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单词 punishment
释义

punishmentn.

Brit. /ˈpʌnᵻʃm(ə)nt/, U.S. /ˈpənɪʃm(ə)nt/
Forms:

α. late Middle English punissement, late Middle English punisshment, late Middle English punyscement, late Middle English punyschement, late Middle English punyschment, late Middle English punysschement, late Middle English punyssement, late Middle English punyssment, late Middle English–1500s punisshement, late Middle English–1500s punysshement, 1500s punishement, 1500s punishemente, 1500s punishmente, 1500s punychment, 1500s punyshement, 1500s punyshemente, 1500s punyshment, 1500s–1600s punnishment, 1500s– punishment, 1600s punnisment; Scottish pre-1700 puneischement, pre-1700 puneishement, pre-1700 puneishment, pre-1700 puneisment, pre-1700 puneshment, pre-1700 punesmentt, pre-1700 punichment, pre-1700 punischement, pre-1700 punischiment, pre-1700 punischment, pre-1700 punisement, pre-1700 punishement, pre-1700 punisment, pre-1700 punneisment, pre-1700 punyschement, pre-1700 punysment, pre-1700 punyssement, pre-1700 pvneisment, pre-1700 pvnisment, pre-1700 pvnneisment, pre-1700 pwneischment, pre-1700 pwneishment, pre-1700 pwneisment, pre-1700 pwnissament, pre-1700 pwnyschment, pre-1700 1700s– punishment.

β. late Middle English punchement, late Middle English punsshment.

