Protestantn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈprɒtᵻst(ə)nt/, U.S.

/ˈprɑdəst(ə)nt/ (In senses A. II. and B. 2 also)Brit.

/prəˈtɛst(ə)nt/, U.S.

/prəˈtɛst(ə)nt/,

/ˌproʊˈtɛst(ə)nt/

Forms: 1500s Protestante, 1500s Protestaunt, 1500s Protestaunte, 1500s Protestayne, 1500s– Protestant, 1600s–1700s Prodistant, 1700s Proddistant; Scottish pre-1700 Protestan, pre-1700 Protestand, pre-1700 Protestane, pre-1700 Protestante, pre-1700 Protestaon, pre-1700 Protesten, pre-1700 1700s– Protestant. Also with lower-case initial.

Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Apparently a borrowing from Latin; modelled on a German lexical item. Probably also partly a borrowing from French; modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: Latin prōtestānt-, prōtestāns; French protestant.

Etymology: Apparently originally < classical Latin prōtestānt-, prōtestāns, present participle of prōtestārī protest v., after either German protestieren protest v. (in the wording of the protest at Speyer: so protestieren und bezeugen wir hiermit öffentlich vor Gott, literally ‘thus we protest and testify publicly before God’) or protestierend, adjective (see below); probably subsequently reinforced by Middle French protestant (1541 as adjective in a work title; 1542 as noun, with reference to Protestants in Germany, 1546 with reference to Protestants in France, rare before 17th cent.), and by post-classical Latin protestans (adjective) Protestant (1541), (noun) a Protestant (?1540; 1545, 17th cent. in British sources). Compare Italian protestante (1574 as noun), Dutch protestant (1581 or earlier), Middle Low German prōtēstante (16th cent.), German Protestant (1606 or earlier), all nouns in sense ‘Protestant, esp. Lutheran’.In German, the most common term in the 16th and 17th centuries was protestierend , adjective (c1539 or earlier in this sense; 1540 or earlier as plural noun in the corresponding sense), use as adjective of the present participle of protestieren protest v.; German Protestant is probably < French. With use as adjective compare protesting adj. With quot. 1542 at sense B. 1a compare German protestierende Stände (c1539 or earlier). With senses A. 3 and B. 2 compare French protestant , present participle of protester protest v.; compare -ant suffix¹.

A. n.

I. Christian Church.

1. Usually in plural. Any of the German princes or free cities dissenting from the second Diet of Speyer (1529), which reaffirmed the edict of the Diet of Worms against the Reformation; (hence more generally) an adherent of the Reformed doctrines and worship in Germany.In the 16th cent. the term Protestant, for Lutheran, and Reformed, for Calvinist, were often contrasted.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > person > esp. in Germany or Switzerland

Protestant1539

Saxoniana1600

1539 T. Wyatt Let. xiv, in K. Muir Life & Lett. (1963) 90 The Launsegrave the Duke of Saxone and the other of the Liegue whiche they cal the Protestantes.

1540 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 287 They reken heere that the Protestantes will make no leage nor truecis with thEmperour, but under suche wordes, as shalbe able to ynclude the Duke of Cleves to.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. lxxxij^v Unto this protestation of Prynces, certen of the chief cities..did subscribe..this is in dede y^e first original of the name of Protestauntes, which not only in Germany, but also emonges foreyn nations, is nowe common and famous.

1624 W. Bedell Copies Certaine Lett. ii. 4 Protestants. A name first given to the Princes and free Cities of Germany, that sought reformation in the Diet at Spire, Anno 1529.

1659 J. Milton Civil Power in Wks. (1738) I. 547 Which Protestation made by the first public Reformers of our Religion against the Imperial Edicts of Charles the fifth, imposing Church-Traditions without Scripture, gave first beginning to the name of Protestant.

1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxx. 174 The Lutheran princes..had combined in a league for their own defence at Smalcalde; and because they protested against the votes passed in the imperial diet, they thenceforth received the appellation of Protestants.

1763 J. Banckes Hist. Germany 115 The edict of Augsburg was suspended yet longer, in favour of the Protestants.

1899 B. J. Kidd 39 Articles I. i. i. §2. 7 In church ornaments,..the Lutherans or Protestants were willing to retain everything that was not expressly forbidden in Scripture.

1906 T. M. Lindsay Hist. Reformation (1907) I. ii. v. 342 The Emperor seemed free to crush the German Protestants.

1955 B. Winchester Tudor Family Portrait i. ii. 44 The Palsgrave of the Rhine and other German princes cast in their lot with the Protestants.

2003 K. Gustavs tr. A. Beutel Cambr. Compan. Martin Luther i. i. 18 Luther..did summarize the theological priorities of the Protestants, which ought not to be given up in the discussion with Rome.

a. A member or adherent of any of the Christian churches or bodies which repudiated the papal authority, and separated or were severed from the Roman communion in the Reformation of the 16th cent., and of any of the bodies of Christians descended from them; (now also more generally) a member of any Western Christian church outside the Roman communion. Opposed to Papist, Roman Catholic, or Catholic in the restricted sense.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > person

evangelical1532

gospeller1533

Protestant?1551

tropist1561

proculstant1589

tropic1607

evangelic1620

religionary1622

reformed1679

Prot1725

Prod1837

gospellist1845

right-footer1929

left-footer1933

Christian1951

Proddy Dog1954

Proddy-hopper1958

Proddy-woddy1959

Proddy1963

?1551 T. Becon Fruitful Treat. Fasting sig. Av Into how many sects is Christendome yet deuided? Ar not some called papists, some protestants, some Anabaptists, some sacramentaries?

c1561 E. Underhill in Narr. Reformation (1859) vi. 141 Your honors do knowe thatt in this contraversy thatt hathe byn sume be called papistes and sume protestaynes.

1594 T. Nashe Vnfortunate Traveller sig. K2 I must say to the shame of vs Protestants, if good workes may merit heauen, they [sc. the Romans] do them, we talke of them.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 327 William Lambard..was the first Protestant that built an Hospitall.

1659 R. Baxter Key for Catholicks Pref. 3 A Protestant is a Christian that holdeth to the holy Scriptures as a sufficient Rule of faith and holy living and protesteth against Popery.

1689 Abp. W. Sancroft in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 447 We are true Englishmen and true Protestants, and heartily love our Religion and our Laws.

1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 170 You will allow..me, as a Roman, to distinguish far, between a Protestant and a Pagan.

1762 P. Murdoch tr. A. F. Büsching New Syst. Geogr. I. 401 [It] has likewise a consistorical jurisdiction over the Protestants and Papists in that city.

1798 S. Lee Young Lady's Tale in H. Lee Canterbury Tales II. 255 He could not, as a protestant, claim sanctuary with the monks.

1828 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 38 575 In their opinion, the differences between the Roman Catholic and the Protestant are what they call bloodworthy.

1864 J. H. Newman Apologia vii. 425 If Protestants wish to know what our real teaching is,..let them look, not at our books of casuistry, but at our catechisms.

1895 Ld. Acton Lect. Study Hist. (1896) 24 The centre of gravity, moving..from the Latin to the Teuton, has also passed from the Catholic to the Protestant.

