pupan.

Brit.

/ˈpjuːpə/, U.S.

/ˈpjupə/

Inflections: Plural pupae Brit.

/ˈpjuːpiː/, U.S.

/ˈpjupi/,

/ˈpjuˌpaɪ/,

/ˈpjupeɪ/, pupas.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin pupa, pūpa.

Etymology: < scientific Latin pupa chrysalis ( Linnaeus Systema naturæ (1758) I. 340), transferred use (probably after classical Latin nympha and its etymon ancient Greek νύμϕη : see nympha n.) of classical Latin pūpa (also puppa ) girl, doll, perhaps < the same Indo-European base as Latvian pups teat, nipple, mother's breast, paupt to swell. Compare Dutch pop (1687 in entomology), German Puppe (1720 or earlier in entomology), Swedish puppa (1740 in entomology), Italian pupa (a1799 in entomology), similar transferred uses of the respective words for ‘doll’ (see poppet n.). Compare also French pupe pupe n. In sense 2 after scientific Latin Pupa, former genus name ( J. P. R. Draparnaud Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France (1801) 32).

a. Entomology. In insects that undergo complete metamorphosis: a stage in the life cycle that is transitional between larva and adult, and which is typically a quiescent resting phase; (also) an insect in this stage; a chrysalis. Also in extended use.Formerly also used of the pre-adult stage of other insects (cf. quots. 1907 and 1789 at Compounds ).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > eggs or young > [noun] > young or development of young > pupa or chrysalis

nymph1577

nympha1601

aurelia1608

chrysalis1658

puppet1671

pricket1707

pupa1770

chrysalid1777

pupe1819

naiad1918

1770 G. White Jrnl. 7 July (1970) iii. 28 If they could be watched, so as to be taken when going into the pupa state, perhaps it might be discovered from what insect they derived.

1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 156 The black shining cases or skins of the pupæ of these insects [sc. forest-flies].

1815 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. I. iii. 67 The states through which insects pass are four: the egg; the larva; the pupa; and the imago.

1849 H. Miller Foot-prints of Creator 154 A mummy, in their apprehension, was simply a human pupa, waiting the period of its enlargement.

1868 P. M. Duncan tr. L. Figuier Insect World i. 32 In another fortnight these pupæ become perfect insects.

1894 Amer. Naturalist 28 327 On two of the cocoons there were plastered masses of small white eggs... Inside of others were empty pupas and cast off skins.

1907 Athenæum 22 June 764/2 For seventeen years the pupæ of this species [of locust] remain underneath the ground.

1928 G. H. Carpenter Biol. Insects vii. 172 The pupa..resembles the adult insect much more closely than the larva.

1962 S. Plath Coll. Poems (1981) 249 I shall bury the wounded like pupas, I shall count and bury the dead.

1995 Org. Gardening Jan. 24/3 Crickets..are definitely beneficial when they eat fly pupae.

2013 G. Ajilvsgi Butterfly Gardening Texas i. 17 Because they are so vulnerable, butterfly pupae have evolved extremely variable shapes and colors that help them hide from their many enemies.

b. Zoology. A transitional stage in the development of some marine invertebrates, as copepod and cirripede crustaceans, and holothurians; an invertebrate in this stage. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1875 Proc. Royal Soc. 24 376 New genus allied to Sacculina, which hatch larvæ in the cirriped pupa stage.

1900 E. R. Lankester Treat. Zool. iii. 5 When the Auricularia assumes a barrel shape, before changing into a Holothurian..the mouth has again passed up to the anterior pole, and the anus down to the posterior. This form is called the Pupa.

1964 Jrnl. Animal Ecol. 33 360 Pupae of Octolasmis [sc. a symbiotic cirripede] are found in numbers amidst the bases of the gill filaments [of lobsters].

2. Zoology. In form Pupa. A former genus (now called Pupilla) of land snails (family Pupillidae) whose cylindrical and blunt-ended shell resembles the pupa of an insect; (also pupa) a snail of this genus; a chrysalis snail. Now disused.

ΚΠ

1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 106/2 Under Helix, Cuvier arranges Helix, Vitrina..,Bulimus, Pupa, Chondrus, and Succinea.

1850 G. Johnston Introd. Conchol. xii. 177 According to Draparnaud, the greater number of the Pupae and Clausiliae have similar habits.

1918 H. A. Pilsbry Man. Conchol. XXIV. p. vii A definite terminology of the teeth of Pupae has been in use for about seventy years.

1945 E. Step & A. L. Wells Shell Life (new ed.) xix. 371 The snails of the genus Pupa are elongated like those of Buliminus, but the spire ends in a short point.

Compounds

(Chiefly in sense 1a.) General attributive, as pupa form, pupa stage, pupa state, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > eggs or young > [noun] > young or development of young > pupa or chrysalis > pupa state

pupa state1770

1770Pupa state [see sense 1a].

