单词 | posterior |
释义 | posteriorn.adj.adv. A. n. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > collectively bairn-teamc885 kinc950 seedOE teamOE offspringOE kindOE childrenc1175 lineage1303 generationa1325 issuea1325 successiona1340 kindredc1350 progenya1382 posterityc1410 sequelc1440 ligneea1450 posterior1509 genealogy1513 propagation1536 racea1547 postery1548 after-spring1583 bowela1593 afterworld1594 loin1608 descendance1617 succession1618 proles1640 descent1667 ramage1936 society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] sonOE lineage1303 rootc1330 impinga1340 after-comera1382 nephewa1387 impc1412 descentc1475 branch1535 descendant1569 stirp1574 scion1591 sprig1591 slip1594 sprout?1611 posterior1889 ancestor1920 1509 J. Locher in Barclay's Ship of Fools (1874) I. p. viii These worthy men..haue obtayned nat small worshyp and great commodyte example and doctryne lefte to vs theyr posteryours. 1534 T. More Treat. Passion in Wks. 1309/2 When I speake of the churche of Grece in this errour: I speake but of the posteriours. ?1553 tr. Pope Pius II Hist. Ladye Lucres & Eurialus sig. G.iv His posteriars shall shewe for theyr noblenes a gylted bull. 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality xv, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. III. 310 Neither he, nor his posteriors from generation to generation, shall sit upon it ony mair. 1889 in Spectator 9 Nov. 634/2 ‘No ways infarior..And lineal postarior to Ould Aysculapius’. [Anglo-Irish.] ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > end or conclusion > [noun] > the latter part eveningOE enda1200 eventide?c1225 finea1350 tail1377 latter (last) enda1382 issue1484 latter day?1498 waning1561 last days1572 heel1584 sunsetting1593 fall1596 lag-end1598 posterior1598 sunset1599 dotage1606 exit1615 stern1623 waning timea1639 last1683 heel piecea1764 shank1828 tail-end1845 tailpiece1869 tag1882 teatime1913 end-point1921 1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. i. 84 To congratulate the Princesse at her Pauilion, in the posteriors of this day, which the rude multitude call the after-noone. View more context for this quotation 1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. i. 113 Some show in the posterior of this day. View more context for this quotation 1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor (at cited word) Posterior, the later..part. 3. a. colloquial and humorous. In early use in plural, now usually singular. A person's buttocks. Also: the rump or backside of an animal. †at (a person's) posteriors (Scottish): behind his or her back (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > back > buttock(s) > [noun] flitcha700 arse-endseOE culec1220 buttockc1300 tail1303 toutec1305 nagea1325 fundamentc1325 tail-end1377 brawna1382 buma1387 bewschers?a1400 crouponc1400 rumplec1430 lendc1440 nachec1440 luddocka1475 rearwarda1475 croupc1475 rumpc1475 dock1508 hurdies1535 bunc1538 sitting place1545 bottom?c1550 prat1567 nates1581 backside1593 crupper1594 posteriorums1596 catastrophe1600 podex1601 posterior1605 seat1607 poop1611 stern1631 cheek1639 breeka1642 doup1653 bumkin1658 bumfiddle1661 assa1672 butt1675 quarter1678 foundation1681 toby1681 bung1691 rear1716 fud1722 moon1756 derrière1774 rass1790 stern-post1810 sit-down1812 hinderland1817 hinderling1817 nancy1819 ultimatum1823 behinda1830 duff?1837 botty1842 rear end1851 latter end1852 hinder?1857 sit1862 sit-me-down1866 stern-works1879 tuchus1886 jacksy-pardy1891 sit-upon1910 can1913 truck-end1913 sitzfleisch1916 B.T.M.1919 fanny1919 bot1922 heinie1922 beam1929 yas yas1929 keister1931 batty1935 bim1935 arse-end1937 twat1937 okole1938 bahookie1939 bohunkus1941 quoit1941 patoot1942 rusty-dusty1942 dinger1943 jacksie1943 zatch1950 ding1957 booty1959 patootie1959 buns1960 wazoo1961 tush1962 1605 G. Chapman Al Fooles ii. i. sig. Ev And there sate he on his posteriors, Like a Baboone. 1609 in Select. Extracts Anc. Minutes Kirk-session of Kinghorn (1863) 17 For hir contemptuous behauiour usit to her pastour..in jeasting at his posteriours and also [etc.]. 