quarkn.¹

Brit.

/kwɑːk/,

/kvɑːk/, U.S.

/kwɑrk/,

/kvɑrk/

Forms: 1900s– kvark, 1900s– quarg, 1900s– quark. Also with capital initial.

Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymons: German Quark, Quarg.

Etymology: < German Quark, (now regional) Quarg curds, cottage cheese, curd cheese (Middle High German (in late sources) twarc ) < a West Slavonic language (perhaps Lower Sorbian twarog ), cognate with Upper Sorbian twaroh , Polish twaróg , Czech tvaroh , Russian tvorog , of uncertain origin. With the change (within German) of initial tw- to qu- compare discussion at qualm n.³In form kvark probably after Dutch kvark (1943; < German).

A type of soft, unripened cow's milk cheese of German origin, with a low fat content and smooth texture.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > cheese > [noun] > cream or cottage cheese

juncade14..

junketa1475

cream cheese1583

ricotta1617

slip-coat cheesea1665

schmierkase1801

pot cheese1810

crowdie1820

smear-case1829

cottage cheese1831

mascarpone1903

quark1903

Liederkranz1909

1903 Fitchburg (Mass.) Daily Sentinel 4 June 10/5 Dutch Cheese, or Quark Strudel. Cottage cheese is used for this dish.

1931 E. Sackville-West Simpson iii. 249 Simpson had begun..to taste a spoonful of the bubbly white Quark.

1975 Times 2 June p. v/2 His company has started to introduce more of its Quark... This has proved..very popular with British..housewives.

2001 Canberra Times (Nexis) 7 Mar. a4 He led the group in a hands-on workshop, explaining the finer points of camembert, quarg, sour cream and ricotta cheesemaking.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

quarkn.²

Brit.

/kwɑːk/, U.S.

/kwɔrk/,

/kwɑrk/

Origin: Apparently an arbitrary formation.

Etymology: Apparently an arbitrary formation, coined by Murray Gell-Mann (b. 1929), U.S. physicist, who subsequently associated it with the following use of quark by James Joyce:1939 J. Joyce Finnegans Wake ii. 383 Three quarks for Muster Mark! Sure he hasn't got much of a bark And sure any he has it's all beside the mark... That song sang seaswans. The winging ones. Seahawk, seagull, curlew and plover, kestrel and capercallzie. All the birds of the sea they trolled out rightbold when they smacked the big kuss of Trustan with Usolde.In view of the context (a grotesque chorus of various seabirds; ‘Muster Mark’ is King Marke, Tristan's uncle), quark here probably represents quawk n. (compare the β. forms at quawk n.). Compare the following account given by Gell-Mann in a private letter of 27 June 1978 to the Editor of the Supplement to the O.E.D.: ‘I employed the sound “quork” for several weeks in 1963 before noticing “quark” in “Finnegans Wake”, which I had perused from time to time since it appeared in 1939... The allusion to three quarks seemed perfect... I needed an excuse for retaining the pronunciation quork despite the occurrence of “Mark”, “bark”, “mark”, and so forth in Finnegans Wake. I found that excuse by supposing that one ingredient of the line “Three quarks for Muster Mark” was a cry of “Three quarts for Mister…” heard in H. C. Earwicker's pub.’ Despite Gell-Mann's original coinage, the pronunciation now normally rhymes with ‘mark’.

Particle Physics.

Each of a group of subatomic particles regarded (with leptons) as basic constituents of matter, and postulated never to occur in the free state but to be combined in pairs to form mesons and in triplets to form baryons, and to have fractional electric charges (+⅔ and −⅓ that of the proton).Six quarks are known (designated up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top: see flavour n. 5), with a corresponding number of antiquarks. The up, down, and strange quarks were the first to be postulated, triplets of such quarks being hypothesized to form protons and neutrons. Theory predicted that a further type existed, which was arbitrarily called charm. Charmed quarks were first observed in 1974. In 1977 a new particle, the Υ meson, was discovered, which was hypothesized to consist of a new quark and its antiquark. A partner for this quark was predicted by theory, and these two new quarks were called beauty and truth respectively (later changed to bottom and top, preserving the symbols b and t of the quarks, and with the suggestion that their properties exceeded those of the up and down quarks). Evidence for the top quark was obtained in 1995.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > quark > [noun]