γ. late Middle English ponissement, late Middle English ponyshemente, late Middle English ponyshmente, late Middle English–1500s ponyschement, late Middle English–1500s ponysshement, 1500s ponischment, 1500s ponishement, 1500s ponishiment, 1500s ponisshement, 1500s ponyschment, 1500s ponyshment, 1500s ponysschment, 1500s ponyssment; Scottish pre-1700 ponishement, pre-1700 ponishment, pre-1700 ponisment, pre-1700 ponyschement.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French punissement.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman punisceement, punisement, punishement, punisshement, Anglo-Norman and Middle French punissement (late 13th cent. in Old French as pugnissement ) < puniss- , extended stem of punir punish v. + -ment -ment suffix. Compare punishing n., punition n.
The action of punishing or the fact of being punished.
1. The infliction of a penalty or sanction in retribution for an offence or transgression; (also) that which is inflicted as a penalty; a sanction imposed to ensure the application and enforcement of a law.capital, corporal punishment: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > [noun]
justice?a1160
penancec1300
defensiona1382
forfeiture1390
punishment1402
revengementa1513
penition1547
revenge1561
infliction1590
supplice1646
vindictive1726
auto-da-fé1767
woodshedding1940
knuckle-rapping1944
the world > the supernatural > deity > Christian God > activities of God > [noun] > trial or punishment by
judgementa1325
visitationc1475
general judgement1479
chastening1526
punishment1535
1402 T. Hoccleve Lepistre Cupide (Huntington) l. 467 in Minor Poems (1970) ii. 308 We you commaunde..Þat of tho men vntreewe, our rebel foon, Yee do punisshement.
1444 Rolls of Parl. V. 115/1 Many grete peynes and heynous punysshementz ageyns the seid Purveiours..by dyvers Estatutz..ben ordeined.
?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 100 His endles punchement may nevyr sees.
1482 Monk of Evesham 53 He was takyn..to the vtmest peynys and ponissement of dethe.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms civ. 7 He is the Lorde oure God, whose punyshmentes are thorow out all the worlde.
a1557 J. Cheke tr. Gospel St. Matthew (1843) xxiii. 29 How can ie flie from helles ponischment?
1588 T. Hariot Briefe Rep. Virginia sig. E3v There is punishment ordained for malefactours.
1631 T. May tr. J. Barclay Mirrour of Mindes i. 313 He desired that that Army..should take punishment of him for deceiuing the King.
1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxvii. 157 We must, wherever we suppose a Law, suppose also some Reward or Punishment annexed to that Rule.
1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. ii. 37 Divine Punishment is what Men chiefly object against, and are most unwilling to allow.
1771 J. Macpherson Introd. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland 290 They animadverted upon petty offenders with slighter punishments.
1808 W. Selwyn Abridgem. Law Nisi Prius II. xxi. 764 The rule now laid down is, that it is the crime and not the punishment, which makes a man infamous.
1875 J. P. Hopps Princ. Relig. (1878) x. 31 There are punishments that are inflicted from without, and punishments that naturally and of necessity grow out of offences.
1885 W. S. Gilbert Mikado ii. 35 My object all sublime I shall achieve in time—To let the punishment fit the crime—The punishment fit the crime.
1951 J. Agee Morning Watch iii. 119 And much as he dreaded in advance the punishment, which would be a whipping for sure,..he dreaded even more the first meeting with these eyes.
1959 B. Wootton Social Sci. & Social Pathol. viii. 241 If treatability is taken as the test of responsibility, it follows that those who cannot or will not be treated must be regarded as liable to punishment.
2002 New Republic 1 Apr. 33/2 Increasingly criminals were regarded as sick rather than evil, and prisons..were touted as institutions for rehabilitation as well as punishment.
2. In extended use and figurative.
a. Sport. The infliction of severe blows, esp. in boxing; hard hitting; high scoring. Also: the action or result of capitalizing on poor play or a mistake by one's opponent.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun]
clakec1000
wemming1100
hurt?c1225
un-i-soundc1275
breach1398
wrethec1400
discomfiture1599
tort1632
personal injury1653
punishment1811
insult1903
sports injury1932
the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > defeat or overthrow > [noun]
fallOE
confusionc1290
discomfiturea1400
castc1400
overthrowc1440
confoundinga1450
jeofail1546
prostitution1567
lurch1584
worsting1607
unhorsing1608
supplantation1617
defeat1676
overset1789
punishment1811
overthrowal1862
beating1883
unhorsement1884
whoop-ass1974
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > ill-treatment > [noun]
mishandlinga1393
deraya1400
villainya1400
outraya1425
mistreating1453
mispersoning1522
misentreating1531
misusing1548
misusage1555
misuse1591
abuse1595
hard measure1611
ill usage1621
evil-usage1645
ill-treatment1667
maltreatment1702
mistreatment1716
punishment1811
society > leisure > sport > winning, losing, or scoring > [noun] > losing or defeat
loss1548
thrashing1797
punishment1811
trouncing1867
gruelling1882
shut-out1889
slaughter1890
nong1903
caning1933
massacre1940
whacking1951
the world > movement > impact > striking > beating or repeated striking > [noun] > specific object a person
threshingOE
sousingc1580
rib-roast1595
basting1599
swingeing1603
cuffing1610
lamming1611
rib-roasting1613
mauling1621
pinking1637
drubbing1650
diverberation1651
verberation1661
trimming1675
rib1699
thrashing1720
dousing1721
fagging1746
bumping1751
dusting1799
clapperclawing1806
milling1806
hiding1809
punishment1811
doing1814
bethumping1831
mugging1846
jacketing1850
frailing1851
pasting1851
towelling1851
tanning1863
fum-fum1885
ribbing1894
paddywhack1898
tanking1905
beating-up1915
shellacking1931
sloshing1931
clobbering1948
twatting1963
duffing-up1967
1811 Sporting Mag. 38 140/1 Silverthorne, with timidity, arising no doubt from punishment in the first round, kept away from his adversary.
