punkahn.

Brit.

/ˈpʌŋkə/, U.S.

/ˈpəŋkə/

Forms: 1600s panha, 1600s panhah, 1600s punkaw, 1700s–1800s punker, 1700s– punka, 1800s pankah, 1800s phoonka, 1800s puncah, 1800s punkar, 1800s punkha, 1800s– punkah.

Origin: A borrowing from Hindi. Etymon: Hindi paṅkhā.

Etymology: < Hindi paṅkhā fan < Sanskrit pakṣa wing. Compare punkah v.

Chiefly South Asian.

†1. = punkah-wallah n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > attendant or personal servant > [noun] > other specific personal attendants

henchmana1560

wallet-bearer1611

punkaha1613

bathing-woman1789

laquais de place1789

agterryer1824

punkah-wallah1826

famulus1837

personal assistant1910

a1613 W. Finch Observ. in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) I. iv. iv. 439 The King sits in his chaire of State, accompanied with his Children and chiefe Vizier..no other without calling daring to goe vp to him, saue onely two Punkaw's to gather wind.

a. A large hand-held fan, esp. one made from a palmyra leaf or leaves.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > supplying fresh air or ventilation > fan > hand-held or portable > other types of

punkah1663

colmar1727

peacock fan1853

feather-fan1864

blow-george1873

uchiwa1877

1663 in Coll. Voy. & Trav. (1745) II. 177 Having a servant or two to fan one by turns with their great Panhas, or fans.

1790 J. Horsford Dum-dum in Coll. Poems E. Indies (1797) 11 To loll away, In stupid indolence the lazy day, While crouching vassals with officious care, By turning punkas force unwholesome air.

1801 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1800 Misc. Tracts 336/2 Over her head was held a punkar.

1834 A. Prinsep Baboo II. viii. 140 Fair hands were gently waving a punkah over my face.

1903 G. W. Forrest Cities of India v. 132 Punkas and water were brought.

1988 B. Sidhwa Ice-candy-man v. 33 Godmother sits next to him, fanning herself and the doctor with a slow, rotary motion of her palm-leaf punkah.

b. Originally: a large swinging fan made of cloth or canvas stretched on a rectangular frame, suspended from the roof, and either worked manually with a cord or (in later use) electrically operated. Now more generally: a ceiling fan.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > supplying fresh air or ventilation > fan > punkah

weather-fan1611

fan1696

punkah1790

1790 B. Burges Indostan Lett. 117 I was shewn to an apartment, where was a long couch..over which hung a swing punkah on an hinge.

1806 J. Johnson Acct. Voy. India, China, &c. 33 In their rooms they have curious machines, called punka's, or large fans, which are kept constantly waving over head while at dinner, and produce a most agreeable effect.

1842 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 5 153/1 Strong brass hinge-hooks for punkahs.

1857 Harper's Mag. Dec. 33/2 To look at that long glittering table under the rich silk-edged punka..one would have fancied it a select dinner to some embassador.

1930 W. S. Churchill My Early Life x. 136 The hand-pulled punkahs, for in those days there were no electric fans, flapped vigorously to and fro..and agitated the hot food-smelling air.

1971 D. H. Robinson Raj i. 9 The only sound was the whirring of the electric ceiling punka.

2000 A. Ghosh Glass Palace (2001) xii. 142 There were several enormous candlestands on the table but because of the hand-pulled punkah overhead, the candles in the silver branches could not be lit.

Compounds

C1. General attributive and objective, as punkah-board, punkah-fringe, punkah-pulling, punkah-rope, etc.

ΚΠ

1825 J. B. Gilchrist & T. Williamson Gen. E. India Guide & Vade-mecum 173 To cool a room they [sc. punkahs] are swung backwards and forwards, the butt of the punkah-stick resting on the ground.

1828 C. D'Oyly Tom Raw, Griffin 86 The bearers from the toil of puncah pulling Eight months without cessation, cry, Wah! wah!

1870 J. W. Kaye Hist. Sepoy War II. v. ii. 273 There were..none to pull the punkah-ropes.

1879 Mrs. A. G. F. E. James Indian Househ. Managem. 41 Punkah fringes, 20 R[upees].

1879 Mrs. A. G. F. E. James Indian Househ. Managem. 41 The punkah boards and ropes are landlords' property.

1890 Electr. Engineer 10 Jan. 23/2 A cheap and efficient mechanical punkah-puller for use in India.

1900 J. Conrad Lord Jim v. 39 The archway from the anteroom was crowded with punkah-pullers, sweepers, police peons, the coxswain and crew of the harbour steam-launch.

