proactiveadj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)prəʊˈaktɪv/, U.S.

/proʊˈæktɪv/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: pro- prefix², active adj.

Etymology: < pro- prefix² + active adj. In sense 1 after retroactive adj. (see sense 4 at that entry). In sense 2 after reactive adj., and probably influenced by pro- prefix¹.

1. Psychology. That affects subsequent learning, or the remembering of what is subsequently learned.Earliest in proactive inhibition n. at Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > capacity for retaining experience > [adjective] > effective from previous learning

proactive1933

1933 Whiteley & Blankfort in Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. 16 852 Objective results..indicate..a somewhat inhibitive influence of the various sets upon learning, and under similar conditions of prior and later learning, they suggest what might be called a proactive inhibition. However, perhaps the term proactive inhibition might better be reserved to designate the detrimental influence of a condition introduced prior to learning upon a subsequent recall, thus differentiating it from..retroactive inhibition.

1968 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 114 981/2 Any proactive disturbance of the cerebral mechanisms involved in memory consolidation will have a differential effect on short- and long-term memory.

2001 Estates Gaz. 30 June 155/3 In reducing notes to lists and bullet points, learning and revision is more pro-active than simply reading and re-reading larger amounts of text.

2. Of a person, action, policy, etc.: creating or controlling a situation by taking the initiative and anticipating events or problems, rather than just reacting to them after they have occurred; (hence, more generally) innovative, tending to make things happen.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > doing > [adjective] > as opposed to passive > initiating action

proactive1951

the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adjective] > anticipating or forestalling

lurching1577

anticipating1611

anticipanta1631

anticipative1664

anticipatory1669

forecoming1860

proactive1951

pre-empting1965

1951 D. C. McClelland Personality iv. 13 [High achievers] use more future tenses, more generalized or abstract nouns, and more clauses indicating retroactive or proactive relationships.

1966 A. Zaleznik Human Dilemmas of Leadership ix. 177 Instead of being reactive to environmental pressures, the behavior is proactive and in a sense induces change in the environment.

1971 A. J. R. Reiss Police & Public ii. 64 Citizens usually bring matters to police attention... The police department deals with such requests as a reactive organization... The police also acquire information by intervening in the lives of citizens on their own initiative. In this capacity, they serve as a proactive organization.

1984 Financial Times 10 Feb. 26 A new kind of management able to take risks,..manage change, and be more proactive.

1985 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 10 Oct. b20/1 (advt.) If you are the proactive and innovative individual we are looking for..we invite you to submit a resume in confidence.

1991 A. M. Dershowitz Chutzpah Epilog 351 Support for Israel will diminish as it returns to its policy of aggressive retaliation and proactive defense.

2003 S. Greenfield Tomorrow's People (2004) i. 9 We must be proactive and set the agenda for what we want and need from such rapid technical advances.

Compounds

proactive inhibition n. the impairment or retardation of learning or of the remembering of what is learned by effects that remain active from conditions prior to the learning.

ΚΠ

1933proactive inhibition [see sense 1].

1967 E. R. Hilgard & R. C. Atkinson Introd. Psychol. (ed. 4) xii. 324/2 Proactive inhibition plays a very important role when ‘experienced’ subjects are used in an experiment.

1998 Communication Q. (Nexis) 22 Sept. 472 Disgust images were less quickly recognized and less memorable than fear or anger images and produced proactive inhibition of memory for images that appeared later in the news story.

proactive interference n. interference with learning or with the remembering of what is learned by effects that remain active from conditions prior to the learning.

ΚΠ

1955 Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 62 411 (title) Proactive interference as a function of amount of original training.

1971 E. Saltz Cognitive Bases of Human Learning vi. 204 Most studies of interference are some variation of one of the following three experimental paradigms: (a) proactive interference, (b) proactive inhibition, or (c) retroactive inhibition.

1999 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 12959/2 Executive control processes that contribute to working memory function including..mediation of proactive interference.

Derivatives

proˈactively adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > doing > [adverb] > initiating action

proactively1961

the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adverb] > in advance or beforehand > so as to anticipate or pre-empt

pre-emptively1959

proactively1961

1961 C. N. Cofer & B. S. Musgrave Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior i. 8 Postman devoted attention to factors which may act proactively on laboratory learning tasks.

1984 N.Y. Times 14 Oct. xi. 30/5 Determinate sentencing, as an alternative to parole, forces the system to wait for the smoking gun, rather than proactively intervene before another terrible tragedy.

1996 Voice 25 June 40/3 (advt.) You will effectively and pro-actively carry out the range of network/server management tasks.

2004 Independent 1 Nov. 33/4 No one expected Mrs Blair to come out in her trainers on the anti-war marches,... but was it really necessary for her to proactively promote the illegal war to Labour Party members?

