protectionn.

Brit.

/prəˈtɛkʃn/, U.S.

/prəˈtɛkʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English proteccioun, Middle English proteccioune, Middle English proteccyoun, Middle English proteccyoune, Middle English protectioun, Middle English protexcion, Middle English protexioun, Middle English protteccionne, Middle English–1500s proteccyon, Middle English–1500s protectyon, Middle English–1500s protexion, Middle English–1600s proteccion, Middle English– protection, 1500s protectione, 1600s protexsyon; Scottish pre-1700 proteccion, pre-1700 proteccione, pre-1700 proteccioun, pre-1700 protecsyon, pre-1700 protectione, pre-1700 protectioun, pre-1700 protectioune, pre-1700 protectyon, pre-1700 protectyoune, pre-1700 protekeseione, pre-1700 1700s– protection. N.E.D. (1909) also records a form of the beginning of the word Middle English prott-.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French protection; Latin protection-, protectio.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman protectione, protectioun, proteccioun, protexcion, protexcioun, protexciun, protexion, protexioun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French proteccion, Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French protection action of protecting a person or thing (c1200 in Anglo-Norman), person who or thing which protects someone or something (13th cent.), letter of protection (14th cent. or earlier in Anglo-Norman), theory or practice of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition (1664) and its etymon post-classical Latin protection-, protectio shelter, defence, person who or thing which protects (Vetus Latina, Vulgate), royal protection, feudal patronage (from late 11th cent. in British sources) < prōtect- , past participial stem of prōtegere protect v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan protection (1425), Catalan protecció (1324), Spanish protección (16th cent.), Portuguese proteção (15th cent.), Italian protezióne (a1321). Compare later protect v.With letter of protection at sense 3 compare post-classical Latin littere protectionis, littere de protectione, plural (from late 12th cent. in British sources).

a. The action of protecting someone or something; the fact or condition of being protected; shelter, defence, or preservation from harm, danger, damage, etc.; guardianship, care; patronage.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun]

warec893

mundbyrdeOE

mundOE

forhillinga1300

hillinga1300

weringa1300

warranting1303

garrisonc1320

defencec1325

defendingc1350

protectionc1350

garnisonc1386

safe warda1398

warrantise?a1400

safeguard1421

safekeeping1425

defension?a1439

defendancec1450

warisonc1450

propugnation1575

guard1576

fortifying1580

debate1581

shielding1581

shrouda1586

patronage1590

shrouding1615

fortressing?1624

munification1653

fencinga1661

castleward1674

fending1771

safeguardance1897

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > protection or patronage

avowry1330

governail1395

protectorship1576

patronage1590

clientele1611

protection1809

c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) civ. 37 (MED) And he shewed cloude in-to her proteccioun and fur, þat it shuld alyȝt to hem by nyȝt.

1400 G. ap Dafydd ap Gruffudd Let. 11 June in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. I. 6 (MED) I was under the protexion of Mered ap Owein.

1453 Rolls of Parl. V. 267/1 Everyche other persone..stand and be putte oute of youre protection.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xvi. 388 I leve this castel in your proteccyon & sauff garde.

1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason Ep. sig. Av This worke maie now at the first enteraunce haue the saufe conduict and protection of your moste Royall Maiestie.

1585 R. Lane Let. in Trans. & Coll. Amer. Antiquarian Soc. (1860) 4 18 I commytt you, my noble generall, to yhe protectyon of yhe Allmyghttye.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice v. i. 235 Be well aduisd how you doe leaue me to mine owne protection .

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxvii. 152 When there is no such Power, there is no protection to be had from the Law.

1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks III. Misc. iii. i. 158 Whither bound? On what Business? Under whose Pilotship, Government, or Protection?

1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure I. 10 At the only friend's house that I had the least expectations of care and protection from.

1795 E. Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 313 Ireland, constitutionally, is independent; politically, she can never be so. It is a struggle against nature. She must be protected, and there is no protection to be found for her, but either from France or England.

1809 Proclam. 2 Oct. in L. Hertslet State Papers III. 251 We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as Invaders, with views of conquest, but as Allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection.

1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) vii. 76 Mr. Pinch..felt so much flattered by his kind assurances of friendship and protection, that he was at a loss how to express the pleasure they afforded him.

1879 J. Lubbock Sci. Lect. ii. 45 The prevailing color of caterpillars is green, like that of leaves. The value of this to the young insect, the protection it affords, are obvious.

1900 Harper's Weekly 24 Mar. 271/1 Shelter-trenches were built by the defenders for protection against overhead shrapnel and shell fire.

1952 J. Lait & L. Mortimer U.S.A. Confidential i. iii. 11 The non-Italian mobs realized that for their own protection they'd have to organize, too.

1960 Scotsman 12 Apr. The citizen is under the protection of the law, but the courts may be unable to interfere in a dispute between an individual and a Government Department.

1976 D. Blood Rocky Mountain Wildlife i. ii. 102 Its coloration..blends amazingly well with the boulders among which it finds protection.

2005 Trav. Afr. Autumn 115/3 The flu jab doesn't offer any protection against avian flu, but it stops seasonal flu.

b. euphemistic. The action of maintaining and providing for a mistress. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > [noun] > illicit intimacy > keeping mistress or lover

keeping1675

protection1677

1677 H. Savile Let. in Hist. MSS Comm.: 12th Rep. App. Pt. V: MSS Duke of Rutland (1889) 43 in Parl. Papers (C. 5889–II) XLIV. 393 One Mrs. Johnson a lady of pleasure under his Lordship's protection.

1809 W. Wilberforce in Parl. Deb. 1st Ser. 13 590 That which used to be called ‘adultery’, was now only ‘living under protection’.

1874 J. Hatton Clytie (ed. 10) 171 While she was living under his lordship's protection at Gloucester Gate.

1919 M. Beerbohm Let. 22 Mar. (1988) 113 I went to stay in the country with Frank Lawson and found her living under his protection.

c. Originally U.S. Freedom from attack, injury, damage to one's property, etc., secured by payment, typically to a person who or organization which threatens violence or retribution if regular payment is not made. Also: the money paid to obtain this. See also protection fee n., protection money n., protection rent n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > protection money > protection

protection1872

protection racket1893

1872 Dixon (Illinois) Sun 19 June Travelers in Palestine are obliged to have an escort of Arabs in going from one point to another, or the money they would thus pay for ‘protection’ will be extorted from them by foul means.

1891 Decatur (Illinois) Morning Rev. 14 Aug. Kaplan, like thousands of other Jews, was paying money to the chief for protection.

1913 Middletown (N.Y.) Times-Press 10 Jan. 6/3 The complete narration of Sipp's experiences in paying protection to the police snce the time he began running Harlem resorts that required protection.

1938 G. Greene Brighton Rock ii. i. 78 I've got protection. You be careful.

1962 D. Francis Dead Cert ix. 106 I..asked the owners straight out if they were paying protection.

1991 B. Whitehead Dean it was that Died (BNC) 114 Most building sites pay ghost gangs, to get protection.

d. The action of attempting to preserve certain species, habitats, or areas through rules or laws governing access, collecting, hunting, etc.; the fact of being protected in this way. Cf. protect v. 5.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > collection or conservation of natural specimens > [noun] > preservation or protection

protection1880

1880 Act 43 & 44 Vict. c. 35 It is expedient to provide for the protection of wild birds of the United Kingdom during the breeding season.

1895 G. S. Anderson in Roosevelt & Grinsell Hunting in Many Lands 377 (heading) Protection of the Yellowstone National Park.

1930 J. Huxley Bird-watching & Bird Behaviour vi. 115 Protection has brought the bittern back to breed and boom in Norfolk.

1952 H. L. Edlin Changing Wild Life of Brit. v. 71 The Harriers, typical hawks of the marshes, became very rare, but under protection a few continue to nest.

1969 F. N. Hepper in J. Fisher et al. Red. Bk. 360/2 The I.U.C.N. itself has taken the principal lead in this field by initiating a scheme for the protection of plant species.

2004 Wildlife News May 17/1 After years of campaigning for the protection of a unique horse mussel reef habitat, the Ulster Wildlife Trust has welcomed a temporary ban on trawling in Strangford Lough.

e. The action or result of providing an electrical device, machine, etc., with safeguards against too high a current or voltage; the safeguards provided for this purpose. Cf. protect v. 3b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical engineering > prevention of interference > [noun]

protection1890

suppression1930

1890 W. Slingo & A. Brooker Electr. Engin. xvii. 725 The way in which it [sc. the cut-out] affords this protection is by automatically disconnecting the circuit when the current..exceeds a certain predetermined limit.

1920 Whittaker's Electr. Engineer's Pocket-bk. (ed. 4) 428 Merz-Price protection may operate by a balance of voltages or a balance of currents. The former is used for the protection of cables, and the latter for the protection of transformers and alternators.

1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Electr. Engin. 612/1 The fuse forms the basis of most small, simple distribution-system protection, combining overcurrent protection and fault isolation.