1787 G. Adams Ess. Microscope v. 201 As the change into the pupa form approaches, the body is observed often to extend and contract itself.

1789 G. White Let. in Nat. Hist. Selborne 252 All [the crickets] that ever I have seen at that season [sc. March] were in their pupa state.

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. xxxviii. 47 I have carefully examined the pupa-skin of most of the genera of Libellulina.

1862 All Year Round 13 Sept. 8 It assumes the pupa form, and is enclosed in a hard case, remaining motionless and to all appearance inanimate.

1875 Amer. Naturalist 9 237 In this pupa stage, in certain transparent forms observed by Müller, the intestine of the embryo Holothurian could be observed twisted on itself.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xiii. 336 With the pupa-husk the great change or metamorphosis occurs.

1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) xii. 190 The larva then spins a delicate cocoon about itself and enters the pupa stage.

2007 E. R. Eaton & K. Kaufman Kaufman Field Guide Insects N. Amer. Introd. 9 Insects can tolerate heat, cold, drought, and food scarcity better in the egg, larva, or pupa stage.

Derivatives

ˈpupadom n. = pupahood n.

ΚΠ

1870 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Oct. 328 Their whole life, birth, internal parasitism, external parasitism, pupadom, maturity, marriage, propagation, and death..would appear to be passed within the narrow limits of a wasps' nest.

1893 E. A. Butler Our Househ. Insects 39 The grub..passes very rapidly through the resting-stage of pupadom.

1916 J.-H. Fabre Life of Caterpillar 204 An adept at turning round in his cabin, he is careful, before he sinks into the immobility of pupadom, to turn his head now upwards, now downwards.

2007 K. Wollard How Come? in Neighborhood 268/2 Just before it enters pupadom, the larva does one last bit of remodeling.

ˈpupahood n. the state or condition of being a pupa.

ΚΠ

1850 Eclectic Rev. Mar. 309 A creature..frisking about in the oddest manner, all the days of its larva- and pupa-hood.

1893 E. A. Butler Our Househ. Insects 169 It would..be just as devoid of influence as if it had died in pupahood.

1911 J. A. Thomson Biol. Seasons i. 27 After three or four days of pupa-hood the cuticle splits along the back..and the gnat emerges.