1900 C. M. Yonge Mod. Broods v. 50 You seem to me like the Roman Catholic child, who said there were five sacraments, there ought to be seven, but the Protestants had got two of them.

1955 R. Macaulay Let. 5 Feb. in Last Lett. to Friend (1962) 190 It is this tendency to rule out Protestants (including Anglicans) from the Church of Christ that is so tiresome and silly.

1993 T. Parker May Lord in His Mercy be Kind to Belfast (1994) vi. 66 The only unusual thing about them is my father's a Catholic and my mother's a Protestant.

b. Originally: a member of the Anglican Church as opposed to a Nonconformist Church. Later also: a member of the Anglican Church holding Low Church views (opposed to Anglo-Catholic).In reference to the Church of England the use has varied with time and circumstances. In the 17th cent. Protestant was generally accepted and used by members of the Established Church, and was applied to the exclusion of Presbyterians, Quakers, and Separatists. This usage remained current in parts of England and Ireland at least until the late 19th cent. Since the Catholic Revival in the Church of England in the 19th cent., the name has been disfavoured or disowned by Anglicans who lay stress on the claim of the Church of England to be equally Catholic with the Church of Rome. It is now generally opposed to Roman Catholic, or (after common Continental and Roman Catholic use) to Catholic.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [noun] > person

Protestant1583

Anglican1710

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > Low Church > [noun] > person

Protestant1583

latitude man1662

latitudinarian1662

Low Churchman1698

low-flyer?1704

lowboy1707

Simeonite1795

Hoadlyite1800

evangelical1804

evangelic1812

peculiar1834

Sim1836

Recordite1844

evangelican1876

Kensitite1898

1583 W. Fulke Def. Transl. Script. 63 We speake indifferently against Protestants, Caluinists, Bezites, and Puritans, without any curious distinction of them.

1605 G. Chapman et al. Eastward Hoe v. sig. H4 I haue had of all sorts of men..vnder my Keyes: & almost of all Religions i' the land, as Papist, Protestant, Puritane, Brownist, Anabaptist,..&c.

1642 Mrs. Eure in F. P. Verney et al. Mem. Verney Family Civil War (1892) II. v. 96 Neither papist, nor puritan, aye nor protestant, but will be the loosers by it.

1661 Bp. J. Taylor Serm. at Opening Parl. Irel. 8 May ⁋11 I hope the presbyterian will join with the protestant, and say, that the papist, and the Socinian, and the independent, and the anabaptist, and the quaker, are guilty of rebellion and disobedience.

1797 Appeal on Present State Ireland 43 Admit the Catholics in common with the Protestants and Dissenters to seats in Parliament.

1813 A. Knox Let. 5 Jan. in J. Jebb & A. Knox Thirty Years' Corr. (1834) II. 122 What perverse influence the nick-name of protestant has had on our church.

1830 W. Carleton Traits & Stories Irish Peasantry II. 9 The population of the Catholics on the one side, and of Protestants and Dissenters on the other.

1834 J. H. Newman Let. 30 July (1891) II. 59 The word Protestant does not, as far as I know, occur in our formularies. It is an uncomfortable, perplexing word, intended to connect us..with the Protestants abroad. We are a ‘Reformed’ Church, not a ‘Protestant’.

1874 J. H. Blunt Dict. Sects 447/2 High Churchmen of modern times..have..objected to the designation of Protestant as being (1) one of too negative a character to express at all justly the principle of Catholic resistance to the uncatholic pretensions and practices of Rome: and (2) as being a name which is used by so many sects as to be inclusive even of heresy.

1905 A. Cooper-Marsdin Church or Sect i. 7 I refuse to call myself a Protestant except..when I wish to declare..that I am not a Papist.

1933 G. Faber Oxf. Apostles iii. 73 They [sc. the Tractarians] were hostile to Roman pretensions..but they claimed the same title of Catholic..and they loathed the title of Protestant only less than that of Dissenter.

1970 Economist 25 Apr. 17/2 The formation of the new Alliance party, for Protestants and Roman Catholics alike.

2003 Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Nexis) 10 Nov. a2 The Episcopal Church, a tent that holds Anglo-Catholics and ‘low church’ Protestants, liberals and evangelicals.

c. A member of a nonconformist or non-episcopal Church.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [noun] > not

Protestant1862

1862 Times 24 Oct. 8/1 Protestants and Anglicans understand this well and rejoice in it.

1958 J. M. Argyle Relig. Behaviour xii. 157 By Protestants we mean to refer to the main ‘nonconformist’ denominations such as Methodists, Presbyterians and Baptists.

1977 R. L. Wolff Gains & Losses 8 Dissenters or Non-conformists, Protestants of many varying sects, who dissent from the Church of England.

2006 Wichita (Kansas) Eagle (Nexis) 4 Mar. f3 Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Protestants and other Christians celebrate Easter this year on April 16.

II. Senses relating to protest v. Usually with lower-case initial.

a. A person who makes a positive declaration or avowal. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > love > courtship or wooing > [noun] > one who courts or woos

wooerc1000

company-keeper1554

suitor?1555

love-maker1581

squire1590

courter1611

chevalier1630

Protestant1648

suitorer1688

cavalier1752

courtier1766

1648 R. Herrick Hesperides sig. I5^v Bid me to live, and I will live Thy Protestant to be.

1903 G. F. Browne St. Aldhelm 297 Abbat Failbe was the first Protestant in these islands, for Adamnan says that he ‘protested’... A Protestant is one who asserts his own belief in a definite and positive form.

1904 Daily Chron. 5 May 3/3 That is how we find among her ‘protestants’ Mr. Denis O'Hara, whose love-chase is the theme of this, as of the earlier story.

b. A person who protests against something; a protester, an objector. (In early use often with allusion to senses A. 1, A. 2.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > request > protesting or remonstrance > [noun] > protestor

reclaimantc1600

remonstrancer1618

protester?1626

remonstrant1641

remonstrator1646

remonstranter1650

protestor1659

Protestant1853

1853 F. D. Maurice Prophets & Kings Old Test. xix. 328 The protestant against sensual and divided worship.

1862 F. D. Maurice Mod. Philos. ix. §108. 629 To hope that he would be the effectual protestant against all North West passages.

1896 C. Gore Rom. Catholic Claims (1904) App. i. 206 When John the Baptist appeared, he appeared as a protestant against the actual development which the inspired religion had received.

1931 R. Campbell Georgiad ii. 38 First of earth's protestants, his single voice..Was lifted in complaint.

1963 Van Nuys (Calif.) News 15 Oct. 6/4 Another protestant against the meeting was Mrs. Lucinda Benge.

1986 Jrnl. (Fairfax County, Va.) 27 May A4/2 (advt.) Within five (5) days of receipt of any Notice of Protest, Company shall serve upon each protestant a copy of all materials now or hereafter filed.

