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单词 quoth
释义

quothv.

Brit. /kwəʊθ/, U.S. /kwoʊθ/
Forms: 1. Past tense. a. 1st and 3rd singular indicative

α. Old English ceð (Mercian), Old English coeð (Northumbrian), Old English cuæð, Old English cueð, Old English cuęð, Old English cuoæð (Northumbrian), Old English cuoeað (Northumbrian), Old English cuoęð (Northumbrian), Old English cuoeð (Northumbrian), Old English cuðæ, Old English cuuoeð (Northumbrian), Old English cwaeð, Old English cweoð (Northumbrian), Old English cweþ, Old English cwęþ, Old English cwęð, Old English cweðð, Old English cwoeð (Northumbrian), Old English kwæð, Old English–early Middle English cwæþ, Old English–early Middle English cwæð, Old English–early Middle English cwað, Old English–early Middle English cweð, Old English–early Middle English quæð, late Old English ceweð, early Middle English cþæð (transmission error), early Middle English cwaþ, early Middle English cwaþþ ( Ormulum), early Middle English waþ, early Middle English wað, Middle English quaþ, Middle English quað, Middle English quaþe, Middle English quath, Middle English quathe, Middle English queþ, Middle English queð, Middle English quuað.

β. Old English cuoð (Northumbrian), early Middle English oþed (transmission error), Middle English coþe, Middle English coth, Middle English quoþ, Middle English quoð, Middle English (1800s English regional) cuth, Middle English–1500s cothe, Middle English– quoth, 1500s qothe, 1500s qwoth; Scottish pre-1700 qwoth, pre-1700 1700s– quoth.

γ. Old English–early Middle English cwæd, late Old English–early Middle English cwed, early Middle English cwet, early Middle English hwat, Middle English quad, Middle English quæd, Middle English quat, Middle English quatz, Middle English quuad.

δ. Middle English cod, Middle English kod (in a late copy), Middle English quot, Middle English–1600s quod; Scottish pre-1700 qod (probably transmission error), pre-1700 qoud (probably transmission error), pre-1700 quhod, pre-1700 qwod, pre-1700 1700s–1800s quod, 1800s quot'.

ε. late Middle English quo, 1500s ka, 1500s ko, 1700s quo'; English regional 1700s ke (Durham), 1700s qu' (northern), 1700s quo (Lancashire), 1800s ko (Lancashire), 1800s– ka (northern and East Anglian), 1800s– ki (northern), 1800s– quo' (northern and midlands); Scottish pre-1700 1700s– quo, pre-1700 (1800s– Shetland and Orkney) co, 1700s– co', 1700s– quo', 1900s– ko (Shetland); Irish English 1800s– co, 1800s– quo', 1900s– ca (northern), 1900s– qua (northern), 1900s– quo.

ζ. English regional 1700s kive (northern), 1800s kih (Northumberland), 1800s kiv (Northumberland).

