† proterveadj.

Forms: Middle English proterf, Middle English–1500s proterue; Scottish pre-1700 proterue, pre-1700 proterve.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French proterve; Latin protervus.

Etymology: < Middle French proterve (13th cent. in Old French; French †proterve) and its etymon classical Latin protervus forward, bold, reckless, impudent, shameless, of uncertain origin (see note). Compare Catalan proterv (1523), Spanish protervo (15th cent.), Italian protervo (a1303).It has been suggested that classical Latin protervus derives < pro- pro- prefix¹ + a second element < the same Indo-European base as ancient Greek πτέρυξ wing (see pterygo- comb. form).

Obsolete.

Wayward, stubborn; impudent; petulant.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > peevishness > [adjective]

protervec1384

teethya1500

peevishc1530

protervous1547

pettish1552

tatter1579

fretting1587

teeny1594

frampold1599

treaf1601

fretful1603

teety1621

frappish1631

froppish1659

huffy1680

toothy1691

peenging1724

fractious1725

crossish1740

huffish1755

petulant1755

refractious1761

pouty1799

pensy1803

fudgy1819

twiney1824

rammista1838

fretty1844

petful1852

patchy1862

fretsome1870

grizzly1900

anfractuous1923

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > perverse

wharfedc1175

thwart-over?c1225

fromwardc1275

thwarta1325

wilgernc1325

contrariousa1340

froward1340

rebours1340

awaywarda1375

overthwartc1384

protervec1384

waywardc1384

arsewardc1386

wrawc1386

wrawfulc1386

crabbeda1400

ungraitha1400

wraweda1400

awklyc1400

perversec1425

awkc1440

perversiosec1475

crooked1508

wrayward1516

awkward1530

difficilec1533

peevish1539

protervous1547

overthwarting1552

untowardly1561

difficult1589

cross1594

cama1600

frowish1601

awkwardish1613

haggardly1635

pigheadeda1637

cross-grained1647

wry1649

crossfulc1680

thwarting1718

kim-kama1734

wronghead1737

piggish1742

witherly1790

top-thrawn1808

contrary1850

cussed1858

three-cornered1863

thwarteous1890

bloody-minded1935

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Tim. iii. 4 In the laste dayes, men schulen be louynge hem silf, coueitous..withoute benygnyte, traitours, proterue [L. protervi] or ouerthwert, bollun with proude thouȝtis.

c1550 Clariodus (1830) i. 33 I have, alleace, done evill abone measoure, Bot now my fault most wickit and proterve All finishit is.

1560 in D. H. Fleming Reg. Christian Congregation St. Andrews (1889) I. 63 He..wald say, with ane proterve and severe visage..with his hand upoun his quhingar, that he wiste quhat held his hand bot [etc.]

1567 R. Sempill in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. 53 Man of his awin nature is so proterue.

Derivatives

† protervely adv. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > peevishness > [adverb]

