释义 |
punishmentn.Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French punissement. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman punisceement, punisement, punishement, punisshement, Anglo-Norman and Middle French punissement (late 13th cent. in Old French as pugnissement ) < puniss- , extended stem of punir punish v. + -ment -ment suffix. Compare punishing n., punition n. The action of punishing or the fact of being punished. society > authority > punishment > [noun] the world > the supernatural > deity > Christian God > activities of God > [noun] > trial or punishment by 1402 T. Hoccleve Lepistre Cupide (Huntington) l. 467 in (1970) ii. 308 We you commaunde..Þat of tho men vntreewe, our rebel foon, Yee do punisshement. 1444 V. 115/1 Many grete peynes and heynous punysshementz ageyns the seid Purveiours..by dyvers Estatutz..ben ordeined. ?a1475 (1922) 100 His endles punchement may nevyr sees. 1482 53 He was takyn..to the vtmest peynys and ponissement of dethe. 1535 Psalms civ. 7 He is the Lorde oure God, whose punyshmentes are thorow out all the worlde. a1557 J. Cheke tr. (1843) xxiii. 29 How can ie flie from helles ponischment? 1588 T. Hariot sig. E3v There is punishment ordained for malefactours. 1631 T. May tr. J. Barclay i. 313 He desired that that Army..should take punishment of him for deceiuing the King. 1690 J. Locke ii. xxvii. 157 We must, wherever we suppose a Law, suppose also some Reward or Punishment annexed to that Rule. 1736 Bp. J. Butler i. ii. 37 Divine Punishment is what Men chiefly object against, and are most unwilling to allow. 1771 J. Macpherson 290 They animadverted upon petty offenders with slighter punishments. 1808 W. Selwyn II. xxi. 764 The rule now laid down is, that it is the crime and not the punishment, which makes a man infamous. 1875 J. P. Hopps (1878) x. 31 There are punishments that are inflicted from without, and punishments that naturally and of necessity grow out of offences. 1885 W. S. Gilbert ii. 35 My object all sublime I shall achieve in time—To let the punishment fit the crime—The punishment fit the crime. 1951 J. Agee iii. 119 And much as he dreaded in advance the punishment, which would be a whipping for sure,..he dreaded even more the first meeting with these eyes. 1959 B. Wootton viii. 241 If treatability is taken as the test of responsibility, it follows that those who cannot or will not be treated must be regarded as liable to punishment. 2002 1 Apr. 33/2 Increasingly criminals were regarded as sick rather than evil, and prisons..were touted as institutions for rehabilitation as well as punishment. 2. In extended use and figurative. the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > defeat or overthrow > [noun] the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > ill-treatment > [noun] society > leisure > sport > winning, losing, or scoring > [noun] > losing or defeat the world > movement > impact > striking > beating or repeated striking > [noun] > specific object a person 1811 38 140/1 Silverthorne, with timidity, arising no doubt from punishment in the first round, kept away from his adversary. 1846 W. Denison 24 The batsman makes up his mind that he shall administer severe punishment. 1865 C. Dickens II. iii. iii. 23 Stopping to examine his arms and hands, as if to see what punishment he has received in the Fight. 1908 5 May 13/5 Much of the Surrey bowling was erratic, but none of the batsmen meted out that punishment which the loose balls deserved. 1949 ‘J. Tey’ viii. 69 Now he looked stupid, like a boxer who is taking too much punishment. 2002 11 Feb. 36/3 In the ninth round, just before the referee decided that the punishment had to stop, Hatton caught his opponent with his heaviest body-shot. the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > damage > [noun] the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > disadvantage > uselessness > misuse > [noun] > excessive use 1839 G. C. Lewis Gloss. Words Herefordshire in (1903) IV. 648/2 I was in great punishment with the toothache. 1877 E. Peacock (at cited word) ‘How's John?’ ‘Oh, poor owd man, he was in sore punishment when I left him.’ ‘Put that poor owd hoss out o' his punishment.’ 1884 11 Dec. 10/1 He can ride horse or camel from early morning till late at night without showing punishment. 1885 Ld. Wolseley in 22 Jan. 5/4 While severe punishment was being inflicted on enemy by all other parts of square. 1930 11 Apr. 473/3 Steel from which a boiler tube is manufactured..must be capable of withstanding severe punishment during manufacture and also when being rolled into a tube plate and belled. 1955 17 May 18/3 Only the finest film-strength oils can withstand the punishment a tractor engine receives. 1993 Dec. 6 (advt.) Exceptionally high impact and abrasion resistance: rotomoulded in Crosslink 3, the Discovery canoes take punishment and then bounce back for more. 2006 (Nexis) 18 June (Sunday reader) d12 On her road to triumph, Muenzer suffered more than her share of pain and punishment, including injuries sustained through cycling. the mind > mental capacity > psychology > experimental psychology > conditioning > [noun] > by consequences > by unpleasant consequences 1907 R. M. Yerkes vi. 99 In general, the method of punishment is more satisfactory than the method of reward, because it can be controlled to a greater extent. 1949 R. S. Woodworth & D. G. Marquis xvi. 530 Punishment has two important effects. When the child gets a burn from a hot radiator he learns to avoid the radiator. When anyone in following a certain lead to his goal meets with punishment..he tends to shift to another lead. 1975 J. Fischer & H. L. Gochros iv. 56 When..there is a decrease in the probability that the behavior will occur, that stimulus is a negative reinforcer, and the operation is called positive punishment. 2001 10 May (MBA Suppl.) 5/2 Horse whispering has a lot to recommend it because it is based on building trust through reward rather than punishment. Compounds1836 23 Mar. 5/2 A close kind of military confinement, when the soldier was off duty, was substituted, combined with punishment drill. 1875 R. Hill & F. Hill v. 89 A strong wooden wall shuts off a corner, which is used as a punishment cell. 1905 Nov. 34 Croker..told a young captain that the Admiralty did not like officers who had a long punishment-list. 1916 W. Owen 14 Mar. (1967) 385 Inspections, punishment parades, & more inspections. 1958 J. Townsend vi. 54 In one year more than five hundred canings had been officially entered in the punishment book. 1995 K. Toolis (1996) iv. 206 He worked as a general dogsbody at first, ferrying arms and taking part in a couple of punishment shootings against local criminals who fell foul of the Derry Command. 2002 13 Mar. (T2 section) 20/2 He found himself en route for Colditz, which the Germans used as a Sonderlager—a punishment camp for the worst of the ‘bad boys’ from elsewhere. C2. 1976 9 July 5/5 The inquiry was set up to investigate the background of what a judge described as ‘sadistic’ punishment beatings of boys aged between 10 and 14 at..a mixed home for 29 children. 1985 (Nexis) 23 Aug. The paramilitary organisation said that its active service units in the city had been instructed to take action against the 12 [people]. This could mean anything from a punishment beating to a bullet in the head. 1999 C. Brookmyre (2000) 257 Two ex-paramilitaries for whom punishment beatings and rubbing out rival drug dealers hadn't proven a satisfactory replacement for the excitement of the glory days. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1402 |