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单词 radish
释义

radishn.

Brit. /ˈradɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈrædɪʃ/
Forms:

α. Old English hrædic (rare), Old English rædic, Old English (non-West Saxon)–early Middle English redic, Middle English raddyk, Middle English radich, Middle English radiche, Middle English radik, Middle English radyke, Middle English redich.

β. late Middle English radisch, late Middle English radische, late Middle English radissh, late Middle English radyl (transmission error), late Middle English radysch, late Middle English radysche, late Middle English–1500s radisshe, late Middle English–1500s radyshe, late Middle English–1500s radysshe, late Middle English (in a late copy)–1800s raddish, late Middle English– radish, 1500s raddishe, 1500s radice, 1500s radishe, 1500s radysh, 1500s radysshhe, 1500s– redish (now U.S. regional), 1600s rettish, 1600s (1800s– U.S. regional) reddish, 1600s–1700s rhadish.

γ. 1800s radidge (English regional (London)).

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin rādīc-, rādīx; French radich, radice.
Etymology: Originally < classical Latin rādīc-, rādīx (see radix n.), with palatalization of the final plosive in English. Subsequently reinforced by Anglo-Norman radich, Anglo-Norman and Middle French radice (13th cent. in Anglo-Norman; an assumption of currency in Old French in the late 12th cent. appears to be unfounded; French radis ) < classical Latin rādīc- , rādīx . Compare Italian radice (a1320; specific sense of radice root (a1292; 1282 in a regional (Bologna) text as raixe )). Compare race n.2 and the words from Romance languages cited at that entry.The Latin word was also borrowed into other Germanic languages at an early date; compare Middle Dutch radic , Old Saxon redik (Middle Low German rēdik , rētik , reddik , etc.), Old High German ratih , (in late sources, with i-mutation) retih (Middle High German retich , German Rettig , (now usually) Rettich ), and also ( < Middle Low German) Danish ræddike (17th cent. as reddike ), Old Swedish (in late sources) rädikia , rätikia , etc. (Swedish rättika ). In the early 16th cent., Middle French radis was borrowed into Middle Dutch as radijs (Dutch radijs ), whence Middle Low German (rare) radīs , early modern German radies , radis (German Radies , (now usually, with diminutive suffix) Radieschen ), and (via Middle Low German or German) Danish radise , (now rare) radis , Swedish rädisa , †radis . In German and the Scandinavian languages, the two words denote different varieties of radish; compare e.g. German Rettich ‘large white radish’ vs. Radieschen ‘small round red-skinned radish’. In sense 2 and in the compound radish communist n. apparently originally after similar uses of Russian rediska ‘(small red) radish’ by Trotsky (compare quot. 1919 at sense 2) and Stalin (compare quot. 1958 for radish communist n. at Compounds 2), with allusion to the appearance of the vegetable. However, these uses have not been traced, although P. N. Miljukov Rossija na perelome (1927) I. 157 cites a similar, slightly later use by Trotsky (c1922).
1.
a. The crisp, peppery taproot of the widely cultivated cruciferous plant Raphanus sativus (family Brassicaceae), which is eaten raw in salads and as an appetizer. Also: the plant itself, now cultivated in many varieties. The radish most often used in the west is derived from spring or summer varieties; it is small and globular or cylindrical, commonly with pinkish-red skin and white flesh. Elsewhere much larger radishes are found, derived from winter-growing varieties, such as the often turnip-shaped black radishes of Spain and the long cylindrical white radishes of China and Japan; these are sometimes eaten cooked.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > root vegetable > [noun] > radish
radisheOE
raphanea1398
raphe?c1400
redcolec1440
round radish1572
rabone1597
Spanish radish1706
rat-tailed radish1867
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > root vegetables > radish
radisheOE
raphanea1398
raphe?c1400
rape1440
redcolec1440
rape radish1548
round radish1572
rabulane1593
rabone1597
α.
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. xx. 64 Wiþ sidan sare.., bogen & redic & hwiteclæfran wyrc to clame.
OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 111 Raphanum et radix, rædic.
c1225 ( Ælfric Gloss. (Worcester) in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 545 Rafanum, redic [OE St. John's Oxf. rædic].