B. adj.

a. Of, relating to, or of the nature of Protestants or Protestantism; designating Christian bodies, beliefs, etc., outside the Communion of Rome and the Eastern Communions. In the earliest quots., the meaning is protesting, and, in reference to the Continent, the meaning is Lutheran.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [adjective]

evangelical1532

Protestant1539

Protestantical1566

evangelic1583

Protestantish1614

Prot1737

Orange1920

Proddy1954

Prod1977

1539 T. Cromwell in State Papers Henry VIII (1830) I. 605 The States Protestantes have geven their petition more then 4 dayes passed, but as yet thEmperours Commissioners have geven no answer therto.

1542 M. Coverdale tr. Actes Disput. Cowncell of Empyre at Regenspurg 195 These be the Prynces and estates protestantys & all which do stond to the confessyon geuen at Augspurg called the germanys confession.

1584 Copie of Let. conc. Erle of Leycester 117 Complaining on al handes of our protestant Bishoppes & Cleargy.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes Ep. Ded. sig. A6 D. Gesner..was a Protestant Physitian.

1654 Orig. Jrnls. House of Commons 7 Dec. 41 f. 103 The true reformed Protestant Christian Religion, as it is contayned in the holy Scriptures..shalbe asserted and maintayned as the publique profession of these Nations.

1689 Abp. W. Sancroft in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 447 The Bishops and Clergy of England are unmoveably fixt to the Protestant religion.

1700 S. Pepys Let. 12 Apr. All the King of France does against his Protestant subjects.

a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Suppl. to Hist. Own Time (1902) i. 153 She does the protestant interest more service than all her ill-affects can do it a prejudice.

1759 W. Robertson Hist. Scotl. ii, in Hist. Wks. (1813) I. 145 The protestant army, whenever it came, kindled or spread the ardour of reformation.

1828 Act 9 Geo. IV (Declaration) c. 17. §2 The Protestant Church as it is by Law established in England.

1854 W. F. Hook Church Dict. at Protestant We tell the Papist that with respect to him we are Protestant; we tell the Protestant Dissenter that in respect to him we are Catholics; and we may be called Protestant or Protesting Catholics, or as some of our writers describe us, Anglo-Catholics.

1930 T. Parsons tr. M. Weber Protestant Ethic i. 35 Business leaders and owners of capital.., are overwhelmingly Protestant.

1954 B. Griffiths Golden String vii. 114 When his mother heard that it would be necessary for him to attend a Protestant service, she had replied that she would rather go to the workhouse.

1997 W. Dalrymple From Holy Mountain (1998) v. 358 The Protestant cemetery on Mount Zion..had been further desecrated no fewer than eight times.

b. More narrowly: nonconformist, non-episcopal. See sense A. 2c.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [adjective] > not

unanglican1842

Protestant1864

1864 J. H. Newman Apologia v. 248 They [sc. Anglican Bishops] were..fraternizing..with Protestant bodies, and allowing them to put themselves under an Anglican Bishop, without any renunciation of their errors.

1942 J. Bailie Invitation to Pilgrimage x. 71 Some of the lesser Protestant sects, Quaker, Methodist, and others,..tended to be ‘perfectionist’.

1977 R. L. Wolff Gains & Losses 13 Those who were more Protestant than the legally established Church of England had their own troubled history.

1990 H. P. Chapman Rembrandt's Self-portraits Introd. 5 Though the Calvinist Reformed Church dominated, the presence of other Protestant sects and other faiths provided unusual religious choice.

2000 A. Dutney in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 134/2 Anglican and Protestant arguments favouring the use of contraception.

2. Usually with lower-case initial. In non-religious contexts: protesting; making a protest. (Often punning on B. 1a.) Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > request > protesting or remonstrance > [adjective] > remonstrating

expostulatory1592

expostulating1637

remonstrating1660

deprecatory1704

remonstrant1773

remonstratory1823

expostulative1837

Protestant1844

deprecating1871

expostulant1880

deprecative1884

1844 Ld. Houghton Tintern Abbey in Mem. Many Scenes 182 We of this latter, still protestant age, With priestly ministrations of the sun,..Maintain this consecration.

1890 G. S. Hall in Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 61 A private protestant tribunal, where personal moral convictions preside.

1899 Echo 1 Nov. 1/4 Artlessly protestant against the vicious vanities of smart society.

1924 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 4 May iii. 1/6 She was trembling..and vaguely indefinitely protestant against staying.

Compounds

Protestant ascendancy n. the domination of the Anglo-Irish Protestant minority in pre-Republican Ireland, esp. in the 18th and 19th centuries; (also) the members of the landed aristocracy comprising this minority.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > rule of any class or persons > ruling class or group > [noun] > of Anglo-Irish in Ireland

Protestant ascendancy1787

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > person > collective > in Ireland

Protestant ascendancy1787

1787 W. Campbell Vindic. Presbyterians Ireland (ed. 2) 34 If..it should appear eligible to the wisdom of Parliament to change the ecclesiastical Establishment, don't be afraid that the protestant ascendency..would be in any danger from the want of another national Church.

1792 E. Burke Let. in Wks. (1901) VI. 65 The Lord Mayor of Dublin, and the Speaker of the Irish parliament, who recommend the preservation of the Protestant ascendency.

1827 J. Barrington Personal Sketches Own Times 243 The term ‘Protestant ascendancy’ was coined by Mr. John Gifford..and became an epithet very fatal to the peace of Ireland.

1875 F. Arnold Our Bishops & Deans I. iii. 148 What idea of Protestant truth was conveyed to the Roman Catholics by the favourite phrase ‘Protestant ascendancy’?

1922 R. Dunlop Ireland from Earliest Times v. 129 The Treaty of Limerick marks the beginning of a new period known as that of the Protestant Ascendancy.

1992 Times 12 Sept. 12/1 An ‘ethnic cleansing’ victim of the Protestant ascendancy in Ireland.

Protestant Dissenter n. now historical a protestant who dissents from the Church of England or Scotland; cf. dissenter n. 2c.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > nonconformity > [noun] > person > Protestant

sectary1556

Protestant Dissenter1668

1668 J. Corbet Second Disc. Relig. Eng. v. 12 The Protestant Dissenters, are such as do much of the Business of the Nation, and have not their Interest apart, but in strict conjunction with the whole Body-Politick.

1689 Toleration Act 1 W. & M. c. 18 §11 They believe him to be a Protestant Dissenter.

1780 M. Dawes Ess. Intellect. Liberty 71 The protestant dissenters, who, by the Toleration Act, are indulged with a distinct mode of worship.

1839 Eclectic Rev. 1 Jan. 4 The Protestant Dissenters of English History, in whose favour the provisions of the ‘Toleration Act’ were originally intended to operate, consist of the three denominations..; viz., the Presbyterians, the Congregationalists (or Independents), and the Baptists.

1872 O. Shipley Gloss. Eccl. Terms Hallelujah Band, a sect of Protestant dissenters.

1950 Church Hist. 19 198 The policy of William and Mary of tolerating all Protestant dissenters had been generally accepted.

2006 Guardian (Nexis) 10 Jan. 30 His father, pastor of a congregation of protestant dissenters, afterwards resided under the auspices of the Society of Friends.

Protestant Duke n. (a popular title for) James Scott, Duke of Monmouth and Buccleuch (1649–85), distinguishing him from the Duke of York, his Roman Catholic uncle (later James II).