Also (in Older Scots) represented by the abbreviations qt, qot, quhot, qod, q, qȝ; see also qd. v. b. 2nd singular indicative Old English coeðe (Northumbrian), Old English cuede, Old English cuoede (Northumbrian), Old English cwæþe, Old English cwæðe, Old English cwede, Old English–early Middle English cwæde. c. plural indicative Old English cuædan, Old English cuædon, Old English cuedon, Old English cueodon (Northumbrian), Old English cuoeden (Northumbrian), Old English cuoedon (Northumbrian), Old English cuoedun (Northumbrian), Old English cuoeðon (Northumbrian), Old English cwædan, Old English cwædun, Old English cwædyn, Old English cwæðdun (Northumbrian), Old English cwæðen, Old English cwæþon, Old English cwæðun, Old English cwedan, Old English cwęden, Old English cwedun, Old English cweðæn, Old English cweþon, Old English cweðon, Old English cwoedon (Northumbrian), Old English–early Middle English cwæden, Old English–early Middle English cwædon, Old English–early Middle English cwæðon, Old English–early Middle English cwedon, late Old English cwæde (before personal pronoun), late Old English cwieþon (Kentish), early Middle English cuþæn, early Middle English cwadan, early Middle English cwæðe, early Middle English cweden, early Middle English cweþen, early Middle English cweðen, Middle English quaþe, Middle English queþe, Middle English queþen, Middle English queðen, Middle English quoðen. 2. Present stem. 1800s– quoth.
Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: queath v.
Etymology: Originally the past tense of queath v. (compare discussion at that entry).The verb shows the usual simplification of the strong verb past tense paradigm in late Middle English with the forms of the 1st and 3rd singular being levelled to all other persons, singular and plural (compare e.g. quots. c1300 at sense 1bα. , a1425, 1583 at sense 1bβ. ). The word remained in fossilized and archaic use (in sense 1b) after queath v. had become obsolete (by the end of the 16th cent.); from the second half of the 19th cent. onwards a new inferred present stem quoth is attested (see branch II.) in chiefly humorous use. The α. forms of the 1st and 3rd singular past indicative reflect the usual stem vowel (æ ) of an Old English strong verb of Class V. The development of forms with stem vowel o (see β. forms) has diverse origins: (i) levelling of the rounded vowel resulting from combinative back mutation in Northumbrian Old English (see discussion at queath v.); (ii) rounding of Middle English short a (of the 1st and 3rd singular past indicative) after w ; (iii) borrowing of the vowel (represented by Middle English long open ō ) of the early Scandinavian plural past indicative forms (compare Old Icelandic kváðum (1st plural past indicative)); both short and long realizations are recorded by 17th-cent. orthoepists (see E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §§339, 421). The γ. and δ. forms of the 1st and 3rd singular past indicative apparently show spread of -d (subsequently sometimes devoiced to -t ) from the 2nd singular and plural past indicative, although in some early instances (in Old English and early Middle English) these forms may show simply a scribal error of an uncrossed -d for -ð . In early Middle English the manuscript abbreviation for Latin quod was also often used for Middle English quod ‘spoke’, and subsequently also in other scribal systems where the full written form would have been quoth , etc. This phenomenon may have led to the more widespread introduction of quod as a written form (even when intended to represent a spoken form with a final fricative). The ε. forms show loss of final consonant consistent with a word typically occurring in an unstressed position. The ζ. forms show occasional replacement of final consonant, a phenomenon apparently restricted to the north-east of England. A few isolated early attestations (in Old English) of apparent ε. forms of the 3rd singular past indicative are probably the result of scribal error; compare:OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke (headings to readings) xciv Conloquentibus discipulis adstans in medio dicit pax uobis : efnesprecendum ðegnum astod on middum cuoe sibb iuh.lOE Salisbury Psalter xxxv. 2 Dixit iniustus ut delinquat in semetipso, non est timor dei ante oculos eius : cwæ þe unrihtwisa þæt he agulde on sylfum him, na is ege godes beforan egan his.
I. Past indicative.
1. Spoke, said.
a. transitive. Without direct speech. Now archaic.
ΚΠ
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) ii. ii. 102 Hwæt heo dydon, swa swa he cwæð.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 656 Se kining..cweð þa þet he wolde hit [sc. Medeshamstede] wurðminten.
c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 16 Yfele cwæde ðu ðæt þu þa halȝæn mæȝne to ȝyrdon næmdest.
a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 53 Ne cweð he neuer aword.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22973 Mani man..Wat noght þis word i for-wit quath [a1400 Coll. Phys. quaþe].
1840 F. S. T. Hill Poems 58 The young Sir Aylmer..to the foe such glance doth give, As plainly quoth, that one doth live Who ne'er will quail beneath his rage!
1909 F. B. Gummere tr. Beowulf xliii, in Oldest Eng. Epic 158 Thus made their mourning the men of Geatland, for their hero's passing his hearth-companions: quoth that of all the kings of earth, of men he was mildest and most belovéd.
b. transitive. With direct speech: with the subject either a pronoun in the first or third person, or else a noun, indicating that the subject's words are being repeated: said (he, etc.). Now archaic.The verb is frequently (now usually) placed before the subject; the clause is commonly inserted parenthetically towards the beginning of the words quoted, but it may also precede or follow the whole of the quoted text.In quot. OE at β. the Old English is an interlinear gloss and consequently follows the word order of the Latin.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > narration > direct speech > [verb (transitive)] > said