1650 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. (ed. 2) vi. 8 in Epistolæ Ho-elianæ (ed. 2) You know what answer the Fox gave the Ape when he would have borrowed part of his taile to cover his posteriors. 1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 102 He drops upon his Knees or Posteriors. 1738 S.-Carolina Gaz. 30 Mar. 2/1 One of the Company indecently discovered his Posteriors. 1790 J. Coustos Free Masonry 181 Those unhappy slaves..are fastened to a ladder; when two men whip alternately, their bare posteriors with a bull's pizzle, or a thick pitched rope. 1803 W. Bingley Animal Biogr. I. 33 Apes are destitute of Tails,..their posteriors are fleshy. 1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. xiv. 329 It is called Tapacolo, or ‘cover your posterior’; and well does the shameless little bird deserve its name; for it carries its tail more than erect. 1896 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang IV. 33/1 Jacksy-pardy, the posteriors. 1928 D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley's Lover xv. 266 He gathered her lovely, heavy posteriors one in each hand and pressed them in towards him in a frenzy. 1973 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 22 Dec. 33/2 With his posterior pointing at the opposition goal, Aldcorn..flung the puck back between his skates, past the astonished goaltender. 1993 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Jan. 18/1 Carla Bruni exposed her pantie-less posterior to Helmut Newton's camera lens. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > position at the back > [noun] > back part or rear hinder enda1382 back-half1408 backside1417 arse1510 rear1609 postern1611 back-enda1617 arreara1627 back1626 averse1655 posteriorsa1657 ass1700 tail-end1747 rear end1785 west side1829 arse-end1837 hindside1862 ass-end1934 a1657 G. Daniel Poems (1878) I. 41 He oft could take Things from th' Posteriors of an Almanacke, Very behoofull to the Regimen Of health. B. adj. 1. Opposed to prior. a. That comes after in time or order, later; subsequent to. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adjective] > later overeOE latterOE posterior1534 later1542 lateward1577 elder1597 inferior1641 ulterior1646 1534 T. More Treat. Passion in Wks. 1308/2 The posteriour Greekes saye, that Chryste dydde not eate his Paschall lambe in the daye appoynted by the lawe. c1600 in G. Stevenson Poems A. Montgomerie (1910) 314 Quhilk restitutioun..could not be tane away be ony interpretatioun in this posteriour parliament. 1653 Ld. Vaux tr. A. Godeau Life St. Paul A ij The swelling criticismes, or vaine Philosophy of posteriour writers. 1710 J. Toland Let. 14 Feb. in Coll. Several Pieces (1726) II. 392 Rites and precepts in..the Pentateuch, are long posterior to Moses. 1756 J. Warton Ess. on Pope I. iii. 124 The precepts of the art of poesy, were posterior to practise. 1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ Rom. ii. 16 The Epistle to the Romans is posterior even to the second Epistle to the Corinthians. 1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 68 Proofs of the posterior origin of the lava. 1884 D. Hunter tr. E. Reuss Hist. Canon i. 3 Found only in the literature posterior to the exile. 1938 R. G. Collingwood Princ. Art xi. 229 The pain is not the emotional charge of the tension in the facial muscles; the sensum is here not prior but posterior to the emotion. 1992 Mind 101 43 Aristotle explicitly remarks that the matter of a thing is in one sense prior to the thing and in another sense posterior. b. Statistics. Designating the result of a calculation made subsequent to, and in consideration of, some observation or observations. Earliest and chiefly in posterior probability n. at Compounds (see sense A. 3). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > probability or statistics > [adjective] > relating to calculation prior1921 posterior1972 1921 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 42 387 Even if the prior probabilities of two laws with different domains are notably different, the effect of several verifications of each is able to make the posterior probabilities of the two laws practically equal to each other and to unity. 