoole-maister sig. E3 Pneuma a spirit, or breth.

1774 J. Lovett Electr. Philosopher 92 In..the chap. following are many Experiments which illustrate and confirm the reality of such an active Pneuma, or Spirit.

1845 Biblical Repertory July 395 The psyche according to the distinctions of ancient philosophy has more of affinity with the agencies of nature, than the pneuma.

1884 Pop. Sc. Monthly 24 761 [Hippocrates] taught the existence of an ‘intermediate nature’, which though distinct from the mortal Soul or pneuma, was the source of vital activity.

1894 Daily News 25 Oct. 6/2 The pneuma, the overshadowing spirit of the new man who is sought after by Angela, the Psyche or feminine principle of aspiration and intuition.

1952 G. Sarton Hist. Sci. I. xvi. 422 Plato recognized three groups of diseases... The third [group was caused] by pneuma, phlegm, and bile.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia I. 499/3 He [sc. Aretaeus of Cappadocia] adhered to the pneumatic school of medicine, which believed that health was maintained by ‘vital air’, or pneuma.

1992 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 30 Jan. 5/1 How Madame Blavatsky put the professor in touch with the pneuma of his adored lost child we should not ask too closely.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pneuma
释义	pneuman. Brit. /ˈnjuːmə/, U.S. /ˈn(j)umə/ Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin neuma, pneuma; Greek πνεῦμα. Etymology: < post-classical Latin neuma, pneuma melody, melisma, breath of God, Holy Spirit (see neume n.) and its etymon ancient Greek πνεῦμα wind, breath, in Hellenistic Greek also spirit, in Byzantine Greek also a sign in musical notation indicating a leap < πνεῖν (uncontracted πνέειν ) to blow, to breathe (perhaps < the same Indo-European base as fnese v.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form).With sense 1 compare Spanish pneuma (1498 or earlier; now usually neuma ). Compare neume n., neuma n., pneum n. With sense 2 compare Italian pneuma (1521), French pneuma (1824; compare Middle French neupmate (in paraclit neupmate the Holy Ghost, c1500 in an apparently isolated attestation)). 1. Early Music. (a) = neume n. 1. (b) In Byzantine chant: one of a series of signs indicating a melodic leap of a third or a fifth, ascending or descending. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > church music > plainchant > [noun] > group of notes pneumaa1398 neume1440 neuma1776 society > leisure > the arts > music > written or printed music > notation > [noun] > character in notation > note > plain-song notes pneumaa1398 virgula1786 neume1843 neuma1848 pneum1879 virga1908 society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > chanted > plainchant > part of plainchant pneumaa1398 neume1440 intonation1620 antiphony1753 mediation1776 neuma1776 antiphon1778 recitation note1844 initial1880 punctum1882 mediant1930 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 326 In al general kynde is oonhede and welle þat is particuler þer Inne, as white in colours and in pneuma, sownes [L. in neumatibus tonus siue sonus]. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 412/1 Notheryus abbot of saynt galle made the sequences psalmes in stede of pneuma of alleluyas. 1880 W. S. Rockstro in G. Grove Dict. Music II. 691/2 The very essence of the Pneuma lies in its adaptation to an inarticulate sound. 1881 W. S. Rockstro in G. Grove Dict. Music III. 4/2 The Preface to the Ratisbon Gradual directs that the Pneuma shall be sung upon the vowel A. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xv. [Circe] 509 With swaying arms they wail in pneuma over the recreant Bloom. 1926 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 46 219 The laws of subordination or Hypotaxis, and a tabulation of the most important combinations (a) of ascending signs annulled by descending signs; (b) of Soma and Pneuma combinations. 1961 E. Wellesz Hist. Byzantine Mus. 17 If he wanted to give this melodic step a particular nuance..he set this sign before the Pneuma indicating a third or fifth. 2004 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 24 Sept. 40 A passage closely resembling the opening strains of Kol Nidre appears in two medieval antiphonaries where it is given as an example of a pneuma. 2. Spirit, soul, or life force; (Theology) the spirit of God; (History of Science) the invisible fluid or spirit permeating the body and forming the vital principle of health and strength according to the Pneumatic school of medicine. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > mind, soul, spirit, heart > [noun] wombeOE moodeOE heartOE inner manc1000 soulOE ghostOE sprite1340 inwit1382 consciencec1384 spiritc1384 minda1387 spirtc1415 esperite1477 inward man1526 pneuma1559 esprite1591 internala1594 interior1600 entelechy1603 inside1615 psyche1648 sprit1653 citta1853 undersoul1868 Geist1871 heart-mind1959 1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus Pref. sig. Aii ^v Callinge it sometimes..pneuma, that is, spirit of the nature of the firmament. 1596 E. Coote Eng. Schoole-maister sig. E3 Pneuma a spirit, or breth. 1774 J. Lovett Electr. Philosopher 92 In..the chap. following are many Experiments which illustrate and confirm the reality of such an active Pneuma, or Spirit. 1845 Biblical Repertory July 395 The psyche according to the distinctions of ancient philosophy has more of affinity with the agencies of nature, than the pneuma. 1884 Pop. Sc. Monthly 24 761 [Hippocrates] taught the existence of an ‘intermediate nature’, which though distinct from the mortal Soul or pneuma, was the source of vital activity. 1894 Daily News 25 Oct. 6/2 The pneuma, the overshadowing spirit of the new man who is sought after by Angela, the Psyche or feminine principle of aspiration and intuition. 1952 G. Sarton Hist. Sci. I. xvi. 422 Plato recognized three groups of diseases... The third [group was caused] by pneuma, phlegm, and bile. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia I. 499/3 He [sc. Aretaeus of Cappadocia] adhered to the pneumatic school of medicine, which believed that health was maintained by ‘vital air’, or pneuma. 1992 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 30 Jan. 5/1 How Madame Blavatsky put the professor in touch with the pneuma of his adored lost child we should not ask too closely. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1398
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