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	proactive
释义	proactiveadj. Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈaktɪv/, U.S. /proʊˈæktɪv/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: pro- prefix², active adj. Etymology: < pro- prefix² + active adj. In sense 1 after retroactive adj. (see sense 4 at that entry). In sense 2 after reactive adj., and probably influenced by pro- prefix¹. 1. Psychology. That affects subsequent learning, or the remembering of what is subsequently learned.Earliest in proactive inhibition n. at Compounds. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > capacity for retaining experience > [adjective] > effective from previous learning proactive1933 1933 Whiteley & Blankfort in Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. 16 852 Objective results..indicate..a somewhat inhibitive influence of the various sets upon learning, and under similar conditions of prior and later learning, they suggest what might be called a proactive inhibition. However, perhaps the term proactive inhibition might better be reserved to designate the detrimental influence of a condition introduced prior to learning upon a subsequent recall, thus differentiating it from..retroactive inhibition. 1968 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 114 981/2 Any proactive disturbance of the cerebral mechanisms involved in memory consolidation will have a differential effect on short- and long-term memory. 2001 Estates Gaz. 30 June 155/3 In reducing notes to lists and bullet points, learning and revision is more pro-active than simply reading and re-reading larger amounts of text. 2. Of a person, action, policy, etc.: creating or controlling a situation by taking the initiative and anticipating events or problems, rather than just reacting to them after they have occurred; (hence, more generally) innovative, tending to make things happen. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > doing > [adjective] > as opposed to passive > initiating action proactive1951 the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adjective] > anticipating or forestalling lurching1577 anticipating1611 anticipanta1631 anticipative1664 anticipatory1669 forecoming1860 proactive1951 pre-empting1965 1951 D. C. McClelland Personality iv. 13 [High achievers] use more future tenses, more generalized or abstract nouns, and more clauses indicating retroactive or proactive relationships. 1966 A. Zaleznik Human Dilemmas of Leadership ix. 177 Instead of being reactive to environmental pressures, the behavior is proactive and in a sense induces change in the environment. 1971 A. J. R. Reiss Police & Public ii. 64 Citizens usually bring matters to police attention... The police department deals with such requests as a reactive organization... The police also acquire information by intervening in the lives of citizens on their own initiative. In this capacity, they serve as a proactive organization. 1984 Financial Times 10 Feb. 26 A new kind of management able to take risks,..manage change, and be more proactive. 1985 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 10 Oct. b20/1 (advt.) If you are the proactive and innovative individual we are looking for..we invite you to submit a resume in confidence. 1991 A. M. Dershowitz Chutzpah Epilog 351 Support for Israel will diminish as it returns to its policy of aggressive retaliation and proactive defense. 2003 S. Greenfield Tomorrow's People (2004) i. 9 We must be proactive and set the agenda for what we want and need from such rapid technical advances. Compounds proactive inhibition n. the impairment or retardation of learning or of the remembering of what is learned by effects that remain active from conditions prior to the learning. ΚΠ 1933proactive inhibition [see sense 1]. 1967 E. R. Hilgard & R. C. Atkinson Introd. Psychol. (ed. 4) xii. 324/2 Proactive inhibition plays a very important role when ‘experienced’ subjects are used in an experiment. 1998 Communication Q. (Nexis) 22 Sept. 472 Disgust images were less quickly recognized and less memorable than fear or anger images and produced proactive inhibition of memory for images that appeared later in the news story. proactive interference n. interference with learning or with the remembering of what is learned by effects that remain active from conditions prior to the learning. ΚΠ 1955 Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 62 411 (title) Proactive interference as a function of amount of original training. 1971 E. Saltz Cognitive Bases of Human Learning vi. 204 Most studies of interference are some variation of one of the following three experimental paradigms: (a) proactive interference, (b) proactive inhibition, or (c) retroactive inhibition. 1999 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 12959/2 Executive control processes that contribute to working memory function including..mediation of proactive interference. Derivatives proˈactively adv. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > doing > [adverb] > initiating action proactively1961 the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adverb] > in advance or beforehand > so as to anticipate or pre-empt pre-emptively1959 proactively1961 1961 C. N. Cofer & B. S. Musgrave Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior i. 8 Postman devoted attention to factors which may act proactively on laboratory learning tasks. 1984 N.Y. Times 14 Oct. xi. 30/5 Determinate sentencing, as an alternative to parole, forces the system to wait for the smoking gun, rather than proactively intervene before another terrible tragedy. 1996 Voice 25 June 40/3 (advt.) You will effectively and pro-actively carry out the range of network/server management tasks. 2004 Independent 1 Nov. 33/4 No one expected Mrs Blair to come out in her trainers on the anti-war marches,... but was it really necessary for her to proactively promote the illegal war to Labour Party members? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1933
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