1949 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 11 116 Posterior odds for α vs. α′, on A = Prior odds for α vs. α′ × likelihood ratio. 1972 A. W. F. Edwards Likelihood iv. 48 In practice it is determined by the fact that both the prior and the posterior distributions of θ integrate to unity. 1994 New Scientist 16 Apr. 12/1 The simplest form of the theorem is that the updated (‘posterior’) odds = likelihood ratio x prior odds where the prior odds are based on the pre-existing knowledge, and the likelihood ratio is extracted from the new evidence. 2. Opposed to anterior. a. Chiefly Anatomy. Situated at the back; situated behind or further back than something else; denoting the hindmost of a pair or group of similar or related structures. Frequently with to. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > position at the back > [adjective] afterOE afterwardOE hinderc1290 hinderera1340 hinda1400 backc1490 reara1500 posterior1578 rearward1581 backwarda1616 hindsome1634 postica1638 averse1646 postern1648 postical1657 reverse1675 aft1711 retrospective1785 hindward1797 retral1822 western1829 postjacent1878 the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > succession or following in time > [adjective] > succeeding or subsequent > following in order subsequentc1450 posterior1578 succeeding1639 postposited1892 the world > plants > part of plant > (defined by) distribution, arrangement, or position > [adjective] > anterior or posterior anterior1754 posticous1866 postical1882 posterior1914 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 3 The Posterior Processe of the Cubitte..coucheth in the hinder corner. 1614 W. Lithgow Painefull Peregrination D2v The belly of the one ioyned with the posterior part of the other. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §115 So it is manifest, that where the anteriour body giveth way, as fast as the posteriour cometh on, it maketh no noise, be the motion never so great, or swift. 1733 G. Douglas tr. J. B. Winslow Anat. Expos. Struct. Human Body I. 75 The Clavicle is divided into a Body or middle Part, and two Extremities, one anterior, inferior, and internal..; the other posterior, superior, and external. 1741 A. Monro Anat. Nerves 47 in Anat. Human Bones (ed. 3) The posterior clinoid Processes of the sphenoid Bone. 1794 S. Williams Nat. & Civil Hist. Vermont 90 Two bags, situated in the posterior parts of the body. 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxxv. 288 The two parts into which the iris divides the eye are called the anterior and the posterior chambers. 1835 R. Owen in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 287/1 The ilium..becomes anchylosed with the ischium posterior to the ischiadic notch. 1868 P. M. Duncan tr. L. Figuier Insect World Introd. 7 The legs are called anterior, posterior, and intermediate. 1914 F. E. Fritsch & E. J. Salisbury Introd. Study Plants xviii. 233 The side of the flower adjacent to the axis of inflorescence is called the posterior side, whilst that away from the axis is termed the anterior. 1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. i. 207 The kidneys are tri-lobed and lie posterior to the lungs in deep recesses in the pelvic region. 1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) xviii. 280 Near the posterior end of the aorta a small posterior mesenteric artery arises. 1993 E. N. K. Clarkson Invertebr. Palaeontol. & Evol. (ed. 3) vii. 155/1 In conventional orientation the umbones are located at the posterior end of the brachiopod. b. Obstetrics. Designating, involving, or exhibiting an occipitoposterior presentation. See also posterior presentation n. at Compounds. ΚΠ 1886 W. L. Richardson in Med. Communications Massachusetts Med. Soc. 23 404 None of these writings..contained any special directions as to the method of differentiating the posterior from the anterior positions of the occiput. 1899 P. G. Lewis Nursing xxvii. 376 The nurse will hear occasionally of face, brow, or occipital posterior presentations. 1953 M. F. Myles Textbk. Midwives xx. 333 The vertex presents in 96 per cent. of cases and authorities are not in agreement as to what proportion are posterior. 