1904 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Sept. 637 There is no class of native here to accept punkah-pulling as an occupation.

1959 Listener 13 Aug. 234/2 The Madras Government was still employing 714 ‘punkah-pullers’.

1989 J. Conway Road from Coorain (1990) vi. 131 At the Grand Oriental Hotel [in Colombo], an ancient ‘punkah boy’ slept on a mat outside my bedroom door in case I called for anything in the night.

2006 F. Dikötter Exotic Commodities 182 ‘Punkah’ fans were used instead [of electric fans], even in the electricity department of the International Settlement in Shanghai in the 1910s.

C2.

punkah-coolie n. now rare = punkah-wallah n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > supplying fresh air or ventilation > fanning > one who > specific

punkah-wallah1826

punkah-coolie1857

1857 Times 10 Aug. 9/1 We..slept on the roof—ladies, children, ayas, and punkah coolies; officers lying down dressed, and their wives sitting up by them fanning them.

1902 East India Revenue Accts. 21 Nov. in Parl. Deb. 4th Ser. CXV. 191 He was a punkah coolie, who had been kicked violently by some soldier, and died in consequence.

1969 D. Dilks Curzon in India I. 199 Early in 1900, a private of the Royal Scots Fusiliers battered a punkah-coolie to death with a dumb-bell and..was brought to trial and acquitted.

punkah louvre n. a dome-shaped ventilation outlet (esp. on a ship or other form of transport), spec. one which allows the flow of air to be adjusted or directed manually.A proprietary name in the United States.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > types of window > [noun] > louvre or lantern > for ventilation

femerella1425

punkah louvre1924

1924 Times 15 May 2/1 (advt.) All 1st and 2nd class state rooms are fitted with Punkah Louvres and with Fans.

1986 Financial Times (Nexis) 28 Jan. iii. p. v In very hot weather the natural cross-ventilation can be boosted by up to four air changes each hour, with air being purposely ‘blasted’ down on to people through ‘punkah’ louvres.

2005 W. T. W. Cory Fans & Ventilation iii. 56/2 Another application of nozzles is in the cabin ventilation of ships where even today, Punkah louvres are used.

punkah-wallah n. a servant or attendant who works a punkah.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > attendant or personal servant > [noun] > other specific personal attendants

henchmana1560

wallet-bearer1611

punkaha1613

bathing-woman1789

laquais de place1789

agterryer1824

punkah-wallah1826

famulus1837

personal assistant1910

the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > supplying fresh air or ventilation > fanning > one who > specific

punkah-wallah1826

punkah-coolie1857

1826 J. Galt Last of Lairds xv. 140 He lolled in an elbow-chair, his feet supported on the back of another, before which stood his Punkah wallah, cooling his lower regions with a gigantic palm-leaf fan.

1857 A. Case Let. 6 Aug. in Day by Day at Lucknow (1858) v. 133 Last night..a shell burst close to our door, just behind the punkah wallah.

1864 G. O. Trevelyan Competition Wallah v. 141 What well-regulated female can make dress an object in a society of a dozen people..; or music, when her audience consists of a Punkah-wallah and a Portuguese Ayah?

1919 Fort Wayne (Indiana) Jrnl.-Gaz. 12 June 13/1 There is almost sure to be a punkah-wallah who will keep the velvet fan moving all through the night for a few coppers.

2004 West Austral. (Perth) (Nexis) 22 May 21 Punka wallahs sit outside during services, pulling the ropes so the congregation is cooled by the swishing canvas.

† punkah-wallahing n. Obsolete the job of a punkah-wallah; the period spent doing this job.Apparently an isolated use.