ΚΠ

1680 True Narr. Duke Monmouth's Late Journey 3 The Citizens..shouting out..God bless the Protestant Duke, God bless the Protestant Prince.

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1679 (1955) IV. 189 The Duke of Munmoth..whom for distinction they cal'd the Protestant Duke.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 576 To them he was still the good duke, the Protestant duke, the rightful heir whom a vile conspiracy kept out of his own.

1910 R. Sabatini Mistress Wilding xiii. 172 One group sent up a shout of ‘God save the Protestant Duke!’ as they rode past him.

2002 Jrnl. Brit. Stud. 41 240 We learn enough about..the Protestant Duke, and the important propagandists..of the Glorious Revolution.

Protestant Episcopal n. (more fully Protestant Episcopal Church) the Protestant Church of the Anglican communion in the United States.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [adjective] > in U.S.

Protestant Episcopal1780

1780 in Jrnl. 95th Ann. Convent. Protestant Episcopal Church Diocese of Maryland (1878) 146 On motion of the Secretary, it was proposed that the Church known in the province as Protestant be called ‘the Protestant-Episcopal Church’, and it was so adopted.

1857 Church Rev. Jan. 562 The Protestant Episcopal is representative—republican; but not democratic.

1920 Catholic World Sept. 777 The best they can offer now as a way out of the hated ‘Protestant Episcopal’ is ‘Protestant Catholic’ church!

1998 Church Times 9 Jan. 2/2 The Episcopal Church in the United States (ECUSA) may file a ‘massive lawsuit’ against traditionalists who have registered its former name, ‘Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America’, as PECUSA Inc.

Protestant Episcopalianism n. the system, faith, or practice of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [noun] > in U.S.

Protestant Episcopalianism1832

Protestant Episcopalism1836

1832 U.S. Catholic Sentinel 25 May 278/3 The ‘established’ errors and fatal delusions of Protestant Episcopalianism.

1866 J. A. Partridge On Democracy 376 It was not the Church, but Kings, Lords, and Commons that changed Roman Catholicism for Protestant Episcopalianism.

1956 R. Macaulay Towers of Trebizond i. 14 My aunt had inherited..strong prejudices against..all American religious bodies except Protestant Episcopalianism.

1991 Eng. Hist. Rev. 106 127 For more than a generation the American Methodists have been ground between the upper millstone of Protestant Episcopalianism and the lower millstone of the Southern Baptists.

† Protestant Episcopalism n. Obsolete rare = Protestant Episcopalianism n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [noun] > in U.S.

Protestant Episcopalianism1832

Protestant Episcopalism1836

1836 Southern Literary Messenger 2 282 In regard to Protestant Episcopalism in America, it may be safely said that, prior to this publication of Dr. Hawks, there were no written memorials extant.

Protestant ethic n. = Protestant work ethic n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > criticism > [noun] > codes of ethics

bushido1898

budo1905

Protestant ethic1926

situation ethics1942

situation morality1959

Protestant work ethic1963

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > attitude to work

Protestant ethic1926

Protestant work ethic1963

1904 M. Weber in Archiv f. Sozialwissenschaft u. Sozialpolitik 20 1 (title) Die protestantische Ethik und der ‘Geist’ des Kapitalismus.]

1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism 320 Both ‘the capitalist spirit’ and ‘Protestant ethics’..were a good deal more complex than Weber seems to imply.

1930 T. Parsons tr. M. Weber Protestant Ethic iii. 89 We thus take as our starting-point in the investigation of the relationship between the old Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism the works of Calvin, of Calvinism, and the other Puritan sects.

1977 Listener 7 Apr. 455/1 Infant prodigies..are the ultimate denial of the Protestant Ethic—hard work can produce lesser rewards than sheer talent.

2002 Foreign Policy Nov.–Dec. 39/2 Weber linked northern Europe's economic success to its Protestant ethic.

Protestant work ethic n. the view that to be successful through hard work is a person's duty and responsibility, which, according to Max Weber's analysis, first evolved in Protestant Europe through the teachings of Calvin.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > criticism > [noun] > codes of ethics

bushido1898

budo1905

Protestant ethic1926

situation ethics1942

situation morality1959

Protestant work ethic1963

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > attitude to work

Protestant ethic1926

Protestant work ethic1963

1963 G. K. Lewis Puerto Rico: Freedom & Power in Caribbean ii. xiv. 314 The habit of unpunctuality so irritating to the American Protestant work ethic.

1980 Country Life 24 Apr. 1283/3 Mrs Smith had the Protestant work-ethic in the very marrow of her bones.

2001 N.Y. Times Mag. 21 Jan. 68/1 Founding a country on a Protestant work ethic is a mind-crime of magnificent proportions.

Derivatives

ˈProtestantdom n. Protestant communities collectively; (also) the principles of Protestantism.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > person > collective

reformed1588

Protestantism1651

Protestantdom1676

Protestancy1711

1676 Doctr. of Devils 21 If there have not been..even in Protestantdom some too, that..give heed to such doctrines.

1859 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) 17 842 In a few years she [sc. Christianity] won to Protestantdom principalities, cantons, kingdoms; and despite that unparalleled enemy.

1896 D. L. Leonard in Papers Ohio Ch. Hist. Soc. VII. 98 Probably by most of Christendom, if not also by most of ‘Protestantdom’, we are as yet unheard of.

1994 Chicago Sun-Times (Nexis) 16 June 2 The British Isles, the bastion of Protestantdom ever since Henry VIII broke ties with Rome.

ˈProtestantlike adj.

ΚΠ

1564 J. Rastell Confut. Serm. M. Iuell f. 70^v An argument of authoritie negatiuely ys nawght and protestantlyke.

1635 S. Birckbek Protestants Evid. (new ed.) ii. 53 His forme of Praier is Protestant-like.

1829 W. Scott in Q. Rev. Nov. 334 His vassal William was setting the threats and actual excommunications of the Romish see at protestantlike defiance.

1978 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 37 744/2 Equally surprising, considering his interest in Weber, is Metzger's failure to touch on the protestantlike activity of keeping records of merit and demerit.

2001 C. K. Ansell Schism & Solidarity in Social Movements iii. 45 The socialist religion of the 1830s and 1840s adopted Protestantlike repertoires.

ˈProtestantly adv.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [adverb]

evangelically1532

Protestantly1659

Protestantishly1685

1659 J. Milton Treat. Civil Power 22 To protestants..nothing more protestantly can be permitted then a free and lawful debate.

1865 L. Gage & J. H. W. Stuckenberg tr. K. R. Hagenbach German Rationalism 227 ‘If,’ says Herder, quite Protestantly, ‘the sketch is taken for the thing itself..and it is then believed that all the treasures of knowledge are gathered, what a mistake!’