1846 W. Denison Cricket: Sketches of Players 24 The batsman makes up his mind that he shall administer severe punishment.
1865 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend II. iii. iii. 23 Stopping to examine his arms and hands, as if to see what punishment he has received in the Fight.
1908 Times 5 May 13/5 Much of the Surrey bowling was erratic, but none of the batsmen meted out that punishment which the loose balls deserved.
1949 ‘J. Tey’ Brat Farrar viii. 69 Now he looked stupid, like a boxer who is taking too much punishment.
2002 Times 11 Feb. 36/3 In the ninth round, just before the referee decided that the punishment had to stop, Hatton caught his opponent with his heaviest body-shot.
b. More widely: rough physical treatment; battering, maltreatment; injury, damage; rough handling or excessive wear of materials or equipment. Also (English regional): pain, suffering.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > damage > [noun]
harmOE
tinsela1340
damagec1374
offensiona1382
pairmentc1384
wrongc1384
offencec1385
wrackc1407
lesion?a1425
ruin1467
prejudicec1485
domager1502
qualm1513
jacture1515
imblemishment1529
perishment1540
impeachment1548
blame1549
dommagie1556
execution1581
damagement1603
sufferancea1616
stroy1682
murder1809
punishment1839
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > disadvantage > uselessness > misuse > [noun] > excessive use
overworking1593
overuse1612
overemployment1874
punishment1930
1839 G. C. Lewis Gloss. Words Herefordshire in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1903) IV. 648/2 I was in great punishment with the toothache.
1877 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. (at cited word) ‘How's John?’ ‘Oh, poor owd man, he was in sore punishment when I left him.’ ‘Put that poor owd hoss out o' his punishment.’
1884 St. James's Gaz. 11 Dec. 10/1 He can ride horse or camel from early morning till late at night without showing punishment.
1885 Ld. Wolseley in Times 22 Jan. 5/4 While severe punishment was being inflicted on enemy by all other parts of square.
1930 Engineering 11 Apr. 473/3 Steel from which a boiler tube is manufactured..must be capable of withstanding severe punishment during manufacture and also when being rolled into a tube plate and belled.
1955 Times 17 May 18/3 Only the finest film-strength oils can withstand the punishment a tractor engine receives.
1993 Canoeist Dec. 6 (advt.) Exceptionally high impact and abrasion resistance: rotomoulded in Crosslink 3, the Discovery canoes take punishment and then bounce back for more.
2006 Edmonton (Alberta) Jrnl. (Nexis) 18 June (Sunday reader) d12 On her road to triumph, Muenzer suffered more than her share of pain and punishment, including injuries sustained through cycling.
c. Psychology. The infliction of an unpleasant stimulus, as pain, deprivation, etc., on an organism as a method of behavioural control, so that unwanted forms of behaviour are suppressed and the desired behaviour pattern is established. Cf. reward n. 6e.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > psychology > experimental psychology > conditioning > [noun] > by consequences > by unpleasant consequences
punishment1907
nonreward1929
1907 R. M. Yerkes Dancing Mouse vi. 99 In general, the method of punishment is more satisfactory than the method of reward, because it can be controlled to a greater extent.
1949 R. S. Woodworth & D. G. Marquis Psychology xvi. 530 Punishment has two important effects. When the child gets a burn from a hot radiator he learns to avoid the radiator. When anyone in following a certain lead to his goal meets with punishment..he tends to shift to another lead.
1975 J. Fischer & H. L. Gochros Planned Behavior Change iv. 56 When..there is a decrease in the probability that the behavior will occur, that stimulus is a negative reinforcer, and the operation is called positive punishment.
2001 Independent 10 May (MBA Suppl.) 5/2 Horse whispering has a lot to recommend it because it is based on building trust through reward rather than punishment.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.
ΚΠ
1836 Times 23 Mar. 5/2 A close kind of military confinement, when the soldier was off duty, was substituted, combined with punishment drill.
1875 R. Hill & F. Hill What we saw in Austral. v. 89 A strong wooden wall shuts off a corner, which is used as a punishment cell.
1905 Macmillan's Mag. Nov. 34 Croker..told a young captain that the Admiralty did not like officers who had a long punishment-list.
1916 W. Owen Let. 14 Mar. (1967) 385 Inspections, punishment parades, & more inspections.
1958 J. Townsend Young Devils vi. 54 In one year more than five hundred canings had been officially entered in the punishment book.
1995 K. Toolis Rebel Hearts (1996) iv. 206 He worked as a general dogsbody at first, ferrying arms and taking part in a couple of punishment shootings against local criminals who fell foul of the Derry Command.
2002 Times 13 Mar. (T2 section) 20/2 He found himself en route for Colditz, which the Germans used as a Sonderlager—a punishment camp for the worst of the ‘bad boys’ from elsewhere.
C2.
punishment beating n. a beating given as punishment; spec. (in Northern Ireland) a violent retributive attack by members of a sectarian paramilitary organization.
ΚΠ
1976 Times 9 July 5/5 The inquiry was set up to investigate the background of what a judge described as ‘sadistic’ punishment beatings of boys aged between 10 and 14 at..a mixed home for 29 children.
1985 Guardian (Nexis) 23 Aug. The paramilitary organisation said that its active service units in the city had been instructed to take action against the 12 [people]. This could mean anything from a punishment beating to a bullet in the head.
1999 C. Brookmyre One Fine Day in Middle of Night (2000) 257 Two ex-paramilitaries for whom punishment beatings and rubbing out rival drug dealers hadn't proven a satisfactory replacement for the excitement of the glory days.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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