1986 F. Guillou & C. Gray in A. Limon et al. Home Owner Man. (ed. 2) v. vi. 797 Every temporary installation must be provided with protection against excess current.

f. Chemistry. The action of making a hydrophobic sol resistant to precipitation in the presence of an electrolyte; the result of this. Cf. protect v. 3d.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > processes or substances affecting reactions > protection

protection1909

protection1940

the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > colloid > [noun] > sol > hydrosol > protection of hydrophobic sol

protection1909

1909 J. Alexander tr. Zsigmondy Colloids & Ultramicroscope xviii. 185 The origin of the protection of the gold can be most simply explained by the assumption that specific attractive forces bring about a union of the ultramicrons of metal and protective colloid.

1939 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) III. 287/1 The protection of sols is of great importance and has been practised empirically since ancient times.

1958 J. W. Mullin in Cremer & Davies Chem. Engin. Pract. VI. xi. 459 Protection is effected by a number of lyophilic molecules which envelop a lyophobic particle and cover it with a monomolecular layer.

g. Bridge. (a) The fact of holding one or more winning cards in a particular suit; (b) the action of reopening the bidding when the auction would otherwise come to an end at a low level, with the aim either of enabling one's partner to bid again or of depriving one's opponents of an easy contract.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > bridge > [noun] > actions or tactics > call > bidding

flag-flying1889

redoubling1899

auction1908

overbidding1912

pre-emption1924

save1927

raising1929

cue-bidding1932

sacrifice bid1932

sign-off1932

sign-off bid1932

protection1952

sacrifice1952

sacrifice bidding1959

1925 Dunkirk (N.Y.) Evening Observer 28 Feb. 9/2 That leaves only one suit for partner to protect or, if he also has no protection, only one for opponents to take.

1929 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 29 June (Mag.) Holding three hearts to the King..and no protection in Spades, North chooses the game bid in Hearts rather than No Trumps.

1952 I. Macleod Bridge vii. 88 Naturally, if there is an element of protection about your bid,..partner will realize that you may be quite a bit weaker.

1979 J. Amsbury Bridge xiii. 106 In competition, one tends to bid more aggressively than was normal in the past; this particularly applies in the area that can be generally called ‘Protection’.

2005 Independent (Nexis) 31 Dec. Spades and clubs both break 3-3, [and] the ten of diamonds provides protection in that suit.

h. Chemistry. The action of introducing a group into a molecule to protect a feature of that molecule in a reaction; the result of this. Cf. protect v. 3c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > processes or substances affecting reactions > protection

protection1909

protection1940

1940 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 62 223/1 After protection of the double bond by bromine the latter compound was oxidized by chromic acid to remove the side-chain.

1947 Nature 12 Apr. 500/1 The use of the carbobenzoxy reagent for protection of amino-groups in the course of peptide synthesis has..some limitations.

1983 R. O. C. Norman & D. J. Waddington Mod. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) xv. 257 This use of the ethanoyl group is an example of protection: the aromatic ring is protected from the extensive reactions which occur with phenylamine itself.

i. cathodic protection n. see cathodic adj. 3b.

a. A person who or thing which protects someone or something.In quot. a1382: a place which affords protection.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence

hornc825

shieldc1200

warranta1272

bergha1325

armour1340

hedge1340

defencec1350

bucklerc1380

protectiona1382

safety1399

targea1400

suretyc1405

wall1412

pavise?a1439

fencec1440

safeguard?c1500

pale?a1525

waretack1542

muniment1546

shrouda1561

bulwark1577

countermure1581

ward1582

prevention1584

armourya1586

fortificationa1586

securitya1586

penthouse1589

palladium1600

guard1609

subtectacle1609

tutament1609

umbrella1609

bastion1615

screena1616

amulet1621

alexikakon1635

breastwork1643

security1643

protectionary1653

sepiment1660

back1680

shadower1691

aegis1760

inoculation1761

buoya1770

propugnaculum1773

panoply1789

armament1793

fascine1793

protective1827

beaver1838

face shield1842

vaccine1861

zariba1885

wolf-platform1906

firebreak1959

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Isa. xxviii. 17 Þe hail shal to~turnen vp so doun þe hope of lesing, & þe proteccioun watris shul flowyn [a1425 L.V. watris schulen flowe on proteccioun; L. protectionem aquæ inundabunt].

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) 466 Victorious tree, proteccion of trewe.

?a1430 T. Hoccleve Mother of God l. 120 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 56 Be yee oure help and our proteccioun.

c1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Tiber.) 18765 (MED) God, off his grace, dyffende me; And he be my proteccyoun Fro thylke habytacyoun!

1528 Rede me & be nott Wrothe sig. b ij^v To soudears and men goynge a warre fare, The masse is ever a sure proteccion. It preserveth people from wofull care.

1552 Abp. J. Hamilton Catech. i. iv. f. 13 Our singular defence & protectioun.

1610 Bible (Douay) II. Isa. iv. 5 And our Lord shal create..a clowde by day, and smoke, and the brightnes of flaming fyre in the night: for vpon al glorie protection.

1685 E. Fowler Great Wickedness Slandering 11 If any thing be a sure Protection from it [sc. a slandering tongue], one would think the most Spotless Innocence, and the most Exemplary Virtue needs must.

1753 T. Gray Long Story in Six Poems 20 His quiver and his laurel 'Gainst four such eyes were no protection.

1792 C. Smith Desmond III. xxii. 268 Though it did not make me less apprehensive of the danger Geraldine might incur, it seemed to lend probability to my hopes of being a protection to her.

1823 F. Clissold Narr. Ascent Mont Blanc 17 We all put on our veils, as a protection from the heat and light.

1861 Amer. Agriculturist Jan. 17/2 A body of confined air between the cellar and the frosty air without..is as good a protection as a wall of brick or stone.

1891 T. Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles III. l. 168 In lonely districts night is a protection rather than a danger to a noiseless pedestrian.

1937 Sun (Baltimore) 16 July 1/4 The State demanded the chair for Norris as ‘a warning to other rapists and a protection for the womanhood of the State’.

1960 G. A. Glaister Gloss. Bk. 65/2 Chemise, a cover of silk or chevrotain sometimes used in the 15th century as a protection for embellished leather-bound books.

1999 Church Times 17 Sept. 11/1 Two of althaea's many properties are as a protection against burns and as a relief from teething pain.

b. As mass noun: measures taken to prevent conception or (esp. more recently) sexually transmitted infection during sexual activity, spec. by the use of a condom. Cf. precaution n. 2c. Sometimes euphemistic, esp. in early use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > contraception or birth control > [noun] > a contraceptive

preventive1822

contraceptive1891

preventative1901

precaution1935

protection1960

1960 L. Rainwater And Poor get Children iii. 31 We use protection, just a rubber. I tell you frankly, I'd like a diaphragm but I'm just too embarrassed to go get one.

1986 J. Weeks Sexuality (2002) v. 98 Its [sc. AIDS] spread could..be hindered by..the avoidance of certain sexual practices (such as anal intercourse without protection).

1997 St. Petersburg (Florida) Times (Nexis) 7 Oct. 1 a He told Finley before they had sex that he did not want a child. She told him she was using protection.

2003 Marie Claire Dec. 170/3 If they do use protection, being drunk makes it even harder to put the damn thing on.

c. Mountaineering and Rock Climbing. Measures taken to make climbing safer, consisting of devices placed in a rock for the attachment of rope; any of the devices so employed. Also: the capacity (of a particular rock face, etc.) to be made safe to climb in this way.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > mountaineering or climbing > [noun] > artificial aid > quality or quantity of belays

protection1966

1966 C. Bonington I chose to Climb iii. 46 There was no protection and it was now necessary to pivot round on one's toes to grasp the smooth, square-cut edge of the bulge.

1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face Gloss. 323 Protection, quantity and quality of running belays used to make a pitch safe to lead.

1995 Daily Mail Holiday Action Summer 50/2 In seconding a route, the climber follows the path of the leader, and removes the protection (collective term for devices attaching you to the rock) placed by them.

2006 Rocky Mountain News (Denver) (Nexis) 3 June 18 b Smith had to decide whether to take the time and energy to place the protection he needed or climb through in hopes of reaching a more solid stance before his strength gave out.

3. A letter, certificate, or similar document, guaranteeing protection, exemption, or immunity to the person specified in it; a safe conduct, a passport, a pass. Also (now usually) more fully letter of protection, certificate of protection. Now historical.Letters of protection were formerly issued by the British monarch granting immunity from arrest or legal process to persons engaged in his or her service, or going abroad with his or her cognizance. In the U.S., under the Protection Act of 1796, the customs authorities could issue seamen with certificates of protection, attesting to their American citizenship.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal document > types of legal or official document > [noun] > letter or letters patent > giving immunity from arrest or lawsuit

protection1425

society > travel > aspects of travel > authorization to travel to, from, or in a country > [noun] > safe-conduct > document

safe conduct?1404

acquitc1460

conduct1530

sureguard1604

safeguard1633

protection1659

salvoconducto1955

1425 Acts Parl. Scotl. II. 9/1 All..to quham he has grantit ony lettres of newe infeftment confirmacion or proteccion speciale vndir his hail grete sele [etc.].