1989 New Republic (Nexis) 15 May 46 Agnostic, Protestantly reared, the narrator is drawn to the Catholic faith.

1991 Newsday (Nexis) 25 Aug. 8 You can..pray—Protestantly or Catholically—in any number of architecturally impressive gray-stone churches.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	protestant
释义	Protestantn.adj. Brit. /ˈprɒtᵻst(ə)nt/, U.S. /ˈprɑdəst(ə)nt/ (In senses A. II. and B. 2 also)Brit. /prəˈtɛst(ə)nt/, U.S. /prəˈtɛst(ə)nt/, /ˌproʊˈtɛst(ə)nt/ Forms: 1500s Protestante, 1500s Protestaunt, 1500s Protestaunte, 1500s Protestayne, 1500s– Protestant, 1600s–1700s Prodistant, 1700s Proddistant; Scottish pre-1700 Protestan, pre-1700 Protestand, pre-1700 Protestane, pre-1700 Protestante, pre-1700 Protestaon, pre-1700 Protesten, pre-1700 1700s– Protestant. Also with lower-case initial. Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Apparently a borrowing from Latin; modelled on a German lexical item. Probably also partly a borrowing from French; modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: Latin prōtestānt-, prōtestāns; French protestant. Etymology: Apparently originally < classical Latin prōtestānt-, prōtestāns, present participle of prōtestārī protest v., after either German protestieren protest v. (in the wording of the protest at Speyer: so protestieren und bezeugen wir hiermit öffentlich vor Gott, literally ‘thus we protest and testify publicly before God’) or protestierend, adjective (see below); probably subsequently reinforced by Middle French protestant (1541 as adjective in a work title; 1542 as noun, with reference to Protestants in Germany, 1546 with reference to Protestants in France, rare before 17th cent.), and by post-classical Latin protestans (adjective) Protestant (1541), (noun) a Protestant (?1540; 1545, 17th cent. in British sources). Compare Italian protestante (1574 as noun), Dutch protestant (1581 or earlier), Middle Low German prōtēstante (16th cent.), German Protestant (1606 or earlier), all nouns in sense ‘Protestant, esp. Lutheran’.In German, the most common term in the 16th and 17th centuries was protestierend , adjective (c1539 or earlier in this sense; 1540 or earlier as plural noun in the corresponding sense), use as adjective of the present participle of protestieren protest v.; German Protestant is probably < French. With use as adjective compare protesting adj. With quot. 1542 at sense B. 1a compare German protestierende Stände (c1539 or earlier). With senses A. 3 and B. 2 compare French protestant , present participle of protester protest v.; compare -ant suffix¹. A. n. I. Christian Church. 1. Usually in plural. Any of the German princes or free cities dissenting from the second Diet of Speyer (1529), which reaffirmed the edict of the Diet of Worms against the Reformation; (hence more generally) an adherent of the Reformed doctrines and worship in Germany.In the 16th cent. the term Protestant, for Lutheran, and Reformed, for Calvinist, were often contrasted. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > person > esp. in Germany or Switzerland Protestant1539 Saxoniana1600 1539 T. Wyatt Let. xiv, in K. Muir Life & Lett. (1963) 90 The Launsegrave the Duke of Saxone and the other of the Liegue whiche they cal the Protestantes. 1540 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 287 They reken heere that the Protestantes will make no leage nor truecis with thEmperour, but under suche wordes, as shalbe able to ynclude the Duke of Cleves to. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. lxxxij^v Unto this protestation of Prynces, certen of the chief cities..did subscribe..this is in dede y^e first original of the name of Protestauntes, which not only in Germany, but also emonges foreyn nations, is nowe common and famous. 1624 W. Bedell Copies Certaine Lett. ii. 4 Protestants. A name first given to the Princes and free Cities of Germany, that sought reformation in the Diet at Spire, Anno 1529. 1659 J. Milton Civil Power in Wks. (1738) I. 547 Which Protestation made by the first public Reformers of our Religion against the Imperial Edicts of Charles the fifth, imposing Church-Traditions without Scripture, gave first beginning to the name of Protestant. 1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxx. 174 The Lutheran princes..had combined in a league for their own defence at Smalcalde; and because they protested against the votes passed in the imperial diet, they thenceforth received the appellation of Protestants. 1763 J. Banckes Hist. Germany 115 The edict of Augsburg was suspended yet longer, in favour of the Protestants. 1899 B. J. Kidd 39 Articles I. i. i. §2. 7 In church ornaments,..the Lutherans or Protestants were willing to retain everything that was not expressly forbidden in Scripture. 1906 T. M. Lindsay Hist. Reformation (1907) I. ii. v. 342 The Emperor seemed free to crush the German Protestants. 1955 B. Winchester Tudor Family Portrait i. ii. 44 The Palsgrave of the Rhine and other German princes cast in their lot with the Protestants. 2003 K. Gustavs tr. A. Beutel Cambr. Compan. Martin Luther i. i. 18 Luther..did summarize the theological priorities of the Protestants, which ought not to be given up in the discussion with Rome. 2. a. A member or adherent of any of the Christian churches or bodies which repudiated the papal authority, and separated or were severed from the Roman communion in the Reformation of the 16th cent., and of any of the bodies of Christians descended from them; (now also more generally) a member of any Western Christian church outside the Roman communion. Opposed to Papist, Roman Catholic, or Catholic in the restricted sense. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > person evangelical1532 gospeller1533 Protestant?1551 tropist1561 proculstant1589 tropic1607 evangelic1620 religionary1622 reformed1679 Prot1725 Prod1837 gospellist1845 right-footer1929 left-footer1933 Christian1951 Proddy Dog1954 Proddy-hopper1958 Proddy-woddy1959 Proddy1963 ?1551 T. Becon Fruitful Treat. Fasting sig. Av Into how many sects is Christendome yet deuided? Ar not some called papists, some protestants, some Anabaptists, some sacramentaries? c1561 E. Underhill in Narr. Reformation (1859) vi. 141 Your honors do knowe thatt in this contraversy thatt hathe byn sume be called papistes and sume protestaynes. 1594 T. Nashe Vnfortunate Traveller sig. K2 I must say to the shame of vs Protestants, if good workes may merit heauen, they [sc. the Romans] do them, we talke of them. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 327 William Lambard..was the first Protestant that built an Hospitall. 1659 R. Baxter Key for Catholicks Pref. 3 A Protestant is a Christian that holdeth to the holy Scriptures as a sufficient Rule of faith and holy living and protesteth against Popery. 1689 Abp. W. Sancroft in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 447 We are true Englishmen and true Protestants, and heartily love our Religion and our Laws. 1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 170 You will allow..me, as a Roman, to distinguish far, between a Protestant and a Pagan. 1762 P. Murdoch tr. A. F. Büsching New Syst. Geogr. I. 401 [It] has likewise a consistorical jurisdiction over the Protestants and Papists in that city. 1798 S. Lee Young Lady's Tale in H. Lee Canterbury Tales II. 255 He could not, as a protestant, claim sanctuary with the monks. 1828 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 38 575 In their opinion, the differences between the Roman Catholic and the Protestant are what they call bloodworthy. 