a1300 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 556/20 Raffarium..redich.
1381 Diuersa Servicia in C. B. Hieatt & S. Butler Curye on Inglysch (1985) 79 Tak hony and rotys of radich & grynd yt smal.
a1425 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 645 Raparium, raddyk.
a1543 in A. Amherst Hist. Gardening in Eng. (1896) 75 (MED) Herbes for Potage..Radiche, White pyper, Cabagez, [etc.].
β. ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 149 (MED) He..techeþ to make plastres to dissolue of þe rote of pacience, of radisshe [L. raphani], of wylde gourde. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ix. 44 (MED) Radish female hath litel bitternesse.1526 Treasure of Pore Men f. xixv Take ysop Rosemary Planten and the roote of Radysshe.1579 T. Lupton Thousand Notable Things v. 110 Take..ye roote of Bryony, of Beetes, of Radysh, and of whyte Lyllies: whereof make a Lynyment.1616 B. Jonson Every Man in his Humor (rev. ed.) i. v, in Wks. I. 18 We will haue a bunch of redish, and salt, to tast our wine.1652 W. Blith Eng. Improver Improved xxxix. 248 You may Plant your garden with Onions, Reddishes, or any sallet herb.1669 J. Evelyn Kalendarium (ed. 3) 22 August... Sow Raddish, especially the Black, to prevent running up to seed.1718 J. Quincy Pharmacopœia Officinalis 158 Radish..is much in Diet amongst our Spring-Sallets, but little used as Medicine.1774 P. Proctor et al. Mod. Dict. Arts & Sci. IV. Radish, in botany, a genus of plants, the flower of which consists of four leaves.1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 173 Enjoyed, spare feast! a radish and an egg.1825 J. L. Motley Let. 31 May in Corr. (1889) I. i. 4 We have..planted a good many things, such as corn, radishes, water and musk melons, etc.1853 E. Bulwer-Lytton My Novel I. iv. viii. 300 It was with some such tract that Lenny was seasoning his crusts and his radishes.1914 ‘B. M. Bower’ Flying U Ranch 169 You can pull the weeds out of his radishes.1987 Punch 26 Aug. 41/1 Radishes, tomatoes, cucumbers and the like are very often added to green salads in England.2005 Sci. Hort. 106 276 In northern China, radish is widely cultivated and generally planted in raised beds in spring and autumn.
b. With distinguishing word: any of certain other, chiefly wild, plants now or formerly included in the genus Raphanus (or in certain other genera of the family Brassicaceae).horse, sea, water radish, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > root vegetables > radish > types of radish
radishlOE
Spanish radish1706
Naples radish1763
rat-tailed radish1867
mooli1969
lOE Durham Plant Gloss. 9 Arboratio [read armoracia], vilde redic.
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball v. xxxvii. 599 Mountayne Radish or Rayfort hath great brode leaues, in fashion lyke to the great Docke.
1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. vi. 186 Wilde Radish hath a broader & rougher leafe than the common Radish.
1682 N. Grew Anat. Plants iv. 288 Even the Juyce of Horse Radish, which bleeds at the Lympheducts, is of a sweet Taste.
1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. I. at Raphanus The small round-rooted Radish is not very common in England.
1763 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry IV. 38 The Naples radish, which has a very white, round, small, and sweet root.
1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 93 The oliferous Chinese radish..is much cultivated in Piedmont and the Milanese.
1867 Chambers's Information for People (new ed.) I. 537/1 It is called the Rat-tail Radish, and the edible part or ‘radish’ is not the root, but the seed-pod in a green state.
1949 National Geographic Mag. Aug. 213/2 In India the rat-tailed radish..is grown for its fleshy, edible seed pods.
1977 Bon Appétit May 25/2 You will be delighted by these selections, served with soy, Japanese horseradish, and daikon (white radish).
2005 Chile Pepper Oct. 86/3 Kaiware (pronounced kai-WAH-ray) are the immature stems and leaves of the ubiquitous Japanese radish, the daikon.
2. = radish communist n. at Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > communism > [noun] > adherent of > professed but not active
radish1919
1919 Times 31 Oct. 11/1 A ‘radish’ is a man who fervently professes devotion to the Communist cause while harbouring a secret longing for its overthrow. Red outside, but white..inside. The epithet was invented by Trotsky.
1996 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant (Nexis) 11 Apr. a1 In Poland, we call communists ‘radishes’—they're only red on the outside.