1426–7 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 9 Walter schuld defende hymself in þe seyd pleynt at hese owne will, except þat he schuld no benefice take by noon proteccion ne wrytte of corpus cum causa ne of no lordes lettres vp-on þe seyd sute.

a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 665 (heading) (MED) A proteccion of kyng Richard, worde by worde, after the proteccion of kyng henry afore I-writte.

1502–3 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 174 It hath pleased the Kings highnes to grant unto your father his letter of protexion.

c1503 tr. Charter of London in R. Arnold Chron. f. xiiij/1 That our proteccions..to ani persones to be made and graunted w^t vs to gon and dwellen in our viage..from hensforth shul not be allowed in plees of dett for vytayles..bought vpon y^e viage, wherof in Such proteccions mencion befallith to be made.

1595 Expos. Terms Law 150 b Protection is a writ, and it lyeth where that a man will passe ouer the Sea in the kings seruice, then..by this writ hee shall be quit of all manner of plees between him & any other person, except plees of dower [etc.].

1659 T. Burton Diary (1828) IV. 1 Moved that the speaker sign protections for such persons as are called before the Committee for inspecting Treasury and Revenue.

1684 J. Erskine Jrnl. 15 Jan. (1893) 30 My brother..was upon his coming to town and going abroad, having got a protection from the Session for 14 days; visiting the officers of state and others.

1775 G. Stuart tr. J. L. de Lolme Constit. Eng. ii. xvi. 364 Having been detected in selling protections.

1839 W. McNally Evils & Abuses Naval & Merchant Service 44 There is a law in existence which declares, that..two-thirds of each crew must be American citizens, and such proof shall be produced..but this is easily elucidated, by showing how..these certificates of citizenship are procured—which are usually called protections.

1898 R. Kipling Day's Work 133 Jan Chinn never broke a protection spoken or written on paper.

1918 J. C. Davies Baronial Opposition to Edward II ii. ii. 373 The effect of royal protections issued to those who were or claimed to be in the royal service was also restricted.

1977 Jrnl. Econ. Hist. 37 25 The House of Commons directed the Lords of Admiralty to supply them with accounts of the numbers impressed..and the numbers impressed in spite of their possessing a valid letter of protection.

1994 J. Pawlikowski in M. Perry & F. M. Schweitzer Jewish-Christian Encounters over Centuries 297 Rotta..began to issue ‘Letters of Protection’ which seemed to stall at least the deportation process for Jews..who received them.

2004 P. A. Gilje Liberty on Waterfront 159 When Ladd attempted to show the certificate of protection to the British officers, one of them called him a ‘damned rascal’ and struck him with a cutlass.

4. The theory or practice of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition by the restriction or discouragement of imports, esp. through the imposition of duties or quotas on foreign goods. (In quot. 1842: a particular system of doing this.)

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > [noun] > principles and practice of > system of economic doctrine

prohibitiona1641

protection1719

mercantile system1776

mercantile doctrine1816

mercantile theory1820

protectionism1846

productionism1929

society > trade and finance > management of money > [noun] > public > science of > specific doctrines or theories

protection1719

protectionism1846

cameralism1909

Friedmanism1980

society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > an economic policy > specific policies and actions

protection1719

co-operation1817

tariff-reform1859

monetary union1866

border protection1875

rationalization1875

tariffication1892

tariffade1904

inflationism1919

NEP1923

war communism1928

voodoo economics1930

substantivism1931

sterilization1938

deficit spending1941

deficit financing1943

tax-and-spend1956

indexation1960

stop-go1964

incomes policy1965

scala mobile1965

quantitative easing1966

jawboning1969

Nixonomics1969

developmentalism1970

degrowth1971

inflation-proofing1973

NEB1973

dollarization1982

fiscal engineering1982

Rogernomics1985

1719 J. Asgill Brief Answer Printed & Painted Callicoes 10 These Callicoes..seem to stand equally intituled to Protection and Encouragement with the Callicoes made of Cotton imported in Wool.

1789 Deb. Congr. U.S. 15 Apr. (1834) 150 He conceived it the duty of the committee to pay as much respect to the encouragement and protection of husbandry..as they did to manufactures.

1820 Hansard Lords 26 May 579 Let your lordships consider..what would be the effect..if the existing system of protection were abolished, and a fixed duty..were substituted.

1842 T. P. Thompson Exercises I. 194 Suppose then that every individual in the community was a producer of some kind, and that every one had a ‘protection’ upon his particular trade.

1875 T. Hill True Order Stud. 127 Earnest debates..concerning protection and free trade.

1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 65/2 I..waded kneedeep in the bitter tears they shed over the decline of American industry if high protection was not maintained.

1939 Fortune Oct. 96/2 Evidently U.S. business sentiment is for neither ironclad protection nor complete free trade.

1994 K. Perry Business & European Community iii. 42 The governments of the mature industrial economies have turned increasingly to protection and a unilateral approach, with the spawning of insidiously opaque non-tariff barriers.

Compounds

C1. General attributive and instrumental.

protection act n.

ΚΠ

1818 Times 5 June 2/6 If the arguments for the Restriction Act (or as it has been rather maliciously called, the ‘Protection Act’) be proved..to be wholly unreal and imaginary, the Bank are not bound to take advantage of them.

1881 W. E. Forster Let. to Gladstone 1 Nov. in T. W. Reid Life W. E. Forster (1888) II. viii. 361 We made up our minds to arrest the leaders under the Protection Act.

1997 R. Siddle in M. Weiner Japan's Minorities (1999) ii. 23 A humanitarian movement to halt the physical extermination of the ‘dying race’ resulted in the institutionalization of Ainu inferiority with the enactment of a Protection Act in 1899.

protection-burdened adj.

ΚΠ

1908 Daily Chron. 11 May 1/7 Contrast between social reform possibilities in Free Trade Britain and Protection-burdened Germany.

protection grant n.

ΚΠ

1892 Times 8 Oct. 12/4 The decision of the executive committee to refuse in certain instances to allow the superannuation, death, and protection grants.

1997 Scotsman (Nexis) 1 May 4 The Environment Secretary..intervened to protect an area of chalk downland for which a protection grant had been refused.

protection plate n.

ΚΠ

1878 Times 27 Aug. 11/1 The holes in the protection plates at the foot of the turrets through which the rammers charge the guns.

1982 Nuclear News (Nexis) Oct. 108 It can..be used as a protection plate for a fork lift, the screen for a shelter, or a helmet's faceplate.

protection wall n.

ΚΠ

1825 Times 31 Aug. 3/5 An unfortunate occurrence took place on board the Atholl steam-packet, just as she was preparing to sail from the East Protection-wall for Broughty Ferry.

2005 Travel Weekly (Nexis) 28 Oct. 64 Coachloads of visitors appear fleetingly..and then disappear back to Jerusalem behind the nine-metre protection wall that separates the cities.

protection work n.

ΚΠ

1852 Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Democrat 6 Feb. 1/4 Advertisements were issued..for the construction of the protection work on the Wisconsin river, to be composed of cribs formed of square timbers, with stone filling.

1999 National Trust Mag. Autumn 53/1 This is reflected in wear and tear on the banks and the need for stronger protection work, thus increasing costs.

C2.

protection factor n. a measure of the extent to which something affords protection against the harmful effects of a particular phenomenon, based on a ratio of the effects experienced with and without protection; (sometimes) spec. = sun protection factor n. at sun n.¹ Compounds 5a.

ΚΠ

1957 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 43 760 There is an over-all protection factor for strontium 90 from topsoil to milk of about..10.

1960 Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio) 4 Sept. b7/6 The protection factor of the [nuclear fallout] shelter is said to be 200, which means that radiation exposure will be reduced to 1-200th of that absorbed by an unprotected person.

1974 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 6 June 14 k/3 Top..brands in effectiveness against burning were PreSun and Pabanol, each having a protection factor of 17.6.

1994 Occupational Hazards Sept. 39/1 Workers have a false sense of security because these respirators are given higher assigned protection factors than they deserve.

2005 InStyle (Electronic ed.) June Sun-proof your clothes. Most clothing has a protection factor of between 5 and 9.

protection fee n. a fee paid to secure protection (sense 1c).

ΚΠ

1820 W. Tooke tr. Lucian Lucian of Samosata I. 514 They never once think of paying their protection-fees.

1937 Winnipeg Free Press 11 Jan. 1/6 Jack Dempsey..has been ‘shaken down’ for $285 in protection fees for his fashionable Eighth avenue restaurant by racketeers.