quark1964

1964 M. Gell-Mann in Physics Lett. 8 214/2 A simpler and more elegant scheme can be constructed if we allow non-integral values for the charges. We can dispense entirely with the basic baryon b if we assign to the triplet t the following properties: spin ½, z = −⅓, and baryon number ⅓. We then refer to the members u^⅔, d^−⅓, and s^−⅓ of the triplet as quarks q and the members of the anti-triplet as anti-quarks q. [Note] James Joyce, Finnegan's [sic] Wake (Viking Press, New York, 1939) p. 383.

1967 Observer 23 Apr. 2/6 If quarks exist, they would represent a more fundamental building brick of matter than any yet known.

1970 J. Blish Spock must Die! xiii. 99 I hardly ken a quark from a claymore any mair.

1972 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 24 Feb. 5/2 The physicists hope to make the first observation of ‘quarks’, which many theorists believe are the fundamental building blocks.

1977 Nature 21 July 201/1 Quarks..have not been found free in nature; and if present theories are correct they never will be.

1984 D. Arnason Circus Performers' Bar 70 Alice needs information... I talk to her of muons and charmed quarks.

1995 Nature 9 Mar. 113/1 The discovery of t seems neatly to fill out the list of the expected quarks.

2004 B. Bunch & A. Hellemans Hist. Sci. & Technol. 650/2 Upsilon is a meson formed by a bottom quark combined with its antiquark, so it establishes the third quark family.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, as quark flavour, quark matter, quark model, etc.

ΚΠ

1964 Physics Lett. 10 132 The ‘quark’ or the ‘ace’ model of Gell Mann and Zweig.

1979 Nature 29 Mar. 408/2 QCD loses its property of asymptotic freedom if there are more than 16 quark flavours.

1985 Physical Rev. D. 32 223/1 This attempt to construct a quark model with chromodynamics for mesons has been reasonably successful.

1991 C. A. Ronan Nat. Hist. Universe 34/1 The universe..was a seething mass of particles appearing fleetingly and disappearing again. In this ‘quark soup’, quarks and antiquarks were constantly colliding with each other and being annihilated, giving out a flash of radiation.

1996 Sciences July–Aug. 32/1 One way of understanding such ‘quark confinement’ is to picture the gluons as springs that always pull the quarks back together, no matter how far apart they stretch.

2002 U.S. News & World Rep. 22 Apr. 18/3 The entire star may even have turned into quark matter, indicating that it is more stable than ordinary matter and would transform anything it touches.

2005 M. Livio Equation that couldn't be Solved vii. 220 Each quark flavor comes in three different colors, conventionally called red, green, and blue.

C2.

quark star n. Astronomy a hypothetical celestial object, intermediate in density between a neutron star and a black hole, whose matter is in the form of quarks unconfined within nucleons.

ΚΠ

1969 D. Ivanenko & D. F. Kurdgelaidze in Lettere al Nuovo Cimento 2 16 Due to the sudden expulsion of the magnetic field, one can expect some kind of explosion which can play a role in the explosions of galactic nuclei or play some part in the evolution of quark-stars.

1991 New Scientist 30 Mar. 15/2 However, it seems that quark stars could hold themselves together even at these enormous rotation speeds.