ΚΠ

1890 S. J. Duncan Social Departure 259 He had never, in the whole course of his punkah-wallahing, been told to stop before.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	punkah
释义	punkahn. Brit. /ˈpʌŋkə/, U.S. /ˈpəŋkə/ Forms: 1600s panha, 1600s panhah, 1600s punkaw, 1700s–1800s punker, 1700s– punka, 1800s pankah, 1800s phoonka, 1800s puncah, 1800s punkar, 1800s punkha, 1800s– punkah. Origin: A borrowing from Hindi. Etymon: Hindi paṅkhā. Etymology: < Hindi paṅkhā fan < Sanskrit pakṣa wing. Compare punkah v. Chiefly South Asian. †1. = punkah-wallah n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > attendant or personal servant > [noun] > other specific personal attendants henchmana1560 wallet-bearer1611 punkaha1613 bathing-woman1789 laquais de place1789 agterryer1824 punkah-wallah1826 famulus1837 personal assistant1910 a1613 W. Finch Observ. in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) I. iv. iv. 439 The King sits in his chaire of State, accompanied with his Children and chiefe Vizier..no other without calling daring to goe vp to him, saue onely two Punkaw's to gather wind. 2. a. A large hand-held fan, esp. one made from a palmyra leaf or leaves. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > supplying fresh air or ventilation > fan > hand-held or portable > other types of punkah1663 colmar1727 peacock fan1853 feather-fan1864 blow-george1873 uchiwa1877 1663 in Coll. Voy. & Trav. (1745) II. 177 Having a servant or two to fan one by turns with their great Panhas, or fans. 1790 J. Horsford Dum-dum in Coll. Poems E. Indies (1797) 11 To loll away, In stupid indolence the lazy day, While crouching vassals with officious care, By turning punkas force unwholesome air. 1801 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1800 Misc. Tracts 336/2 Over her head was held a punkar. 1834 A. Prinsep Baboo II. viii. 140 Fair hands were gently waving a punkah over my face. 1903 G. W. Forrest Cities of India v. 132 Punkas and water were brought. 1988 B. Sidhwa Ice-candy-man v. 33 Godmother sits next to him, fanning herself and the doctor with a slow, rotary motion of her palm-leaf punkah. b. Originally: a large swinging fan made of cloth or canvas stretched on a rectangular frame, suspended from the roof, and either worked manually with a cord or (in later use) electrically operated. Now more generally: a ceiling fan. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > supplying fresh air or ventilation > fan > punkah weather-fan1611 fan1696 punkah1790 1790 B. Burges Indostan Lett. 117 I was shewn to an apartment, where was a long couch..over which hung a swing punkah on an hinge. 1806 J. Johnson Acct. Voy. India, China, &c. 33 In their rooms they have curious machines, called punka's, or large fans, which are kept constantly waving over head while at dinner, and produce a most agreeable effect. 1842 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 5 153/1 Strong brass hinge-hooks for punkahs. 1857 Harper's Mag. Dec. 33/2 To look at that long glittering table under the rich silk-edged punka..one would have fancied it a select dinner to some embassador. 1930 W. S. Churchill My Early Life x. 136 The hand-pulled punkahs, for in those days there were no electric fans, flapped vigorously to and fro..and agitated the hot food-smelling air. 1971 D. H. Robinson Raj i. 9 The only sound was the whirring of the electric ceiling punka. 2000 A. Ghosh Glass Palace (2001) xii. 142 There were several enormous candlestands on the table but because of the hand-pulled punkah overhead, the candles in the silver branches could not be lit. Compounds C1. General attributive and objective, as punkah-board, punkah-fringe, punkah-pulling, punkah-rope, etc. ΚΠ 1825 J. B. Gilchrist & T. Williamson Gen. E. India Guide & Vade-mecum 173 To cool a room they [sc. punkahs] are swung backwards and forwards, the butt of the punkah-stick resting on the ground. 1828 C. D'Oyly Tom Raw, Griffin 86 The bearers from the toil of puncah pulling Eight months without cessation, cry, Wah! wah! 1870 J. W. Kaye Hist. Sepoy War II. v. ii. 273 There were..none to pull the punkah-ropes. 1879 Mrs. A. G. F. E. James Indian Househ. Managem. 41 Punkah fringes, 20 R[upees]. 1879 Mrs. A. G. F. E. James Indian Househ. Managem. 41 The punkah boards and ropes are landlords' property. 1890 Electr. Engineer 10 Jan. 23/2 A cheap and efficient mechanical punkah-puller for use in India. 1900 J. Conrad Lord Jim v. 39 The archway from the anteroom was crowded with punkah-pullers, sweepers, police peons, the coxswain and crew of the harbour steam-launch. 1904 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Sept. 637 There is no class of native here to accept punkah-pulling as an occupation. 1959 Listener 13 Aug. 234/2 The Madras Government was still employing 714 ‘punkah-pullers’. 1989 J. Conway Road from Coorain (1990) vi. 131 At the Grand Oriental Hotel [in Colombo], an ancient ‘punkah boy’ slept on a mat outside my bedroom door in case I called for anything in the night. 