1993 Washington Post (National Weekly ed.) 12 Apr. 17/2 The number of full-time gangsters dropped by about 10 percent..and countless businesses were able to stop paying protection fees to the local yakuza affiliates.

protection forest n. a forest planted or managed in such a way as to provide a dense cover of vegetation, thus helping to inhibit erosion and conserve water.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [noun] > wooded land > types of

ripplelOE

wildwooda1122

rough1332

firth?a1400

tod stripec1446

osiard1509

bush1523

bush-ground1523

fritha1552

island1638

oak landc1658

pinelandc1658

piney wood1666

broom-land1707

pine barrenc1721

pine savannah1735

savannah1735

thick woods1754

scrub-land1779

olive wood1783

primeval forest1789

open wood1790

strong woods1792

scrub1805

oak flata1816

sertão1816

sprout-land1824

flatwoods1841

bush-land1842

tall timber1845

amber forest1846

caatinga1846

mahogany scrub1846

bush-flat1847

myall country1847

national forest1848

selva1849

monte1851

virgin forest1851

bush-country1855

savannah forest1874

bush-range1879

bushveld1879

protection forest1889

mulga1896

wood-bush1896

shinnery1901

fringing forest1903

monsoon forest1903

rainforest1903

savannah woodland1903

thorn forest1903

tropical rainforest1903

gallery forest1920

cloud forest1922

rain jungle1945

mato1968

1889 W. Schlich Man. Forestry I. i. 47 Already in the middle ages so-called ‘Protection Forests’ existed.

1926 F. Ramaley & W. W. Robbins in V. E. Shelford Naturalist's Guide Americas iv. 526 About one-fifth of the entire area of Colorado is in National Forests. These forests are chiefly protection forests and do not furnish at present any great amount of timber.

1998 China Q. No. 156. 916 The first and most famous of these is the Three Norths protection forest, also known as the Green Great Wall.

protection money n. money paid to secure protection (sense 1c).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > protection money

black rent1423

blackmail1530

protection money1703

protection rent1860

Danegeld1911

juice1935

ice1951

1703 N. Battely Somner's Antiq. Canterbury (rev. ed.) 4 The Jurisdiction and Protection-Money whereof belongs to the King; but as yet he has never had it.

1762 P. Murdoch tr. A. F. Büsching New Syst. Geogr. VI. 424 Jews also who are very numerous here have a large synagogue, but pay the sum of 2000 ducats per annum as protection-money.

1814 W. Scott Waverley I. xv. 153 ‘And what is black-mail?’ ‘A sort of protection-money that Low-country gentlemen and heritors, lying near the Highlands, pay to some Highland chief, that he may neither do them harm himself, nor suffer it to be done to them by others.’

1872 Petersburg (Va.) Index 31 Dec. There is not a gambling house, large or small, that does not have to pay protection money to an association, the names of the members of which I could give.

1934 R. Graves I, Claudius xx. 289 Shopkeepers in the town and farmers in the country had to pay secret ‘protection money’ to the local captains; if they refused to pay there would be a raid at night by masked men, their house would be burned down and their families murdered.

2002 D. Aitkenhead Promised Land xiii. 134 Businessmen who refused to pay protection money had their premises pipe-bombed.

protection order n. an order placing someone or something under the protection of the law; (originally) spec. a court order forbidding the seizure of a debtor's assets.

ΚΠ

1842 Times 16 Dec. 6/3 Unless..a better balance-sheet [is] presented, I shall refuse the final protection order.

1928 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 23 Oct. 6/7 All he could do was to give a protection order against the lands.

2005 Dominion Post (Wellington, N.Z.) (Nexis) 3 Mar. 5 The victim had only just taken out a protection order against Lawson when he attacked her.

protection racket n. originally U.S. †(a) the electoral strategy of seeking to attract voters by offering the prospect of protection (sense 4) for their businesses (obsolete); (b) an illegal scheme involving the extortion of money in return for protection (sense 1c).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > protection money > protection

protection1872

protection racket1893

1893 Atlanta Constit. 15 June 2/4 The speaker [sc. William J. Bryant] drew a striking illustration of how the republicans worked the protection racket.

1901 Anaconda (Montana) Standard 17 Mar. 1/7 The leaders in that party had felt well assured that in a national campaign they would never again be able to work the protection racket.

1930 Chicago Tribune 5 Mar. 8/3 He..would visit another place and collect a bribe for leaving its proprietor in peace... Lapham..was at one time his partner in the protection racket.

1954 T. S. Eliot Confidential Clerk ii. 62 Colby doesn't need your protection racket So far as I'm concerned.

1976 D. Daiches in D. Villiers Next Year in Jerusalem 275 The characteristics of a Chicago gangster tale: a leader organizing a protection racket, violent measures taken against those who refuse protection money.

2002 Total Film Mar. 21/1 Twin brothers Reggie and Ronnie [Kray] were the sharp-dressed sadists who changed the face of British crime..with their lethal protection racket.

protection rent n. = protection money n.; also in extended use (see quot. 1958).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > protection money

black rent1423

blackmail1530

protection money1703

protection rent1860

Danegeld1911

juice1935

ice1951

1860 Leisure Hour 19 July 460/2 In return for black-mail or protection-rent, they shared the property of those who paid it, and engaged to defend it from aggressions.

1906 W. McAdoo Guarding Great City vi. 86 The manager of a disorderly house..does not feel any sense of security unless someone representing the police authorities has received money. These men and women hold their money from the landlord and pay their ‘protection rent’.

1941 Amer. Hist. Rev. 46 536 Discussing that aspect of mercantilist activity reflected in the use of war to increase national wealth, he [sc. F. C. Lane] pointed out that the measure of its success requires computation of the ‘protection rent’ involved.

1958 F. C. Lane in Jrnl. Econ. Hist. 18 409 I propose ‘protection rent’ in order to have a term to apply to profits arising from differences in the whole range of costs incurred in using or controlling violence. These included convoy fees, tribute to the Barbary pirates, or higher insurance for voyages into pirate-infested waters, bribes or gifts to customs officials..and other kinds of smuggling costs.

1988 D. Rothermund Econ. Hist. India ii. 11 The rising Ottoman empire provided protection to the old trade routes, from which a good deal of protection rent could be derived.

Derivatives

proˈtectional adj. of or relating to protection.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [adjective]

defensal1575

defensivea1586

protectional1650

1650 T. Waring Brief Narration Execrable Rebellion & Butcherie Ireland 2 How fit they are to..receive protectionall favor, that implicitly resign themselves to the perpetration of that which the sowers of such wicked seek shall propose unto them.

1844 Times 20 Mar. 3/7 To abolish no protectional duties on our manufactures, if possible.

1888 Linn. Soc. Jrnl., Zool. 20 226 Protectional Segregation is Segregation from the use of different methods of protection against adverse influences in the environment.

1900 J. Morley Cromwell iv. i. 277 The protectional establishment of national commerce.

1999 Operations Res. 47 807 The concept of a warranty being an important strategic element has come to the forefront because of both promotional and protectional needs.

proˈtectionary n. and adj. †(a) n. a person who provides protection (obsolete rare); (b) adj. of the nature of or characterized by protection; protectionist.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence

hornc825

shieldc1200

warranta1272

bergha1325

armour1340

hedge1340

defencec1350

bucklerc1380

protectiona1382

safety1399

targea1400

suretyc1405

wall1412

pavise?a1439

fencec1440

safeguard?c1500

pale?a1525

waretack1542

muniment1546

shrouda1561

bulwark1577

countermure1581

ward1582

prevention1584

armourya1586

fortificationa1586

securitya1586

penthouse1589

palladium1600

guard1609

subtectacle1609

tutament1609

umbrella1609

bastion1615

screena1616

amulet1621

alexikakon1635

breastwork1643

security1643

protectionary1653

sepiment1660

back1680

shadower1691

aegis1760

inoculation1761

buoya1770

propugnaculum1773

panoply1789

armament1793

fascine1793

protective1827

beaver1838

face shield1842

vaccine1861

zariba1885

wolf-platform1906

firebreak1959

1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 2nd Bk. Wks. xi. 77 The bankrupt Protectionaries of five yeares respit.

1845 Times 30 Oct. 6/5 An important modification, if not total repeal, of the protectionary Corn Law is close at hand.

1935 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 179 121/1 Business enterprises..fear exposure to foreign competition that would presumably result from reducing tariffs and other protectionary devices.

2000 J. McLaughlin Writing in Urban Jungle iii. 73 Sherlock Holmes tales rechannel paranoid protectionary fears about invasion.

proˈtectionate adj. and n. rare (a) adj. = protectionist adj.; (b) n. = protectorate n.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > [adjective] > relating to political economy > specific doctrines or theories

protective1822

protectionate1853

Veblenian1931

Friedmanian1969

Friedmanite1979

society > authority > rule or government > a or the system of government > direct rule, devolution, or trusteeship > [noun] > protectorate or trusteeship

protectorate1798

trusteeship1841

protectionate1853

League of Nations mandate1919

mandate1919

1853 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 73 764 What has become of all the Protectionate croaking about low prices?