Compounds

C1.
a.
radish-bed n.
ΚΠ
1800 New Lights from World of Darkness 35 It then visibly shot forward, and extended over the radish bed like a white linen sheet.
1855 ‘E. S. Delamer’ Kitchen Garden 115 The traveller who has no radish-bed to go to.
1925 Zanesville (Ohio) Times Signal 29 Mar. He..gave up the dream of the suburban cottage, the fresh air and the radish-bed in the spring.
radish oil n.
ΚΠ
?1720 in Catal. Prints: Polit. & Personal Satires (Brit. Mus.) (1873) II. 431 Radish Oil.
1927 R. O. Brooks Crit. Stud. Legal Chem. Foods 168 Fatty mustard oil and radish oil from Raphanus sativus.
1995 Amer. Hist. Rev. 100 884/2 The cheaper but malodorous radish oil had a large share of the market.
radish pod n.
ΚΠ
1728 E. Smith Compl. Housewife (ed. 2) Index Radish Pods pickled.
1855 ‘E. S. Delamer’ Kitchen Garden 132 Radish-pods..make an excellent pickle.
1913 J. E. Rogers Bk. of Useful Plants 164 Warm countries of the Old World use radish pods very commonly.
1992 Country Woman 65/3 For a good-tasting salad garnish, try peppery Munchen Bier radish pods.
radish root n. [compare Middle Low German (in late sources) rodīswörtel]
ΚΠ
c1300 in T. Hunt Pop. Med. 13th-cent. Eng. (1990) v. 225 Persil-rote, fenoil-rote, radich-rote .m. .i.
c1440 Liber de Diversis Med. 33 (MED) Þan tak radik rute, ysop, betoyne..stamp þam smalle.
1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke i. xiii. 14 Specially let the patient refraine from suche things as doe send aboundaunce of sharpe vapours vp to the head, as be garlicke, oynions, mustard, raddishe rootes, and such like.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §408 A Beet-Root, a Borrage-Root, and a Raddish-Root.
1759 J. Hill Veg. Syst. I. 86 Each divides again in two, and the Clusters are then twenty-four: such as we find them in a full-grown Radish Root.
1868 S. E. Todd Amer. Wheat Culturist i. 37 In one pot he placed..a portion of a radish root.
1972 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 59 744/1 The radish root..grows well in culture.
radish seed n. [compare Middle Low German (in late sources) rodīssāt]
ΚΠ
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. xlvi. 114 Drenc wið þon, rædices sæd & caules gnid on eala oþþe on win, drince wiþ anawyrme lange & gelome oþ þæt sel sie.]
?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 391 (MED) Rasis commaundeth þat it be frotede..with an oynement made of moloyne..of elebor, of mustarde, and of radisshe sede [L. semine raphani].
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Cortinon, radyshe seede.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §401 There were sown in a Bed, Turnip-seed, Radish-seed [etc.].
1794 J. Boys Gen. View Agric. Kent 18 Radish seed is commonly sown on these lands instead of beans, for the London market.
1993 M. Gee Going West (1994) 18 He trickles radish seeds into the furrow and palms earth on top and pats it down.
b.
radish-leaved adj. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Sisymbrium The short-podded radish-leaved water-sisymbrium.
C2.
radish communist n. a person who professes to be a communist without genuine commitment.
ΚΠ
1958 C. Bowles Ideas, People & Peace ii. i. 14 At the Potsdam Conference in 1945..Stalin referred to the Chinese Communists scathingly as ‘radish Communists’. They are red, he said, ‘only on the outside.’
1985 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 26 Mar. 9 Although the Afghan Communist Party claims 200,000 members..only about 1,000 of these truly believe in communism. The rest are ‘radish communists’.
radish fly n. a small fly, Delia platura (family Anthomyiidae), whose larvae burrow in radishes and in the roots and seeds of various other crops (also called seed-corn maggot); (in quot. 1878: the striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (family Chrysomelidae), whose larvae also infest radishes).
ΚΠ
1841 T. W. Harris Rep. Insects Massachusetts 415 The radish-fly is called Anthomyia Raphani, in my ‘Catalogue’, from the botanical name of the radish, on the root of which its larvæ feed.
1878 I. F. Tillinghast Man. Veg. Plants 44 The striped flea-beetle... They are very destructive to the young plants of the cabbage family, are known by various names, such as turnip-fly, radish-fly, etc.
1915 Mansfield (Ohio) News 7 Aug. 6/7 The cabbage fly, the onion fly, the lettuce fly and the radish fly, all of which do much damage to vegetation.
1966 Walla-Walla (Washington) Union-Bull. 15 July 7/5 Early radishes..grown under cheesecloth to keep small birds away and to reduce radish flies that sting the radishes and ruin them for consumption.
radish tree n. rare (a) = horseradish tree n. (b) at horseradish n. Compounds (obsolete); (b) = horseradish tree n. (a) at horseradish n. Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > poplars and allies > [noun] > Australian poplar
mustard tree1619
poplar1700
horseradish tree1859
native poplar1889
Queensland poplar1890
radish tree1898
1898 E. E. Morris Austral Eng. 378/1 Radish-Tree, an Australian timber-tree, Codonocarpus cotinifolius, called also Poplar in Central Australia.
1989 Mutation Res. 224 209/1 Moringa oleifera is commonly known as either the horseradish tree, drumstick tree, radish tree, or West Indian ben.

Derivatives

ˈradish-ˌlike adj.
ΚΠ
1712 Philos. Trans. 1710–12 (Royal Soc.) 27 385 Auriculated, or rather small wing'd Radish-like Leaves.
1870 Amer. Naturalist 4 356 The Sea-rocket.., a radish-like plant.
1983 S. Plant tr. M. Moser Keys to Agarics & Boleti iii. 336 Taste radish-like and bitterish.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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