2006 F. Dikötter Exotic Commodities 182 ‘Punkah’ fans were used instead [of electric fans], even in the electricity department of the International Settlement in Shanghai in the 1910s. C2. punkah-coolie n. now rare = punkah-wallah n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > supplying fresh air or ventilation > fanning > one who > specific punkah-wallah1826 punkah-coolie1857 1857 Times 10 Aug. 9/1 We..slept on the roof—ladies, children, ayas, and punkah coolies; officers lying down dressed, and their wives sitting up by them fanning them. 1902 East India Revenue Accts. 21 Nov. in Parl. Deb. 4th Ser. CXV. 191 He was a punkah coolie, who had been kicked violently by some soldier, and died in consequence. 1969 D. Dilks Curzon in India I. 199 Early in 1900, a private of the Royal Scots Fusiliers battered a punkah-coolie to death with a dumb-bell and..was brought to trial and acquitted. punkah louvre n. a dome-shaped ventilation outlet (esp. on a ship or other form of transport), spec. one which allows the flow of air to be adjusted or directed manually.A proprietary name in the United States. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > types of window > [noun] > louvre or lantern > for ventilation femerella1425 punkah louvre1924 1924 Times 15 May 2/1 (advt.) All 1st and 2nd class state rooms are fitted with Punkah Louvres and with Fans. 1986 Financial Times (Nexis) 28 Jan. iii. p. v In very hot weather the natural cross-ventilation can be boosted by up to four air changes each hour, with air being purposely ‘blasted’ down on to people through ‘punkah’ louvres. 2005 W. T. W. Cory Fans & Ventilation iii. 56/2 Another application of nozzles is in the cabin ventilation of ships where even today, Punkah louvres are used. punkah-wallah n. a servant or attendant who works a punkah. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > attendant or personal servant > [noun] > other specific personal attendants henchmana1560 wallet-bearer1611 punkaha1613 bathing-woman1789 laquais de place1789 agterryer1824 punkah-wallah1826 famulus1837 personal assistant1910 the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > supplying fresh air or ventilation > fanning > one who > specific punkah-wallah1826 punkah-coolie1857 1826 J. Galt Last of Lairds xv. 140 He lolled in an elbow-chair, his feet supported on the back of another, before which stood his Punkah wallah, cooling his lower regions with a gigantic palm-leaf fan. 1857 A. Case Let. 6 Aug. in Day by Day at Lucknow (1858) v. 133 Last night..a shell burst close to our door, just behind the punkah wallah. 1864 G. O. Trevelyan Competition Wallah v. 141 What well-regulated female can make dress an object in a society of a dozen people..; or music, when her audience consists of a Punkah-wallah and a Portuguese Ayah? 1919 Fort Wayne (Indiana) Jrnl.-Gaz. 12 June 13/1 There is almost sure to be a punkah-wallah who will keep the velvet fan moving all through the night for a few coppers. 2004 West Austral. (Perth) (Nexis) 22 May 21 Punka wallahs sit outside during services, pulling the ropes so the congregation is cooled by the swishing canvas. † punkah-wallahing n. Obsolete the job of a punkah-wallah; the period spent doing this job.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1890 S. J. Duncan Social Departure 259 He had never, in the whole course of his punkah-wallahing, been told to stop before. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). punkahv. Brit. /ˈpʌŋkə/, U.S. /ˈpəŋkə/ Forms: see punkah n. Origin: Apparently formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: punkah n. Etymology: Apparently < punkah n. (although this is first attested slightly later). Now rare. †1. intransitive. To operate a punkah. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1611 W. Finch Jrnl. in W. Foster Early Trav. in India (1921) 164 Portraitures of the King in state sitting amongst his women,..behind one punkawing, another holding his sword. 1874 Littell's Living Age 4 Apr. 2/1 We closed the windows while at dinner... John punkahed well for a beginner. 2. transitive. To fan with a punkah. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > freshen (air) [verb (transitive)] > supply with fresh air or ventilate > fan fana1616 flabel1653 befan1674 punkah1825 1825 T. Hook Sayings & Doings 2nd Ser. III. 396 Wetting their whiskers in mullahs, tiffing in topes, punkah'd by Ranees and salamed by Shaws. 1859 J. Lang Wanderings in India 245 What would it cost to punkah the whole regiment during the hot season? 1913 A. C. Taylor General Sir A. Taylor I. 210 During the sunshine I take off my coat and am punka-ed. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1613v.1611
随便看	disk disk jockey disked disken diskette diskette drive diskettes diskindness disking diskingdom disklike diskliker disklikest disknight disknow disknowledge disks dislace dislade dislady disland dislaughter dislaurel dislavy dislawyer

punkahn.

Compounds

punkahv.