protervely1447

peevisha1529

pettishlya1625

peevishlya1638

frettinglya1649

crossly1736

fractiously1736

huffishly1755

fretfully1789

petulantly1838

pettedly1858

huffily1860

huffingly1864

teethily1879

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adverb] > perversely

witherc1200

contrariouslyc1380

waywardly1395

frowardlya1400

overthwartlya1425

wrawlyc1440

protervely1447

perverselya1513

thrawnlya1522

perversedlya1525

thrawartly1533

thwartly1558

backwardlya1586

unreclaimablya1616

peevishlya1680

untowardly1682

bloody-mindedly1716

wrong-headedly1737

thrawart-like1768

cross-grained1825

pigheadedly1836

cussedly1868

contrariwise1873

1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) 4355 (MED) Thys Anneys, þis wyche, proterfly Oure goddys skornyng, wych doth blaspheme, To þe comoun bordel I iudycyally deme.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. MMvi Who soeuer by his owne reason or sentence, wyll defende proteruely or styfly, y^t thyng y^t he loueth.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	proterve
释义	† proterveadj. Forms: Middle English proterf, Middle English–1500s proterue; Scottish pre-1700 proterue, pre-1700 proterve. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French proterve; Latin protervus. Etymology: < Middle French proterve (13th cent. in Old French; French †proterve) and its etymon classical Latin protervus forward, bold, reckless, impudent, shameless, of uncertain origin (see note). Compare Catalan proterv (1523), Spanish protervo (15th cent.), Italian protervo (a1303).It has been suggested that classical Latin protervus derives < pro- pro- prefix¹ + a second element < the same Indo-European base as ancient Greek πτέρυξ wing (see pterygo- comb. form). Obsolete. Wayward, stubborn; impudent; petulant. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > peevishness > [adjective] protervec1384 teethya1500 peevishc1530 protervous1547 pettish1552 tatter1579 fretting1587 teeny1594 frampold1599 treaf1601 fretful1603 teety1621 frappish1631 froppish1659 huffy1680 toothy1691 peenging1724 fractious1725 crossish1740 huffish1755 petulant1755 refractious1761 pouty1799 pensy1803 fudgy1819 twiney1824 rammista1838 fretty1844 petful1852 patchy1862 fretsome1870 grizzly1900 anfractuous1923 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > perverse wharfedc1175 thwart-over?c1225 fromwardc1275 thwarta1325 wilgernc1325 contrariousa1340 froward1340 rebours1340 awaywarda1375 overthwartc1384 protervec1384 waywardc1384 arsewardc1386 wrawc1386 wrawfulc1386 crabbeda1400 ungraitha1400 wraweda1400 awklyc1400 perversec1425 awkc1440 perversiosec1475 crooked1508 wrayward1516 awkward1530 difficilec1533 peevish1539 protervous1547 overthwarting1552 untowardly1561 difficult1589 cross1594 cama1600 frowish1601 awkwardish1613 haggardly1635 pigheadeda1637 cross-grained1647 wry1649 crossfulc1680 thwarting1718 kim-kama1734 wronghead1737 piggish1742 witherly1790 top-thrawn1808 contrary1850 cussed1858 three-cornered1863 thwarteous1890 bloody-minded1935 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Tim. iii. 4 In the laste dayes, men schulen be louynge hem silf, coueitous..withoute benygnyte, traitours, proterue [L. protervi] or ouerthwert, bollun with proude thouȝtis. c1550 Clariodus (1830) i. 33 I have, alleace, done evill abone measoure, Bot now my fault most wickit and proterve All finishit is. 1560 in D. H. Fleming Reg. Christian Congregation St. Andrews (1889) I. 63 He..wald say, with ane proterve and severe visage..with his hand upoun his quhingar, that he wiste quhat held his hand bot [etc.] 1567 R. Sempill in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. 53 Man of his awin nature is so proterue. Derivatives † protervely adv. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > peevishness > [adverb] protervely1447 peevisha1529 pettishlya1625 peevishlya1638 frettinglya1649 crossly1736 fractiously1736 huffishly1755 fretfully1789 petulantly1838 pettedly1858 huffily1860 huffingly1864 teethily1879 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adverb] > perversely witherc1200 contrariouslyc1380 waywardly1395 frowardlya1400 overthwartlya1425 wrawlyc1440 protervely1447 perverselya1513 thrawnlya1522 perversedlya1525 thrawartly1533 thwartly1558 backwardlya1586 unreclaimablya1616 peevishlya1680 untowardly1682 bloody-mindedly1716 wrong-headedly1737 thrawart-like1768 cross-grained1825 pigheadedly1836 cussedly1868 contrariwise1873 1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) 4355 (MED) Thys Anneys, þis wyche, proterfly Oure goddys skornyng, wych doth blaspheme, To þe comoun bordel I iudycyally deme. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. MMvi Who soeuer by his owne reason or sentence, wyll defende proteruely or styfly, y^t thyng y^t he loueth. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < adj.c1384
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