2004 B. Bunch & A. Hellemans Hist. Sci. & Technol. 714/2 2002..NASA scientists propose that an unusual astronomical object named RXJ1856.6-3754 is a ‘quark star’, a body so dense that the atomic nuclei have broken into constituent up and down quarks as well as some strange quarks.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	quark
释义	quarkn.¹ Brit. /kwɑːk/, /kvɑːk/, U.S. /kwɑrk/, /kvɑrk/ Forms: 1900s– kvark, 1900s– quarg, 1900s– quark. Also with capital initial. Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymons: German Quark, Quarg. Etymology: < German Quark, (now regional) Quarg curds, cottage cheese, curd cheese (Middle High German (in late sources) twarc ) < a West Slavonic language (perhaps Lower Sorbian twarog ), cognate with Upper Sorbian twaroh , Polish twaróg , Czech tvaroh , Russian tvorog , of uncertain origin. With the change (within German) of initial tw- to qu- compare discussion at qualm n.³In form kvark probably after Dutch kvark (1943; < German). A type of soft, unripened cow's milk cheese of German origin, with a low fat content and smooth texture. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > cheese > [noun] > cream or cottage cheese juncade14.. junketa1475 cream cheese1583 ricotta1617 slip-coat cheesea1665 schmierkase1801 pot cheese1810 crowdie1820 smear-case1829 cottage cheese1831 mascarpone1903 quark1903 Liederkranz1909 1903 Fitchburg (Mass.) Daily Sentinel 4 June 10/5 Dutch Cheese, or Quark Strudel. Cottage cheese is used for this dish. 1931 E. Sackville-West Simpson iii. 249 Simpson had begun..to taste a spoonful of the bubbly white Quark. 1975 Times 2 June p. v/2 His company has started to introduce more of its Quark... This has proved..very popular with British..housewives. 2001 Canberra Times (Nexis) 7 Mar. a4 He led the group in a hands-on workshop, explaining the finer points of camembert, quarg, sour cream and ricotta cheesemaking. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). quarkn.² Brit. /kwɑːk/, U.S. /kwɔrk/, /kwɑrk/ Origin: Apparently an arbitrary formation. Etymology: Apparently an arbitrary formation, coined by Murray Gell-Mann (b. 1929), U.S. physicist, who subsequently associated it with the following use of quark by James Joyce:1939 J. Joyce Finnegans Wake ii. 383 Three quarks for Muster Mark! Sure he hasn't got much of a bark And sure any he has it's all beside the mark... That song sang seaswans. The winging ones. Seahawk, seagull, curlew and plover, kestrel and capercallzie. All the birds of the sea they trolled out rightbold when they smacked the big kuss of Trustan with Usolde.In view of the context (a grotesque chorus of various seabirds; ‘Muster Mark’ is King Marke, Tristan's uncle), quark here probably represents quawk n. (compare the β. forms at quawk n.). Compare the following account given by Gell-Mann in a private letter of 27 June 1978 to the Editor of the Supplement to the O.E.D.: ‘I employed the sound “quork” for several weeks in 1963 before noticing “quark” in “Finnegans Wake”, which I had perused from time to time since it appeared in 1939... The allusion to three quarks seemed perfect... I needed an excuse for retaining the pronunciation quork despite the occurrence of “Mark”, “bark”, “mark”, and so forth in Finnegans Wake. I found that excuse by supposing that one ingredient of the line “Three quarks for Muster Mark” was a cry of “Three quarts for Mister…” heard in H. C. Earwicker's pub.’ Despite Gell-Mann's original coinage, the pronunciation now normally rhymes with ‘mark’. Particle Physics. Each of a group of subatomic particles regarded (with leptons) as basic constituents of matter, and postulated never to occur in the free state but to be combined in pairs to form mesons and in triplets to form baryons, and to have fractional electric charges (+⅔ and −⅓ that of the proton).Six quarks are known (designated up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top: see flavour n. 5), with a corresponding number of antiquarks. The up, down, and strange quarks were the first to be postulated, triplets of such quarks being hypothesized to form protons and neutrons. Theory predicted that a further type existed, which was arbitrarily called charm. Charmed quarks were first observed in 1974. In 1977 a new particle, the Υ meson, was discovered, which was hypothesized to consist of a new quark and its antiquark. A partner for this quark was predicted by theory, and these two new quarks were called beauty and truth respectively (later changed to bottom and top, preserving the symbols b and t of the quarks, and with the suggestion that their properties exceeded those of the up and down quarks). Evidence for the top quark was obtained in 1995. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > quark > [noun] quark1964 1964 M. Gell-Mann in Physics Lett. 8 214/2 A simpler and more elegant scheme can be constructed if we allow non-integral values for the charges. We can dispense entirely with the basic baryon b if we assign to the triplet t the following properties: spin ½, z = −⅓, and baryon number ⅓. We then refer to the members u^⅔, d^−⅓, and s^−⅓ of the triplet as quarks q and the members of the anti-triplet as anti-quarks q. [Note] James Joyce, Finnegan's [sic] Wake (Viking Press, New York, 1939) p. 383. 1967 Observer 23 Apr. 2/6 If quarks exist, they would represent a more fundamental building brick of matter than any yet known. 1970 J. Blish Spock must Die! xiii. 99 I hardly ken a quark from a claymore any mair. 1972 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 24 Feb. 5/2 The physicists hope to make the first observation of ‘quarks’, which many theorists believe are the fundamental building blocks. 1977 Nature 21 July 201/1 Quarks..have not been found free in nature; and if present theories are correct they never will be. 1984 D. Arnason Circus Performers' Bar 70 Alice needs information... I talk to her of muons and charmed quarks. 1995 Nature 9 Mar. 113/1 The discovery of t seems neatly to fill out the list of the expected quarks. 2004 B. Bunch & A. Hellemans Hist. Sci. & Technol. 650/2 Upsilon is a meson formed by a bottom quark combined with its antiquark, so it establishes the third quark family. Compounds C1. General attributive, as quark flavour, quark matter, quark model, etc. ΚΠ 1964 Physics Lett. 10 132 The ‘quark’ or the ‘ace’ model of Gell Mann and Zweig. 1979 Nature 29 Mar. 408/2 QCD loses its property of asymptotic freedom if there are more than 16 quark flavours. 1985 Physical Rev. D. 32 223/1 This attempt to construct a quark model with chromodynamics for mesons has been reasonably successful. 1991 C. A. Ronan Nat. Hist. Universe 34/1 The universe..was a seething mass of particles appearing fleetingly and disappearing again. In this ‘quark soup’, quarks and antiquarks were constantly colliding with each other and being annihilated, giving out a flash of radiation. 1996 Sciences July–Aug. 32/1 One way of understanding such ‘quark confinement’ is to picture the gluons as springs that always pull the quarks back together, no matter how far apart they stretch. 2002 U.S. News & World Rep. 22 Apr. 18/3 The entire star may even have turned into quark matter, indicating that it is more stable than ordinary matter and would transform anything it touches. 2005 M. Livio Equation that couldn't be Solved vii. 220 Each quark flavor comes in three different colors, conventionally called red, green, and blue. C2. quark star n. Astronomy a hypothetical celestial object, intermediate in density between a neutron star and a black hole, whose matter is in the form of quarks unconfined within nucleons. ΚΠ 1969 D. Ivanenko & D. F. Kurdgelaidze in Lettere al Nuovo Cimento 2 16 Due to the sudden expulsion of the magnetic field, one can expect some kind of explosion which can play a role in the explosions of galactic nuclei or play some part in the evolution of quark-stars. 1991 New Scientist 30 Mar. 15/2 However, it seems that quark stars could hold themselves together even at these enormous rotation speeds. 2004 B. Bunch & A. Hellemans Hist. Sci. & Technol. 714/2 2002..NASA scientists propose that an unusual astronomical object named RXJ1856.6-3754 is a ‘quark star’, a body so dense that the atomic nuclei have broken into constituent up and down quarks as well as some strange quarks. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1903n.²1964
随便看	trypsinogens trypsins trypsogen tryptamine tryptamines tryptic trypticase tryptique tryptogen tryptone tryptophan tryptophan synthetase tryptophanase tryptophane tryptophanes tryptophans tryptyque trysail trysail gaff trysail mast trysail mizzen trysail sheet trysails tryscorer tryscoring

quarkn.1

quarkn.2

Compounds

quarkn.¹

quarkn.²