1864 J. H. Newman Apologia vii. 425 If Protestants wish to know what our real teaching is,..let them look, not at our books of casuistry, but at our catechisms. 1895 Ld. Acton Lect. Study Hist. (1896) 24 The centre of gravity, moving..from the Latin to the Teuton, has also passed from the Catholic to the Protestant. 1900 C. M. Yonge Mod. Broods v. 50 You seem to me like the Roman Catholic child, who said there were five sacraments, there ought to be seven, but the Protestants had got two of them. 1955 R. Macaulay Let. 5 Feb. in Last Lett. to Friend (1962) 190 It is this tendency to rule out Protestants (including Anglicans) from the Church of Christ that is so tiresome and silly. 1993 T. Parker May Lord in His Mercy be Kind to Belfast (1994) vi. 66 The only unusual thing about them is my father's a Catholic and my mother's a Protestant. b. Originally: a member of the Anglican Church as opposed to a Nonconformist Church. Later also: a member of the Anglican Church holding Low Church views (opposed to Anglo-Catholic).In reference to the Church of England the use has varied with time and circumstances. In the 17th cent. Protestant was generally accepted and used by members of the Established Church, and was applied to the exclusion of Presbyterians, Quakers, and Separatists. This usage remained current in parts of England and Ireland at least until the late 19th cent. Since the Catholic Revival in the Church of England in the 19th cent., the name has been disfavoured or disowned by Anglicans who lay stress on the claim of the Church of England to be equally Catholic with the Church of Rome. It is now generally opposed to Roman Catholic, or (after common Continental and Roman Catholic use) to Catholic. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [noun] > person Protestant1583 Anglican1710 society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > Low Church > [noun] > person Protestant1583 latitude man1662 latitudinarian1662 Low Churchman1698 low-flyer?1704 lowboy1707 Simeonite1795 Hoadlyite1800 evangelical1804 evangelic1812 peculiar1834 Sim1836 Recordite1844 evangelican1876 Kensitite1898 1583 W. Fulke Def. Transl. Script. 63 We speake indifferently against Protestants, Caluinists, Bezites, and Puritans, without any curious distinction of them. 1605 G. Chapman et al. Eastward Hoe v. sig. H4 I haue had of all sorts of men..vnder my Keyes: & almost of all Religions i' the land, as Papist, Protestant, Puritane, Brownist, Anabaptist,..&c. 1642 Mrs. Eure in F. P. Verney et al. Mem. Verney Family Civil War (1892) II. v. 96 Neither papist, nor puritan, aye nor protestant, but will be the loosers by it. 1661 Bp. J. Taylor Serm. at Opening Parl. Irel. 8 May ⁋11 I hope the presbyterian will join with the protestant, and say, that the papist, and the Socinian, and the independent, and the anabaptist, and the quaker, are guilty of rebellion and disobedience. 1797 Appeal on Present State Ireland 43 Admit the Catholics in common with the Protestants and Dissenters to seats in Parliament. 1813 A. Knox Let. 5 Jan. in J. Jebb & A. Knox Thirty Years' Corr. (1834) II. 122 What perverse influence the nick-name of protestant has had on our church. 1830 W. Carleton Traits & Stories Irish Peasantry II. 9 The population of the Catholics on the one side, and of Protestants and Dissenters on the other. 1834 J. H. Newman Let. 30 July (1891) II. 59 The word Protestant does not, as far as I know, occur in our formularies. It is an uncomfortable, perplexing word, intended to connect us..with the Protestants abroad. We are a ‘Reformed’ Church, not a ‘Protestant’. 1874 J. H. Blunt Dict. Sects 447/2 High Churchmen of modern times..have..objected to the designation of Protestant as being (1) one of too negative a character to express at all justly the principle of Catholic resistance to the uncatholic pretensions and practices of Rome: and (2) as being a name which is used by so many sects as to be inclusive even of heresy. 1905 A. Cooper-Marsdin Church or Sect i. 7 I refuse to call myself a Protestant except..when I wish to declare..that I am not a Papist. 1933 G. Faber Oxf. Apostles iii. 73 They [sc. the Tractarians] were hostile to Roman pretensions..but they claimed the same title of Catholic..and they loathed the title of Protestant only less than that of Dissenter. 1970 Economist 25 Apr. 17/2 The formation of the new Alliance party, for Protestants and Roman Catholics alike. 2003 Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Nexis) 10 Nov. a2 The Episcopal Church, a tent that holds Anglo-Catholics and ‘low church’ Protestants, liberals and evangelicals. c. A member of a nonconformist or non-episcopal Church. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [noun] > not Protestant1862 1862 Times 24 Oct. 8/1 Protestants and Anglicans understand this well and rejoice in it. 1958 J. M. Argyle Relig. Behaviour xii. 157 By Protestants we mean to refer to the main ‘nonconformist’ denominations such as Methodists, Presbyterians and Baptists. 1977 R. L. Wolff Gains & Losses 8 Dissenters or Non-conformists, Protestants of many varying sects, who dissent from the Church of England. 2006 Wichita (Kansas) Eagle (Nexis) 4 Mar. f3 Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Protestants and other Christians celebrate Easter this year on April 16. II. Senses relating to protest v. Usually with lower-case initial. 3. a. A person who makes a positive declaration or avowal. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > love > courtship or wooing > [noun] > one who courts or woos wooerc1000 company-keeper1554 suitor?1555 love-maker1581 squire1590 courter1611 chevalier1630 Protestant1648 suitorer1688 cavalier1752 courtier1766 1648 R. Herrick Hesperides sig. I5^v Bid me to live, and I will live Thy Protestant to be. 1903 G. F. Browne St. Aldhelm 297 Abbat Failbe was the first Protestant in these islands, for Adamnan says that he ‘protested’... A Protestant is one who asserts his own belief in a definite and positive form. 1904 Daily Chron. 5 May 3/3 That is how we find among her ‘protestants’ Mr. Denis O'Hara, whose love-chase is the theme of this, as of the earlier story. b. A person who protests against something; a protester, an objector. (In early use often with allusion to senses A. 1, A. 2.) ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > request > protesting or remonstrance > [noun] > protestor reclaimantc1600 remonstrancer1618 protester?1626 remonstrant1641 remonstrator1646 remonstranter1650 protestor1659 Protestant1853 1853 F. D. Maurice Prophets & Kings Old Test. xix. 328 The protestant against sensual and divided worship. 1862 F. D. Maurice Mod. Philos. ix. §108. 629 To hope that he would be the effectual protestant against all North West passages. 1896 C. Gore Rom. Catholic Claims (1904) App. i. 206 When John the Baptist appeared, he appeared as a protestant against the actual development which the inspired religion had received. 1931 R. Campbell Georgiad ii. 38 First of earth's protestants, his single voice..Was lifted in complaint. 1963 Van Nuys (Calif.) News 15 Oct. 6/4 Another protestant against the meeting was Mrs. Lucinda Benge. 1986 Jrnl. (Fairfax County, Va.) 27 May A4/2 (advt.) Within five (5) days of receipt of any Notice of Protest, Company shall serve upon each protestant a copy of all materials now or hereafter filed. B. adj. 1. a. Of, relating to, or of the nature of Protestants or Protestantism; designating Christian bodies, beliefs, etc., outside the Communion of Rome and the Eastern Communions. In the earliest quots., the meaning is protesting, and, in reference to the Continent, the meaning is Lutheran. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [adjective] evangelical1532 Protestant1539 Protestantical1566 evangelic1583 Protestantish1614 Prot1737 Orange1920 Proddy1954 Prod1977 1539 T. Cromwell in State Papers Henry VIII (1830) I. 605 The States Protestantes have geven their petition more then 4 dayes passed, but as yet thEmperours Commissioners have geven no answer therto. 1542 M. Coverdale tr. Actes Disput. Cowncell of Empyre at Regenspurg 195 These be the Prynces and estates protestantys & all which do stond to the confessyon geuen at Augspurg called the germanys confession. 1584 Copie of Let. conc. Erle of Leycester 117 Complaining on al handes of our protestant Bishoppes & Cleargy. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes Ep. Ded. sig. A6 D. Gesner..was a Protestant Physitian. 1654 Orig. Jrnls. House of Commons 7 Dec. 41 f. 103 The true reformed Protestant Christian Religion, as it is contayned in the holy Scriptures..shalbe asserted and maintayned as the publique profession of these Nations. 1689 Abp. W. Sancroft in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 447 The Bishops and Clergy of England are unmoveably fixt to the Protestant religion. 1700 S. Pepys Let. 12 Apr. All the King of France does against his Protestant subjects. a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Suppl. to Hist. Own Time (1902) i. 153 She does the protestant interest more service than all her ill-affects can do it a prejudice. 1759 W. Robertson Hist. Scotl. ii, in Hist. Wks. (1813) I. 145 The protestant army, whenever it came, kindled or spread the ardour of reformation. 1828 Act 9 Geo. IV (Declaration) c. 17. §2 The Protestant Church as it is by Law established in England. 1854 W. F. Hook Church Dict. at Protestant We tell the Papist that with respect to him we are Protestant; we tell the Protestant Dissenter that in respect to him we are Catholics; and we may be called Protestant or Protesting Catholics, or as some of our writers describe us, Anglo-Catholics. 1930 T. Parsons tr. M. Weber Protestant Ethic i. 35 Business leaders and owners of capital.., are overwhelmingly Protestant. 1954 B. Griffiths Golden String vii. 114 When his mother heard that it would be necessary for him to attend a Protestant service, she had replied that she would rather go to the workhouse. 1997 W. Dalrymple From Holy Mountain (1998) v. 358 The Protestant cemetery on Mount Zion..had been further desecrated no fewer than eight times. b. More narrowly: nonconformist, non-episcopal. See sense A. 2c. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [adjective] > not unanglican1842 Protestant1864 1864 J. H. Newman Apologia v. 248 They [sc. Anglican Bishops] were..fraternizing..with Protestant bodies, and allowing them to put themselves under an Anglican Bishop, without any renunciation of their errors. 1942 J. Bailie Invitation to Pilgrimage x. 71 Some of the lesser Protestant sects, Quaker, Methodist, and others,..tended to be ‘perfectionist’. 1977 R. L. Wolff Gains & Losses 13 Those who were more Protestant than the legally established Church of England had their own troubled history. 1990 H. P. Chapman Rembrandt's Self-portraits Introd. 5 Though the Calvinist Reformed Church dominated, the presence of other Protestant sects and other faiths provided unusual religious choice. 2000 A. Dutney in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 134/2 Anglican and Protestant arguments favouring the use of contraception. 2. Usually with lower-case initial. In non-religious contexts: protesting; making a protest. (Often punning on B. 1a.) Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > request > protesting or remonstrance > [adjective] > remonstrating expostulatory1592 expostulating1637 remonstrating1660 deprecatory1704 remonstrant1773 remonstratory1823 expostulative1837 Protestant1844 deprecating1871 expostulant1880 deprecative1884 1844 Ld. Houghton Tintern Abbey in Mem. Many Scenes 182 We of this latter, still protestant age, With priestly ministrations of the sun,..Maintain this consecration. 1890 G. S. Hall in Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 61 A private protestant tribunal, where personal moral convictions preside. 1899 Echo 1 Nov. 1/4 Artlessly protestant against the vicious vanities of smart society. 1924 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 4 May iii. 1/6 She was trembling..and vaguely indefinitely protestant against staying. Compounds Protestant ascendancy n. the domination of the Anglo-Irish Protestant minority in pre-Republican Ireland, esp. in the 18th and 19th centuries; (also) the members of the landed aristocracy comprising this minority. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > rule of any class or persons > ruling class or group > [noun] > of Anglo-Irish in Ireland Protestant ascendancy1787 society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > person > collective > in Ireland Protestant ascendancy1787 1787 W. Campbell Vindic. Presbyterians Ireland (ed. 2) 34 If..it should appear eligible to the wisdom of Parliament to change the ecclesiastical Establishment, don't be afraid that the protestant ascendency..would be in any danger from the want of another national Church. 1792 E. Burke Let. in Wks. (1901) VI. 65 The Lord Mayor of Dublin, and the Speaker of the Irish parliament, who recommend the preservation of the Protestant ascendency. 1827 J. Barrington Personal Sketches Own Times 243 The term ‘Protestant ascendancy’ was coined by Mr. John Gifford..and became an epithet very fatal to the peace of Ireland. 1875 F. Arnold Our Bishops & Deans I. iii. 148 What idea of Protestant truth was conveyed to the Roman Catholics by the favourite phrase ‘Protestant ascendancy’? 1922 R. Dunlop Ireland from Earliest Times v. 129 The Treaty of Limerick marks the beginning of a new period known as that of the Protestant Ascendancy. 1992 Times 12 Sept. 12/1 An ‘ethnic cleansing’ victim of the Protestant ascendancy in Ireland. Protestant Dissenter n. now historical a protestant who dissents from the Church of England or Scotland; cf. dissenter n. 2c. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > nonconformity > [noun] > person > Protestant sectary1556 Protestant Dissenter1668 1668 J. Corbet Second Disc. Relig. Eng. v. 12 The Protestant Dissenters, are such as do much of the Business of the Nation, and have not their Interest apart, but in strict conjunction with the whole Body-Politick. 1689 Toleration Act 1 W. & M. c. 18 §11 They believe him to be a Protestant Dissenter. 1780 M. Dawes Ess. Intellect. Liberty 71 The protestant dissenters, who, by the Toleration Act, are indulged with a distinct mode of worship. 1839 Eclectic Rev. 1 Jan. 4 The Protestant Dissenters of English History, in whose favour the provisions of the ‘Toleration Act’ were originally intended to operate, consist of the three denominations..; viz., the Presbyterians, the Congregationalists (or Independents), and the Baptists. 1872 O. Shipley Gloss. Eccl. Terms Hallelujah Band, a sect of Protestant dissenters. 1950 Church Hist. 19 198 The policy of William and Mary of tolerating all Protestant dissenters had been generally accepted. 2006 Guardian (Nexis) 10 Jan. 30 His father, pastor of a congregation of protestant dissenters, afterwards resided under the auspices of the Society of Friends. Protestant Duke n. (a popular title for) James Scott, Duke of Monmouth and Buccleuch (1649–85), distinguishing him from the Duke of York, his Roman Catholic uncle (later James II). ΚΠ 1680 True Narr. Duke Monmouth's Late Journey 3 The Citizens..shouting out..God bless the Protestant Duke, God bless the Protestant Prince. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1679 (1955) IV. 189 The Duke of Munmoth..whom for distinction they cal'd the Protestant Duke. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 576 To them he was still the good duke, the Protestant duke, the rightful heir whom a vile conspiracy kept out of his own. 1910 R. Sabatini Mistress Wilding xiii. 172 One group sent up a shout of ‘God save the Protestant Duke!’ as they rode past him. 2002 Jrnl. Brit. Stud. 41 240 We learn enough about..the Protestant Duke, and the important propagandists..of the Glorious Revolution. Protestant Episcopal n. (more fully Protestant Episcopal Church) the Protestant Church of the Anglican communion in the United States. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [adjective] > in U.S. Protestant Episcopal1780 1780 in Jrnl. 95th Ann. Convent. Protestant Episcopal Church Diocese of Maryland (1878) 146 On motion of the Secretary, it was proposed that the Church known in the province as Protestant be called ‘the Protestant-Episcopal Church’, and it was so adopted. 1857 Church Rev. Jan. 562 The Protestant Episcopal is representative—republican; but not democratic. 1920 Catholic World Sept. 777 The best they can offer now as a way out of the hated ‘Protestant Episcopal’ is ‘Protestant Catholic’ church! 1998 Church Times 9 Jan. 2/2 The Episcopal Church in the United States (ECUSA) may file a ‘massive lawsuit’ against traditionalists who have registered its former name, ‘Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America’, as PECUSA Inc. Protestant Episcopalianism n. the system, faith, or practice of the Protestant Episcopal Church. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [noun] > in U.S. Protestant Episcopalianism1832 Protestant Episcopalism1836 1832 U.S. Catholic Sentinel 25 May 278/3 The ‘established’ errors and fatal delusions of Protestant Episcopalianism. 1866 J. A. Partridge On Democracy 376 It was not the Church, but Kings, Lords, and Commons that changed Roman Catholicism for Protestant Episcopalianism. 1956 R. Macaulay Towers of Trebizond i. 14 My aunt had inherited..strong prejudices against..all American religious bodies except Protestant Episcopalianism. 1991 Eng. Hist. Rev. 106 127 For more than a generation the American Methodists have been ground between the upper millstone of Protestant Episcopalianism and the lower millstone of the Southern Baptists. † Protestant Episcopalism n. Obsolete rare = Protestant Episcopalianism n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [noun] > in U.S. Protestant Episcopalianism1832 Protestant Episcopalism1836 1836 Southern Literary Messenger 2 282 In regard to Protestant Episcopalism in America, it may be safely said that, prior to this publication of Dr. Hawks, there were no written memorials extant. Protestant ethic n. = Protestant work ethic n. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > criticism > [noun] > codes of ethics bushido1898 budo1905 Protestant ethic1926 situation ethics1942 situation morality1959 Protestant work ethic1963 society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > attitude to work Protestant ethic1926 Protestant work ethic1963 1904 M. Weber in Archiv f. Sozialwissenschaft u. Sozialpolitik 20 1 (title) Die protestantische Ethik und der ‘Geist’ des Kapitalismus.] 1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism 320 Both ‘the capitalist spirit’ and ‘Protestant ethics’..were a good deal more complex than Weber seems to imply. 1930 T. Parsons tr. M. Weber Protestant Ethic iii. 89 We thus take as our starting-point in the investigation of the relationship between the old Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism the works of Calvin, of Calvinism, and the other Puritan sects. 1977 Listener 7 Apr. 455/1 Infant prodigies..are the ultimate denial of the Protestant Ethic—hard work can produce lesser rewards than sheer talent. 2002 Foreign Policy Nov.–Dec. 39/2 Weber linked northern Europe's economic success to its Protestant ethic. Protestant work ethic n. the view that to be successful through hard work is a person's duty and responsibility, which, according to Max Weber's analysis, first evolved in Protestant Europe through the teachings of Calvin. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > criticism > [noun] > codes of ethics bushido1898 budo1905 Protestant ethic1926 situation ethics1942 situation morality1959 Protestant work ethic1963 society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > attitude to work Protestant ethic1926 Protestant work ethic1963 1963 G. K. Lewis Puerto Rico: Freedom & Power in Caribbean ii. xiv. 314 The habit of unpunctuality so irritating to the American Protestant work ethic. 1980 Country Life 24 Apr. 1283/3 Mrs Smith had the Protestant work-ethic in the very marrow of her bones. 2001 N.Y. Times Mag. 21 Jan. 68/1 Founding a country on a Protestant work ethic is a mind-crime of magnificent proportions. Derivatives ˈProtestantdom n. Protestant communities collectively; (also) the principles of Protestantism. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > person > collective reformed1588 Protestantism1651 Protestantdom1676 Protestancy1711 1676 Doctr. of Devils 21 If there have not been..even in Protestantdom some too, that..give heed to such doctrines. 1859 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) 17 842 In a few years she [sc. Christianity] won to Protestantdom principalities, cantons, kingdoms; and despite that unparalleled enemy. 1896 D. L. Leonard in Papers Ohio Ch. Hist. Soc. VII. 98 Probably by most of Christendom, if not also by most of ‘Protestantdom’, we are as yet unheard of. 1994 Chicago Sun-Times (Nexis) 16 June 2 The British Isles, the bastion of Protestantdom ever since Henry VIII broke ties with Rome. ˈProtestantlike adj. ΚΠ 1564 J. Rastell Confut. Serm. M. Iuell f. 70^v An argument of authoritie negatiuely ys nawght and protestantlyke. 1635 S. Birckbek Protestants Evid. (new ed.) ii. 53 His forme of Praier is Protestant-like. 1829 W. Scott in Q. Rev. Nov. 334 His vassal William was setting the threats and actual excommunications of the Romish see at protestantlike defiance. 1978 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 37 744/2 Equally surprising, considering his interest in Weber, is Metzger's failure to touch on the protestantlike activity of keeping records of merit and demerit. 2001 C. K. Ansell Schism & Solidarity in Social Movements iii. 45 The socialist religion of the 1830s and 1840s adopted Protestantlike repertoires. ˈProtestantly adv. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [adverb] evangelically1532 Protestantly1659 Protestantishly1685 1659 J. Milton Treat. Civil Power 22 To protestants..nothing more protestantly can be permitted then a free and lawful debate. 1865 L. Gage & J. H. W. Stuckenberg tr. K. R. Hagenbach German Rationalism 227 ‘If,’ says Herder, quite Protestantly, ‘the sketch is taken for the thing itself..and it is then believed that all the treasures of knowledge are gathered, what a mistake!’ 1989 New Republic (Nexis) 15 May 46 Agnostic, Protestantly reared, the narrator is drawn to the Catholic faith. 1991 Newsday (Nexis) 25 Aug. 8 You can..pray—Protestantly or Catholically—in any number of architecturally impressive gray-stone churches. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1539
随便看	red haematite red handed orchis red handed satyrion red hardness red hare red hartebeest red hartshorn red hat red haw red hawk red hay red heat red heath red heather red heeler red helleborine red hemp-nettle red hempnettle red henbane red heron red herring red herring prospectus red hickory red hide red hind