1882 Contemp. Rev. Jan. 32 A military occupation of, or British Protectionate over, Egypt.

1978 Ethnohistory 25 196 Rabinow is at his best in the character sketches of individuals: an idealized 19th century chief, a rapacious shikh and judges who worked with French authorities during the Protectionate.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	protection
释义	protectionn. Brit. /prəˈtɛkʃn/, U.S. /prəˈtɛkʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English proteccioun, Middle English proteccioune, Middle English proteccyoun, Middle English proteccyoune, Middle English protectioun, Middle English protexcion, Middle English protexioun, Middle English protteccionne, Middle English–1500s proteccyon, Middle English–1500s protectyon, Middle English–1500s protexion, Middle English–1600s proteccion, Middle English– protection, 1500s protectione, 1600s protexsyon; Scottish pre-1700 proteccion, pre-1700 proteccione, pre-1700 proteccioun, pre-1700 protecsyon, pre-1700 protectione, pre-1700 protectioun, pre-1700 protectioune, pre-1700 protectyon, pre-1700 protectyoune, pre-1700 protekeseione, pre-1700 1700s– protection. N.E.D. (1909) also records a form of the beginning of the word Middle English prott-. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French protection; Latin protection-, protectio. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman protectione, protectioun, proteccioun, protexcion, protexcioun, protexciun, protexion, protexioun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French proteccion, Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French protection action of protecting a person or thing (c1200 in Anglo-Norman), person who or thing which protects someone or something (13th cent.), letter of protection (14th cent. or earlier in Anglo-Norman), theory or practice of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition (1664) and its etymon post-classical Latin protection-, protectio shelter, defence, person who or thing which protects (Vetus Latina, Vulgate), royal protection, feudal patronage (from late 11th cent. in British sources) < prōtect- , past participial stem of prōtegere protect v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan protection (1425), Catalan protecció (1324), Spanish protección (16th cent.), Portuguese proteção (15th cent.), Italian protezióne (a1321). Compare later protect v.With letter of protection at sense 3 compare post-classical Latin littere protectionis, littere de protectione, plural (from late 12th cent. in British sources). 1. a. The action of protecting someone or something; the fact or condition of being protected; shelter, defence, or preservation from harm, danger, damage, etc.; guardianship, care; patronage. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] warec893 mundbyrdeOE mundOE forhillinga1300 hillinga1300 weringa1300 warranting1303 garrisonc1320 defencec1325 defendingc1350 protectionc1350 garnisonc1386 safe warda1398 warrantise?a1400 safeguard1421 safekeeping1425 defension?a1439 defendancec1450 warisonc1450 propugnation1575 guard1576 fortifying1580 debate1581 shielding1581 shrouda1586 patronage1590 shrouding1615 fortressing?1624 munification1653 fencinga1661 castleward1674 fending1771 safeguardance1897 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > protection or patronage avowry1330 governail1395 protectorship1576 patronage1590 clientele1611 protection1809 c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) civ. 37 (MED) And he shewed cloude in-to her proteccioun and fur, þat it shuld alyȝt to hem by nyȝt. 1400 G. ap Dafydd ap Gruffudd Let. 11 June in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. I. 6 (MED) I was under the protexion of Mered ap Owein. 1453 Rolls of Parl. V. 267/1 Everyche other persone..stand and be putte oute of youre protection. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xvi. 388 I leve this castel in your proteccyon & sauff garde. 1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason Ep. sig. Av This worke maie now at the first enteraunce haue the saufe conduict and protection of your moste Royall Maiestie. 1585 R. Lane Let. in Trans. & Coll. Amer. Antiquarian Soc. (1860) 4 18 I commytt you, my noble generall, to yhe protectyon of yhe Allmyghttye. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice v. i. 235 Be well aduisd how you doe leaue me to mine owne protection . View more context for this quotation 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxvii. 152 When there is no such Power, there is no protection to be had from the Law. 1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks III. Misc. iii. i. 158 Whither bound? On what Business? Under whose Pilotship, Government, or Protection? 1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure I. 10 At the only friend's house that I had the least expectations of care and protection from. 1795 E. Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 313 Ireland, constitutionally, is independent; politically, she can never be so. It is a struggle against nature. She must be protected, and there is no protection to be found for her, but either from France or England. 1809 Proclam. 2 Oct. in L. Hertslet State Papers III. 251 We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as Invaders, with views of conquest, but as Allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection. 1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) vii. 76 Mr. Pinch..felt so much flattered by his kind assurances of friendship and protection, that he was at a loss how to express the pleasure they afforded him. 1879 J. Lubbock Sci. Lect. ii. 45 The prevailing color of caterpillars is green, like that of leaves. The value of this to the young insect, the protection it affords, are obvious. 1900 Harper's Weekly 24 Mar. 271/1 Shelter-trenches were built by the defenders for protection against overhead shrapnel and shell fire. 1952 J. Lait & L. Mortimer U.S.A. Confidential i. iii. 11 The non-Italian mobs realized that for their own protection they'd have to organize, too. 1960 Scotsman 12 Apr. The citizen is under the protection of the law, but the courts may be unable to interfere in a dispute between an individual and a Government Department. 1976 D. Blood Rocky Mountain Wildlife i. ii. 102 Its coloration..blends amazingly well with the boulders among which it finds protection. 2005 Trav. Afr. Autumn 115/3 The flu jab doesn't offer any protection against avian flu, but it stops seasonal flu. b. euphemistic. The action of maintaining and providing for a mistress. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > [noun] > illicit intimacy > keeping mistress or lover keeping1675 protection1677 1677 H. Savile Let. in Hist. MSS Comm.: 12th Rep. App. Pt. V: MSS Duke of Rutland (1889) 43 in Parl. Papers (C. 5889–II) XLIV. 393 One Mrs. Johnson a lady of pleasure under his Lordship's protection. 1809 W. Wilberforce in Parl. Deb. 1st Ser. 13 590 That which used to be called ‘adultery’, was now only ‘living under protection’. 1874 J. Hatton Clytie (ed. 10) 171 While she was living under his lordship's protection at Gloucester Gate. 1919 M. Beerbohm Let. 22 Mar. (1988) 113 I went to stay in the country with Frank Lawson and found her living under his protection. c. Originally U.S. Freedom from attack, injury, damage to one's property, etc., secured by payment, typically to a person who or organization which threatens violence or retribution if regular payment is not made. Also: the money paid to obtain this. See also protection fee n., protection money n., protection rent n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > protection money > protection protection1872 protection racket1893 1872 Dixon (Illinois) Sun 19 June Travelers in Palestine are obliged to have an escort of Arabs in going from one point to another, or the money they would thus pay for ‘protection’ will be extorted from them by foul means. 1891 Decatur (Illinois) Morning Rev. 14 Aug. Kaplan, like thousands of other Jews, was paying money to the chief for protection. 1913 Middletown (N.Y.) Times-Press 10 Jan. 6/3 The complete narration of Sipp's experiences in paying protection to the police snce the time he began running Harlem resorts that required protection. 1938 G. Greene Brighton Rock ii. i. 78 I've got protection. You be careful. 1962 D. Francis Dead Cert ix. 106 I..asked the owners straight out if they were paying protection. 1991 B. Whitehead Dean it was that Died (BNC) 114 Most building sites pay ghost gangs, to get protection. d. The action of attempting to preserve certain species, habitats, or areas through rules or laws governing access, collecting, hunting, etc.; the fact of being protected in this way. Cf. protect v. 5. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > collection or conservation of natural specimens > [noun] > preservation or protection protection1880 1880 Act 43 & 44 Vict. c. 35 It is expedient to provide for the protection of wild birds of the United Kingdom during the breeding season. 1895 G. S. Anderson in Roosevelt & Grinsell Hunting in Many Lands 377 (heading) Protection of the Yellowstone National Park. 1930 J. Huxley Bird-watching & Bird Behaviour vi. 115 Protection has brought the bittern back to breed and boom in Norfolk. 1952 H. L. Edlin Changing Wild Life of Brit. v. 71 The Harriers, typical hawks of the marshes, became very rare, but under protection a few continue to nest. 1969 F. N. Hepper in J. Fisher et al. Red. Bk. 360/2 The I.U.C.N. itself has taken the principal lead in this field by initiating a scheme for the protection of plant species. 2004 Wildlife News May 17/1 After years of campaigning for the protection of a unique horse mussel reef habitat, the Ulster Wildlife Trust has welcomed a temporary ban on trawling in Strangford Lough. e. The action or result of providing an electrical device, machine, etc., with safeguards against too high a current or voltage; the safeguards provided for this purpose. Cf. protect v. 3b. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical engineering > prevention of interference > [noun] protection1890 suppression1930 1890 W. Slingo & A. Brooker Electr. Engin. xvii. 725 The way in which it [sc. the cut-out] affords this protection is by automatically disconnecting the circuit when the current..exceeds a certain predetermined limit. 