1989 Parents Dec. 9/2 Don't lie on your back if your baby is posterior because the weight of the baby pressing against your spine will aggravate the pain or discomfort. With of, to. Subsequently; at a later time. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > after, afterwards, or later sitheneOE aftereOE sithOE eftOE latterOE aftOE sithencea1170 sithrec1175 thereup?c1225 baftc1275 furtherc1290 eftsoon1297 therewithala1300 afterwardc1300 afterwardsc1300 soc1300 therewithc1369 eftersoonsa1400 suingly?a1425 at after1425 followingly?c1425 afterhand1438 syne1489 by posteriority1523 in sequel1524 still1526 later1527 subsequently1537 senthis?1553 lately1565 subsequent1568 behindc1600 sequelarly1600 posterior1628 in prosecutiona1641 subsequentiallya1683 artera1746 posteriorly1799 ulteriorly1818 later on1829 1628–9 in F. Roberts & I. M. M. Macphail Dumbarton Common Good Accts. (1972) 61 Being daittit posterior of hir convictioun. 1830 E. B. Pusey Hist. Enq. ii. 153 [He] wrote posterior to all these authors. 1853 G. S. Faber Diffic. Romanism (ed. 3) i. ii. 43 He wrote posterior to both these Councils. Compounds posterior mediastinum n. Anatomy the posterior portion of the inferior mediastinum, lying between the pericardium and the vertebral column, and containing the descending aorta and oesophagus. ΚΠ 1787 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 77 405 Below its attachment to the trachea it passes down in the posterior mediastinum, at some distance from the spine. 1851 W. P. Esrey Treat. Anat. & Physiol. 134 The posterior mediastinum extends from the heart to the spinal column, and contains the descending aorta, the superior intercostal, and greater and lesser azygos veins, the thoracic duct, the œsophagus, the great splanchnic nerves, and the pneumogastric nerves. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 74 The posterior mediastinum between the pillars of the diaphragm. 1980 Gray's Anat. (ed. 36) viii. 1252/1 The posterior mediastinum..is bounded in front by the bifurcation of the trachea, the pulmonary vessels, the pericardium and by the posterior part of the upper surface of the diaphragm. posterior presentation n. (a) Veterinary Medicine presentation of a fetus in which the hind legs (or the hindquarters, in the case of an abnormal posterior presentation) lie adjacent to the mother's cervix and emerge first at birth; (b) Obstetrics (in humans) occipitoposterior presentation. ΚΠ 1878 G. Fleming Text-bk. Vet. Obstetr. i. iv. ii. 222 Posterior presentation, the croup or breech is facing the inlet, and the presence or absence of the limbs there..constitute varieties of the presentation. 1983 M. Stansfield New Herdsman's Bk. v. 71 Posterior presentation is quite common, i.e. back legs first. 1998 Midwifery Today & Childbirth Educ. (Nexis) 30 June 13 If I note a woman has a tendency toward posterior presentation, we discuss prenatally the implications for labor. posterior probability n. Statistics the probability that a hypothesis is true, calculated (typically by application of Bayes' theorem) in the light of certain relevant observations, including expert knowledge; cf. sense B. 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > probability or statistics > [noun] > probability probability1692 chance1785 posterior probability1921 prior probability1921 transition probability1922 1921 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 42 387 Even if the prior probabilities of two laws with different domains are notably different, the effect of several verifications of each is able to make the posterior probabilities of the two laws practically equal to each other and to unity. 1977 Lancet 13 Aug. 339/1 If the sister of a hæmophiliac initially has two unaffected boys, the ‘posterior’ probability of her being a carrier falls from 1/2 to 1/5. 1992 Mind 101 172 It comes down to differences in the probabilities of the hypotheses before the evidence was available, since the posterior probability of a hypothesis that entails the evidence is simply the prior probability of the hypothesis divided by the prior probability of the evidence. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.adv.1509 |
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