1998 A. D. Foster Carnivores of Light & Darkness ix. 82 This is a story that is told to every member of the colony on the day when they slough off the last vestiges of pupahood and graduate to the status of worker, attendant, or soldier.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	pupa
释义	pupan. Brit. /ˈpjuːpə/, U.S. /ˈpjupə/ Inflections: Plural pupae Brit. /ˈpjuːpiː/, U.S. /ˈpjupi/, /ˈpjuˌpaɪ/, /ˈpjupeɪ/, pupas. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin pupa, pūpa. Etymology: < scientific Latin pupa chrysalis ( Linnaeus Systema naturæ (1758) I. 340), transferred use (probably after classical Latin nympha and its etymon ancient Greek νύμϕη : see nympha n.) of classical Latin pūpa (also puppa ) girl, doll, perhaps < the same Indo-European base as Latvian pups teat, nipple, mother's breast, paupt to swell. Compare Dutch pop (1687 in entomology), German Puppe (1720 or earlier in entomology), Swedish puppa (1740 in entomology), Italian pupa (a1799 in entomology), similar transferred uses of the respective words for ‘doll’ (see poppet n.). Compare also French pupe pupe n. In sense 2 after scientific Latin Pupa, former genus name ( J. P. R. Draparnaud Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France (1801) 32). 1. a. Entomology. In insects that undergo complete metamorphosis: a stage in the life cycle that is transitional between larva and adult, and which is typically a quiescent resting phase; (also) an insect in this stage; a chrysalis. Also in extended use.Formerly also used of the pre-adult stage of other insects (cf. quots. 1907 and 1789 at Compounds ). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > eggs or young > [noun] > young or development of young > pupa or chrysalis nymph1577 nympha1601 aurelia1608 chrysalis1658 puppet1671 pricket1707 pupa1770 chrysalid1777 pupe1819 naiad1918 1770 G. White Jrnl. 7 July (1970) iii. 28 If they could be watched, so as to be taken when going into the pupa state, perhaps it might be discovered from what insect they derived. 1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 156 The black shining cases or skins of the pupæ of these insects [sc. forest-flies]. 1815 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. I. iii. 67 The states through which insects pass are four: the egg; the larva; the pupa; and the imago. 1849 H. Miller Foot-prints of Creator 154 A mummy, in their apprehension, was simply a human pupa, waiting the period of its enlargement. 1868 P. M. Duncan tr. L. Figuier Insect World i. 32 In another fortnight these pupæ become perfect insects. 1894 Amer. Naturalist 28 327 On two of the cocoons there were plastered masses of small white eggs... Inside of others were empty pupas and cast off skins. 1907 Athenæum 22 June 764/2 For seventeen years the pupæ of this species [of locust] remain underneath the ground. 1928 G. H. Carpenter Biol. Insects vii. 172 The pupa..resembles the adult insect much more closely than the larva. 1962 S. Plath Coll. Poems (1981) 249 I shall bury the wounded like pupas, I shall count and bury the dead. 1995 Org. Gardening Jan. 24/3 Crickets..are definitely beneficial when they eat fly pupae. 2013 G. Ajilvsgi Butterfly Gardening Texas i. 17 Because they are so vulnerable, butterfly pupae have evolved extremely variable shapes and colors that help them hide from their many enemies. b. Zoology. A transitional stage in the development of some marine invertebrates, as copepod and cirripede crustaceans, and holothurians; an invertebrate in this stage. Now rare. ΚΠ 1875 Proc. Royal Soc. 24 376 New genus allied to Sacculina, which hatch larvæ in the cirriped pupa stage. 1900 E. R. Lankester Treat. Zool. iii. 5 When the Auricularia assumes a barrel shape, before changing into a Holothurian..the mouth has again passed up to the anterior pole, and the anus down to the posterior. This form is called the Pupa. 1964 Jrnl. Animal Ecol. 33 360 Pupae of Octolasmis [sc. a symbiotic cirripede] are found in numbers amidst the bases of the gill filaments [of lobsters]. 2. Zoology. In form Pupa. A former genus (now called Pupilla) of land snails (family Pupillidae) whose cylindrical and blunt-ended shell resembles the pupa of an insect; (also pupa) a snail of this genus; a chrysalis snail. Now disused. ΚΠ 1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 106/2 Under Helix, Cuvier arranges Helix, Vitrina..,Bulimus, Pupa, Chondrus, and Succinea. 1850 G. Johnston Introd. Conchol. xii. 177 According to Draparnaud, the greater number of the Pupae and Clausiliae have similar habits. 1918 H. A. Pilsbry Man. Conchol. XXIV. p. vii A definite terminology of the teeth of Pupae has been in use for about seventy years. 1945 E. Step & A. L. Wells Shell Life (new ed.) xix. 371 The snails of the genus Pupa are elongated like those of Buliminus, but the spire ends in a short point. Compounds (Chiefly in sense 1a.) General attributive, as pupa form, pupa stage, pupa state, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > eggs or young > [noun] > young or development of young > pupa or chrysalis > pupa state pupa state1770 1770Pupa state [see sense 1a]. 1787 G. Adams Ess. Microscope v. 201 As the change into the pupa form approaches, the body is observed often to extend and contract itself. 1789 G. White Let. in Nat. Hist. Selborne 252 All [the crickets] that ever I have seen at that season [sc. March] were in their pupa state. 1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. xxxviii. 47 I have carefully examined the pupa-skin of most of the genera of Libellulina. 1862 All Year Round 13 Sept. 8 It assumes the pupa form, and is enclosed in a hard case, remaining motionless and to all appearance inanimate. 1875 Amer. Naturalist 9 237 In this pupa stage, in certain transparent forms observed by Müller, the intestine of the embryo Holothurian could be observed twisted on itself. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xiii. 336 With the pupa-husk the great change or metamorphosis occurs. 1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) xii. 190 The larva then spins a delicate cocoon about itself and enters the pupa stage. 2007 E. R. Eaton & K. Kaufman Kaufman Field Guide Insects N. Amer. Introd. 9 Insects can tolerate heat, cold, drought, and food scarcity better in the egg, larva, or pupa stage. Derivatives ˈpupadom n. = pupahood n. ΚΠ 1870 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Oct. 328 Their whole life, birth, internal parasitism, external parasitism, pupadom, maturity, marriage, propagation, and death..would appear to be passed within the narrow limits of a wasps' nest. 1893 E. A. Butler Our Househ. Insects 39 The grub..passes very rapidly through the resting-stage of pupadom. 1916 J.-H. Fabre Life of Caterpillar 204 An adept at turning round in his cabin, he is careful, before he sinks into the immobility of pupadom, to turn his head now upwards, now downwards. 2007 K. Wollard How Come? in Neighborhood 268/2 Just before it enters pupadom, the larva does one last bit of remodeling. ˈpupahood n. the state or condition of being a pupa. ΚΠ 1850 Eclectic Rev. Mar. 309 A creature..frisking about in the oddest manner, all the days of its larva- and pupa-hood. 1893 E. A. Butler Our Househ. Insects 169 It would..be just as devoid of influence as if it had died in pupahood. 1911 J. A. Thomson Biol. Seasons i. 27 After three or four days of pupa-hood the cuticle splits along the back..and the gnat emerges. 1998 A. D. Foster Carnivores of Light & Darkness ix. 82 This is a story that is told to every member of the colony on the day when they slough off the last vestiges of pupahood and graduate to the status of worker, attendant, or soldier. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1770
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