1920 Whittaker's Electr. Engineer's Pocket-bk. (ed. 4) 428 Merz-Price protection may operate by a balance of voltages or a balance of currents. The former is used for the protection of cables, and the latter for the protection of transformers and alternators. 1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Electr. Engin. 612/1 The fuse forms the basis of most small, simple distribution-system protection, combining overcurrent protection and fault isolation. 1986 F. Guillou & C. Gray in A. Limon et al. Home Owner Man. (ed. 2) v. vi. 797 Every temporary installation must be provided with protection against excess current. f. Chemistry. The action of making a hydrophobic sol resistant to precipitation in the presence of an electrolyte; the result of this. Cf. protect v. 3d. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > processes or substances affecting reactions > protection protection1909 protection1940 the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > colloid > [noun] > sol > hydrosol > protection of hydrophobic sol protection1909 1909 J. Alexander tr. Zsigmondy Colloids & Ultramicroscope xviii. 185 The origin of the protection of the gold can be most simply explained by the assumption that specific attractive forces bring about a union of the ultramicrons of metal and protective colloid. 1939 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) III. 287/1 The protection of sols is of great importance and has been practised empirically since ancient times. 1958 J. W. Mullin in Cremer & Davies Chem. Engin. Pract. VI. xi. 459 Protection is effected by a number of lyophilic molecules which envelop a lyophobic particle and cover it with a monomolecular layer. g. Bridge. (a) The fact of holding one or more winning cards in a particular suit; (b) the action of reopening the bidding when the auction would otherwise come to an end at a low level, with the aim either of enabling one's partner to bid again or of depriving one's opponents of an easy contract. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > bridge > [noun] > actions or tactics > call > bidding flag-flying1889 redoubling1899 auction1908 overbidding1912 pre-emption1924 save1927 raising1929 cue-bidding1932 sacrifice bid1932 sign-off1932 sign-off bid1932 protection1952 sacrifice1952 sacrifice bidding1959 1925 Dunkirk (N.Y.) Evening Observer 28 Feb. 9/2 That leaves only one suit for partner to protect or, if he also has no protection, only one for opponents to take. 1929 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 29 June (Mag.) Holding three hearts to the King..and no protection in Spades, North chooses the game bid in Hearts rather than No Trumps. 1952 I. Macleod Bridge vii. 88 Naturally, if there is an element of protection about your bid,..partner will realize that you may be quite a bit weaker. 1979 J. Amsbury Bridge xiii. 106 In competition, one tends to bid more aggressively than was normal in the past; this particularly applies in the area that can be generally called ‘Protection’. 2005 Independent (Nexis) 31 Dec. Spades and clubs both break 3-3, [and] the ten of diamonds provides protection in that suit. h. Chemistry. The action of introducing a group into a molecule to protect a feature of that molecule in a reaction; the result of this. Cf. protect v. 3c. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > processes or substances affecting reactions > protection protection1909 protection1940 1940 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 62 223/1 After protection of the double bond by bromine the latter compound was oxidized by chromic acid to remove the side-chain. 1947 Nature 12 Apr. 500/1 The use of the carbobenzoxy reagent for protection of amino-groups in the course of peptide synthesis has..some limitations. 1983 R. O. C. Norman & D. J. Waddington Mod. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) xv. 257 This use of the ethanoyl group is an example of protection: the aromatic ring is protected from the extensive reactions which occur with phenylamine itself. i. cathodic protection n. see cathodic adj. 3b. 2. a. A person who or thing which protects someone or something.In quot. a1382: a place which affords protection. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence hornc825 shieldc1200 warranta1272 bergha1325 armour1340 hedge1340 defencec1350 bucklerc1380 protectiona1382 safety1399 targea1400 suretyc1405 wall1412 pavise?a1439 fencec1440 safeguard?c1500 pale?a1525 waretack1542 muniment1546 shrouda1561 bulwark1577 countermure1581 ward1582 prevention1584 armourya1586 fortificationa1586 securitya1586 penthouse1589 palladium1600 guard1609 subtectacle1609 tutament1609 umbrella1609 bastion1615 screena1616 amulet1621 alexikakon1635 breastwork1643 security1643 protectionary1653 sepiment1660 back1680 shadower1691 aegis1760 inoculation1761 buoya1770 propugnaculum1773 panoply1789 armament1793 fascine1793 protective1827 beaver1838 face shield1842 vaccine1861 zariba1885 wolf-platform1906 firebreak1959 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Isa. xxviii. 17 Þe hail shal to~turnen vp so doun þe hope of lesing, & þe proteccioun watris shul flowyn [a1425 L.V. watris schulen flowe on proteccioun; L. protectionem aquæ inundabunt]. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) 466 Victorious tree, proteccion of trewe. ?a1430 T. Hoccleve Mother of God l. 120 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 56 Be yee oure help and our proteccioun. c1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Tiber.) 18765 (MED) God, off his grace, dyffende me; And he be my proteccyoun Fro thylke habytacyoun! 1528 Rede me & be nott Wrothe sig. b ij^v To soudears and men goynge a warre fare, The masse is ever a sure proteccion. It preserveth people from wofull care. 1552 Abp. J. Hamilton Catech. i. iv. f. 13 Our singular defence & protectioun. 1610 Bible (Douay) II. Isa. iv. 5 And our Lord shal create..a clowde by day, and smoke, and the brightnes of flaming fyre in the night: for vpon al glorie protection. 1685 E. Fowler Great Wickedness Slandering 11 If any thing be a sure Protection from it [sc. a slandering tongue], one would think the most Spotless Innocence, and the most Exemplary Virtue needs must. 1753 T. Gray Long Story in Six Poems 20 His quiver and his laurel 'Gainst four such eyes were no protection. 1792 C. Smith Desmond III. xxii. 268 Though it did not make me less apprehensive of the danger Geraldine might incur, it seemed to lend probability to my hopes of being a protection to her. 1823 F. Clissold Narr. Ascent Mont Blanc 17 We all put on our veils, as a protection from the heat and light. 1861 Amer. Agriculturist Jan. 17/2 A body of confined air between the cellar and the frosty air without..is as good a protection as a wall of brick or stone. 1891 T. Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles III. l. 168 In lonely districts night is a protection rather than a danger to a noiseless pedestrian. 1937 Sun (Baltimore) 16 July 1/4 The State demanded the chair for Norris as ‘a warning to other rapists and a protection for the womanhood of the State’. 1960 G. A. Glaister Gloss. Bk. 65/2 Chemise, a cover of silk or chevrotain sometimes used in the 15th century as a protection for embellished leather-bound books. 1999 Church Times 17 Sept. 11/1 Two of althaea's many properties are as a protection against burns and as a relief from teething pain. b. As mass noun: measures taken to prevent conception or (esp. more recently) sexually transmitted infection during sexual activity, spec. by the use of a condom. Cf. precaution n. 2c. Sometimes euphemistic, esp. in early use. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > contraception or birth control > [noun] > a contraceptive preventive1822 contraceptive1891 preventative1901 precaution1935 protection1960 1960 L. Rainwater And Poor get Children iii. 31 We use protection, just a rubber. I tell you frankly, I'd like a diaphragm but I'm just too embarrassed to go get one. 1986 J. Weeks Sexuality (2002) v. 98 Its [sc. AIDS] spread could..be hindered by..the avoidance of certain sexual practices (such as anal intercourse without protection). 1997 St. Petersburg (Florida) Times (Nexis) 7 Oct. 1 a He told Finley before they had sex that he did not want a child. She told him she was using protection. 2003 Marie Claire Dec. 170/3 If they do use protection, being drunk makes it even harder to put the damn thing on. c. Mountaineering and Rock Climbing. Measures taken to make climbing safer, consisting of devices placed in a rock for the attachment of rope; any of the devices so employed. Also: the capacity (of a particular rock face, etc.) to be made safe to climb in this way. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > mountaineering or climbing > [noun] > artificial aid > quality or quantity of belays protection1966 1966 C. Bonington I chose to Climb iii. 46 There was no protection and it was now necessary to pivot round on one's toes to grasp the smooth, square-cut edge of the bulge. 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face Gloss. 323 Protection, quantity and quality of running belays used to make a pitch safe to lead. 1995 Daily Mail Holiday Action Summer 50/2 In seconding a route, the climber follows the path of the leader, and removes the protection (collective term for devices attaching you to the rock) placed by them. 2006 Rocky Mountain News (Denver) (Nexis) 3 June 18 b Smith had to decide whether to take the time and energy to place the protection he needed or climb through in hopes of reaching a more solid stance before his strength gave out. 3. A letter, certificate, or similar document, guaranteeing protection, exemption, or immunity to the person specified in it; a safe conduct, a passport, a pass. Also (now usually) more fully letter of protection, certificate of protection. Now historical.Letters of protection were formerly issued by the British monarch granting immunity from arrest or legal process to persons engaged in his or her service, or going abroad with his or her cognizance. In the U.S., under the Protection Act of 1796, the customs authorities could issue seamen with certificates of protection, attesting to their American citizenship. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal document > types of legal or official document > [noun] > letter or letters patent > giving immunity from arrest or lawsuit protection1425 society > travel > aspects of travel > authorization to travel to, from, or in a country > [noun] > safe-conduct > document safe conduct?1404 acquitc1460 conduct1530 sureguard1604 safeguard1633 protection1659 salvoconducto1955 1425 Acts Parl. Scotl. II. 9/1 All..to quham he has grantit ony lettres of newe infeftment confirmacion or proteccion speciale vndir his hail grete sele [etc.]. 1426–7 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 9 Walter schuld defende hymself in þe seyd pleynt at hese owne will, except þat he schuld no benefice take by noon proteccion ne wrytte of corpus cum causa ne of no lordes lettres vp-on þe seyd sute. a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 665 (heading) (MED) A proteccion of kyng Richard, worde by worde, after the proteccion of kyng henry afore I-writte. 1502–3 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 174 It hath pleased the Kings highnes to grant unto your father his letter of protexion. c1503 tr. Charter of London in R. Arnold Chron. f. xiiij/1 That our proteccions..to ani persones to be made and graunted w^t vs to gon and dwellen in our viage..from hensforth shul not be allowed in plees of dett for vytayles..bought vpon y^e viage, wherof in Such proteccions mencion befallith to be made. 1595 Expos. Terms Law 150 b Protection is a writ, and it lyeth where that a man will passe ouer the Sea in the kings seruice, then..by this writ hee shall be quit of all manner of plees between him & any other person, except plees of dower [etc.]. 1659 T. Burton Diary (1828) IV. 1 Moved that the speaker sign protections for such persons as are called before the Committee for inspecting Treasury and Revenue. 1684 J. Erskine Jrnl. 15 Jan. (1893) 30 My brother..was upon his coming to town and going abroad, having got a protection from the Session for 14 days; visiting the officers of state and others. 1775 G. Stuart tr. J. L. de Lolme Constit. Eng. ii. xvi. 364 Having been detected in selling protections. 1839 W. McNally Evils & Abuses Naval & Merchant Service 44 There is a law in existence which declares, that..two-thirds of each crew must be American citizens, and such proof shall be produced..but this is easily elucidated, by showing how..these certificates of citizenship are procured—which are usually called protections. 1898 R. Kipling Day's Work 133 Jan Chinn never broke a protection spoken or written on paper. 1918 J. C. Davies Baronial Opposition to Edward II ii. ii. 373 The effect of royal protections issued to those who were or claimed to be in the royal service was also restricted. 1977 Jrnl. Econ. Hist. 37 25 The House of Commons directed the Lords of Admiralty to supply them with accounts of the numbers impressed..and the numbers impressed in spite of their possessing a valid letter of protection. 1994 J. Pawlikowski in M. Perry & F. M. Schweitzer Jewish-Christian Encounters over Centuries 297 Rotta..began to issue ‘Letters of Protection’ which seemed to stall at least the deportation process for Jews..who received them. 2004 P. A. Gilje Liberty on Waterfront 159 When Ladd attempted to show the certificate of protection to the British officers, one of them called him a ‘damned rascal’ and struck him with a cutlass. 4. The theory or practice of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition by the restriction or discouragement of imports, esp. through the imposition of duties or quotas on foreign goods. (In quot. 1842: a particular system of doing this.) ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > [noun] > principles and practice of > system of economic doctrine prohibitiona1641 protection1719 mercantile system1776 mercantile doctrine1816 mercantile theory1820 protectionism1846 productionism1929 society > trade and finance > management of money > [noun] > public > science of > specific doctrines or theories protection1719 protectionism1846 cameralism1909 Friedmanism1980 society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > an economic policy > specific policies and actions protection1719 co-operation1817 tariff-reform1859 monetary union1866 border protection1875 rationalization1875 tariffication1892 tariffade1904 inflationism1919 NEP1923 war communism1928 voodoo economics1930 substantivism1931 sterilization1938 deficit spending1941 deficit financing1943 tax-and-spend1956 indexation1960 stop-go1964 incomes policy1965 scala mobile1965 quantitative easing1966 jawboning1969 Nixonomics1969 developmentalism1970 degrowth1971 inflation-proofing1973 NEB1973 dollarization1982 fiscal engineering1982 Rogernomics1985 1719 J. Asgill Brief Answer Printed & Painted Callicoes 10 These Callicoes..seem to stand equally intituled to Protection and Encouragement with the Callicoes made of Cotton imported in Wool. 1789 Deb. Congr. U.S. 15 Apr. (1834) 150 He conceived it the duty of the committee to pay as much respect to the encouragement and protection of husbandry..as they did to manufactures. 1820 Hansard Lords 26 May 579 Let your lordships consider..what would be the effect..if the existing system of protection were abolished, and a fixed duty..were substituted. 1842 T. P. Thompson Exercises I. 194 Suppose then that every individual in the community was a producer of some kind, and that every one had a ‘protection’ upon his particular trade. 1875 T. Hill True Order Stud. 127 Earnest debates..concerning protection and free trade. 1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 65/2 I..waded kneedeep in the bitter tears they shed over the decline of American industry if high protection was not maintained. 1939 Fortune Oct. 96/2 Evidently U.S. business sentiment is for neither ironclad protection nor complete free trade. 1994 K. Perry Business & European Community iii. 42 The governments of the mature industrial economies have turned increasingly to protection and a unilateral approach, with the spawning of insidiously opaque non-tariff barriers. Compounds C1. General attributive and instrumental. protection act n. ΚΠ 1818 Times 5 June 2/6 If the arguments for the Restriction Act (or as it has been rather maliciously called, the ‘Protection Act’) be proved..to be wholly unreal and imaginary, the Bank are not bound to take advantage of them. 1881 W. E. Forster Let. to Gladstone 1 Nov. in T. W. Reid Life W. E. Forster (1888) II. viii. 361 We made up our minds to arrest the leaders under the Protection Act. 1997 R. Siddle in M. Weiner Japan's Minorities (1999) ii. 23 A humanitarian movement to halt the physical extermination of the ‘dying race’ resulted in the institutionalization of Ainu inferiority with the enactment of a Protection Act in 1899. protection-burdened adj. ΚΠ 1908 Daily Chron. 11 May 1/7 Contrast between social reform possibilities in Free Trade Britain and Protection-burdened Germany. protection grant n. ΚΠ 1892 Times 8 Oct. 12/4 The decision of the executive committee to refuse in certain instances to allow the superannuation, death, and protection grants. 1997 Scotsman (Nexis) 1 May 4 The Environment Secretary..intervened to protect an area of chalk downland for which a protection grant had been refused. protection plate n. ΚΠ 1878 Times 27 Aug. 11/1 The holes in the protection plates at the foot of the turrets through which the rammers charge the guns. 1982 Nuclear News (Nexis) Oct. 108 It can..be used as a protection plate for a fork lift, the screen for a shelter, or a helmet's faceplate. protection wall n. ΚΠ 1825 Times 31 Aug. 3/5 An unfortunate occurrence took place on board the Atholl steam-packet, just as she was preparing to sail from the East Protection-wall for Broughty Ferry. 2005 Travel Weekly (Nexis) 28 Oct. 64 Coachloads of visitors appear fleetingly..and then disappear back to Jerusalem behind the nine-metre protection wall that separates the cities. protection work n. ΚΠ 1852 Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Democrat 6 Feb. 1/4 Advertisements were issued..for the construction of the protection work on the Wisconsin river, to be composed of cribs formed of square timbers, with stone filling. 1999 National Trust Mag. Autumn 53/1 This is reflected in wear and tear on the banks and the need for stronger protection work, thus increasing costs. C2. protection factor n. a measure of the extent to which something affords protection against the harmful effects of a particular phenomenon, based on a ratio of the effects experienced with and without protection; (sometimes) spec. = sun protection factor n. at sun n.¹ Compounds 5a. ΚΠ 1957 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 43 760 There is an over-all protection factor for strontium 90 from topsoil to milk of about..10. 1960 Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio) 4 Sept. b7/6 The protection factor of the [nuclear fallout] shelter is said to be 200, which means that radiation exposure will be reduced to 1-200th of that absorbed by an unprotected person. 1974 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 6 June 14 k/3 Top..brands in effectiveness against burning were PreSun and Pabanol, each having a protection factor of 17.6. 1994 Occupational Hazards Sept. 39/1 Workers have a false sense of security because these respirators are given higher assigned protection factors than they deserve. 2005 InStyle (Electronic ed.) June Sun-proof your clothes. Most clothing has a protection factor of between 5 and 9. protection fee n. a fee paid to secure protection (sense 1c). ΚΠ 1820 W. Tooke tr. Lucian Lucian of Samosata I. 514 They never once think of paying their protection-fees. 1937 Winnipeg Free Press 11 Jan. 1/6 Jack Dempsey..has been ‘shaken down’ for $285 in protection fees for his fashionable Eighth avenue restaurant by racketeers. 1993 Washington Post (National Weekly ed.) 12 Apr. 17/2 The number of full-time gangsters dropped by about 10 percent..and countless businesses were able to stop paying protection fees to the local yakuza affiliates. protection forest n. a forest planted or managed in such a way as to provide a dense cover of vegetation, thus helping to inhibit erosion and conserve water. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [noun] > wooded land > types of ripplelOE wildwooda1122 rough1332 firth?a1400 tod stripec1446 osiard1509 bush1523 bush-ground1523 fritha1552 island1638 oak landc1658 pinelandc1658 piney wood1666 broom-land1707 pine barrenc1721 pine savannah1735 savannah1735 thick woods1754 scrub-land1779 olive wood1783 primeval forest1789 open wood1790 strong woods1792 scrub1805 oak flata1816 sertão1816 sprout-land1824 flatwoods1841 bush-land1842 tall timber1845 amber forest1846 caatinga1846 mahogany scrub1846 bush-flat1847 myall country1847 national forest1848 selva1849 monte1851 virgin forest1851 bush-country1855 savannah forest1874 bush-range1879 bushveld1879 protection forest1889 mulga1896 wood-bush1896 shinnery1901 fringing forest1903 monsoon forest1903 rainforest1903 savannah woodland1903 thorn forest1903 tropical rainforest1903 gallery forest1920 cloud forest1922 rain jungle1945 mato1968 1889 W. Schlich Man. Forestry I. i. 47 Already in the middle ages so-called ‘Protection Forests’ existed. 1926 F. Ramaley & W. W. Robbins in V. E. Shelford Naturalist's Guide Americas iv. 526 About one-fifth of the entire area of Colorado is in National Forests. These forests are chiefly protection forests and do not furnish at present any great amount of timber. 1998 China Q. No. 156. 916 The first and most famous of these is the Three Norths protection forest, also known as the Green Great Wall. protection money n. money paid to secure protection (sense 1c). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > protection money black rent1423 blackmail1530 protection money1703 protection rent1860 Danegeld1911 juice1935 ice1951 1703 N. Battely Somner's Antiq. Canterbury (rev. ed.) 4 The Jurisdiction and Protection-Money whereof belongs to the King; but as yet he has never had it. 1762 P. Murdoch tr. A. F. Büsching New Syst. Geogr. VI. 424 Jews also who are very numerous here have a large synagogue, but pay the sum of 2000 ducats per annum as protection-money. 1814 W. Scott Waverley I. xv. 153 ‘And what is black-mail?’ ‘A sort of protection-money that Low-country gentlemen and heritors, lying near the Highlands, pay to some Highland chief, that he may neither do them harm himself, nor suffer it to be done to them by others.’ View more context for this quotation 1872 Petersburg (Va.) Index 31 Dec. There is not a gambling house, large or small, that does not have to pay protection money to an association, the names of the members of which I could give. 1934 R. Graves I, Claudius xx. 289 Shopkeepers in the town and farmers in the country had to pay secret ‘protection money’ to the local captains; if they refused to pay there would be a raid at night by masked men, their house would be burned down and their families murdered. 2002 D. Aitkenhead Promised Land xiii. 134 Businessmen who refused to pay protection money had their premises pipe-bombed. protection order n. an order placing someone or something under the protection of the law; (originally) spec. a court order forbidding the seizure of a debtor's assets. ΚΠ 1842 Times 16 Dec. 6/3 Unless..a better balance-sheet [is] presented, I shall refuse the final protection order. 1928 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 23 Oct. 6/7 All he could do was to give a protection order against the lands. 2005 Dominion Post (Wellington, N.Z.) (Nexis) 3 Mar. 5 The victim had only just taken out a protection order against Lawson when he attacked her. protection racket n. originally U.S. †(a) the electoral strategy of seeking to attract voters by offering the prospect of protection (sense 4) for their businesses (obsolete); (b) an illegal scheme involving the extortion of money in return for protection (sense 1c). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > protection money > protection protection1872 protection racket1893 1893 Atlanta Constit. 15 June 2/4 The speaker [sc. William J. Bryant] drew a striking illustration of how the republicans worked the protection racket. 1901 Anaconda (Montana) Standard 17 Mar. 1/7 The leaders in that party had felt well assured that in a national campaign they would never again be able to work the protection racket. 1930 Chicago Tribune 5 Mar. 8/3 He..would visit another place and collect a bribe for leaving its proprietor in peace... Lapham..was at one time his partner in the protection racket. 1954 T. S. Eliot Confidential Clerk ii. 62 Colby doesn't need your protection racket So far as I'm concerned. 1976 D. Daiches in D. Villiers Next Year in Jerusalem 275 The characteristics of a Chicago gangster tale: a leader organizing a protection racket, violent measures taken against those who refuse protection money. 2002 Total Film Mar. 21/1 Twin brothers Reggie and Ronnie [Kray] were the sharp-dressed sadists who changed the face of British crime..with their lethal protection racket. protection rent n. = protection money n.; also in extended use (see quot. 1958). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > protection money black rent1423 blackmail1530 protection money1703 protection rent1860 Danegeld1911 juice1935 ice1951 1860 Leisure Hour 19 July 460/2 In return for black-mail or protection-rent, they shared the property of those who paid it, and engaged to defend it from aggressions. 1906 W. McAdoo Guarding Great City vi. 86 The manager of a disorderly house..does not feel any sense of security unless someone representing the police authorities has received money. These men and women hold their money from the landlord and pay their ‘protection rent’. 1941 Amer. Hist. Rev. 46 536 Discussing that aspect of mercantilist activity reflected in the use of war to increase national wealth, he [sc. F. C. Lane] pointed out that the measure of its success requires computation of the ‘protection rent’ involved. 1958 F. C. Lane in Jrnl. Econ. Hist. 18 409 I propose ‘protection rent’ in order to have a term to apply to profits arising from differences in the whole range of costs incurred in using or controlling violence. These included convoy fees, tribute to the Barbary pirates, or higher insurance for voyages into pirate-infested waters, bribes or gifts to customs officials..and other kinds of smuggling costs. 1988 D. Rothermund Econ. Hist. India ii. 11 The rising Ottoman empire provided protection to the old trade routes, from which a good deal of protection rent could be derived. Derivatives proˈtectional adj. of or relating to protection. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [adjective] defensal1575 defensivea1586 protectional1650 1650 T. Waring Brief Narration Execrable Rebellion & Butcherie Ireland 2 How fit they are to..receive protectionall favor, that implicitly resign themselves to the perpetration of that which the sowers of such wicked seek shall propose unto them. 1844 Times 20 Mar. 3/7 To abolish no protectional duties on our manufactures, if possible. 1888 Linn. Soc. Jrnl., Zool. 20 226 Protectional Segregation is Segregation from the use of different methods of protection against adverse influences in the environment. 1900 J. Morley Cromwell iv. i. 277 The protectional establishment of national commerce. 1999 Operations Res. 47 807 The concept of a warranty being an important strategic element has come to the forefront because of both promotional and protectional needs. proˈtectionary n. and adj. †(a) n. a person who provides protection (obsolete rare); (b) adj. of the nature of or characterized by protection; protectionist. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence hornc825 shieldc1200 warranta1272 bergha1325 armour1340 hedge1340 defencec1350 bucklerc1380 protectiona1382 safety1399 targea1400 suretyc1405 wall1412 pavise?a1439 fencec1440 safeguard?c1500 pale?a1525 waretack1542 muniment1546 shrouda1561 bulwark1577 countermure1581 ward1582 prevention1584 armourya1586 fortificationa1586 securitya1586 penthouse1589 palladium1600 guard1609 subtectacle1609 tutament1609 umbrella1609 bastion1615 screena1616 amulet1621 alexikakon1635 breastwork1643 security1643 protectionary1653 sepiment1660 back1680 shadower1691 aegis1760 inoculation1761 buoya1770 propugnaculum1773 panoply1789 armament1793 fascine1793 protective1827 beaver1838 face shield1842 vaccine1861 zariba1885 wolf-platform1906 firebreak1959 1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 2nd Bk. Wks. xi. 77 The bankrupt Protectionaries of five yeares respit. 1845 Times 30 Oct. 6/5 An important modification, if not total repeal, of the protectionary Corn Law is close at hand. 1935 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 179 121/1 Business enterprises..fear exposure to foreign competition that would presumably result from reducing tariffs and other protectionary devices. 2000 J. McLaughlin Writing in Urban Jungle iii. 73 Sherlock Holmes tales rechannel paranoid protectionary fears about invasion. proˈtectionate adj. and n. rare (a) adj. = protectionist adj.; (b) n. = protectorate n. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > [adjective] > relating to political economy > specific doctrines or theories protective1822 protectionate1853 Veblenian1931 Friedmanian1969 Friedmanite1979 society > authority > rule or government > a or the system of government > direct rule, devolution, or trusteeship > [noun] > protectorate or trusteeship protectorate1798 trusteeship1841 protectionate1853 League of Nations mandate1919 mandate1919 1853 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 73 764 What has become of all the Protectionate croaking about low prices? 1882 Contemp. Rev. Jan. 32 A military occupation of, or British Protectionate over, Egypt. 1978 Ethnohistory 25 196 Rabinow is at his best in the character sketches of individuals: an idealized 19th century chief, a rapacious shikh and judges who worked with French authorities during the Protectionate. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1350
随便看	shake by the ears shake by the hand shake cabin shake culture shake dance shake dancer shake down shake down , walk off with) the persimmon shake down , walk off with) the persimmons shake down into shake feet shake hand shake hands shake hands with shake hands with an old friend shake hands with the wife's best friend shake have a cloth in the wind shake heels shake house shake in one's shoes shake it shake like a leaf shake music shake n bake shake of the head