quotheOE
qd.1485
α.
eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) xxxvi. 106 Ða cwæð ic: þæt is soð; ne mæg ic þæs oðsacan.
OE tr. Apollonius of Tyre (1958) xiv. 20 Ða cwæð se cyng: ‘Þurh hwæt wast ðu þæt?’
c1175 (?OE) Proverb (Faust. A.x) in N. R. Ker Catal. MSS containing Anglo-Saxon (1957) 194 Þa tadda cw [æð] to þar eiþa Forwurþa swa fola maistres [L. Ad traeam dixit pereant tot buffo magistri].
a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 67 ‘Hlauerd,’ cwað he, ‘hwat mai ic don ðat ic mihte hauen ðat eche lif?’
c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 1739 ‘Ich an wel,’ cwað þe niȝtegale.
c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) 39 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 493 ‘Leoue moder,’ quaþ [c1300 Laud queþen] þe sones, ‘we schulle don after þi lore.’
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 929 Quad he, ‘quat sal me welðes ware?’
c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xi. 20 ‘Contra,’ quaþ ich.
β. OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke xvi. 3 Ait autem uilicus intra se quid faciam quia dominus meus aufert a me uilicationem? : cuoð ða se groefa bitiuih him huætd ic doam forðon drihten min benimeð from me þæt groefscire?c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) 685 ‘Swiðe,’ quoð he, ‘wið hire ut of min ehsihðe!’a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2993 Quoðen ðo wiches clerkes, ‘ðis Fortoken godes gastes is.’c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 776 ‘Now bone hostel,’ coþe þe burne, ‘I be-seche yow ȝette.’a1425 (?c1300) Northern Passion (Cambr. Gg.5.31) 1561 ‘Maister,’ coth þai, ‘þou hyes þe fast.’?a1450 Metrical Life Christ (1977) 55 Quoþ oure Lord, ‘I am he.’1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. ii. sig. G And so late met, that I feare, we parte not yeet, Quoth the baker to the pillory.1583 A. Nowell et al. True Rep. Disput. E. Campion sig. E4v The fire (quoth we) hath heate and light.1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iii. 91 No, Quoth the King, I will not be both party and judg.1680 J. Bunyan Mr Badman xii, in Wks. (1855) III. 647 Like to like, quoth the devil to the collier.1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 389 You look like a runner, quoth the Dee'l to the lobster.1782 W. Cowper John Gilpin 25 Quoth Mrs. Gilpin, ‘That's well said.’1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Alice I. iv. iii. 352 ‘I know no man I respect more than Maltravers,’ quoth the Admiral.1845 E. A. Poe Raven 3 Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’1884 R. Browning Mihrab Shah in Ferishtah's Fancies 1 Quoth an inquirer, ‘Praise the Merciful!’1927 Baroness Orczy Sir Percy hits Back xxxix. 318 ‘Egad man, you are priceless,’ quoth Sir Percy gaily.1993 Observer 31 Jan. 62/5 The boss delivered himself of a rousing piece of corpo-speak. ‘Rockwater is a company with a mission to be a leader,’ quoth he.γ. OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §37. 250 Ða ondswarode me þæt triow Indiscum wordum & þus cwæd: ‘Ða unoferswyðda Alexander in gefeohtum þu weorðest cyning & hlaford ealles middangeardes.’lOE King Ælfred tr. St. Augustine Soliloquies (Vitell.) (1922) i.3 Þa cwæd heo: is þin gemind swa mihtig þæt hit mage eall gehealden þæt þu geðengst, and hym bebeotst to healdenne?c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 13673 ‘Lauerdinges,’ quæd Luces þa, ‘Mahun eou beo liðe.’c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 1650 ‘Deus!’ hwat ubbe, ‘qui ne were he knith?’a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 933 Quat god, ‘so sal it nogt ben.’c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. vi. l. 3 Quatz Perkyn þe plouman, ‘bi seynt Peter of Rome, I haue an half acre to erye.’δ. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 253 Ga quod vre lauerd, & haue wil þet þu nult sunege namare.?a1300 Iacob & Iosep (Bodl.) (1916) 203 ‘Leuedi,’ quod Iosep, ‘wat þi wille be?’c1330 (?a1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) 524 ‘Ȝa,’ quod Gij.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 5005 ‘Say me,’ quot iacob, ‘hou es þis?’a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) ii. 398 To late ywar, quod beaute, whan it paste.a1450 Pater Noster Richard Ermyte (Westm. Sch. 3) (1967) 7 ‘Mowe ȝee’, quod he, ‘drynk of þat drink þat I schal drynk of?’?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 45 ‘To speik’, quod scho, ‘I sall nought spar.’1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. 1 Tim. i. f. iiv I haue not chosen (quod he) out of an other mannes flocke.c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) i. vii. §8 Be quhat reason? quod the Doctour.1638 H. Adamson Muses Threnodie 5 Then, Gossop Gall (quod I) I dar approve.a1774 R. Fergusson Poems (1956) II. 161 Quod she, ‘I ferly unco sair, That ye sud musand gae.’1815 W. Finlayson Simple Sc. Rhymes 165 Quod Ferguson: our weil won fame In Scotland sae enhanc'd our name.1893 R. L. Stevenson Catriona ii. 14 Get a ship for him, quot' he! And who's to pay for it? The man's daft!ε. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 33 ‘In feith,’ quo the oon, ‘I sholde suffer grete myschef.’a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. iii. sig. D.iiij Bawawe what ye say (ko I)..Nay I feare him not (ko she).1588 ‘M. Marprelate’ Oh read ouer D. Iohn Bridges: Epist. 20 That is my meaning, ka dumb Iohn.a1628 J. Carmichaell Coll. Prov. in Scots (1957) No. 217 A things eiks, quo the wran, quhen [etc.].1676 J. Welch Great Gospel Sumonds Pref. 7 And the Young Ones will speir, how could that be? (co the Bairns) Was that in Covenanted-Scotland?1706 tr. H. Schopperus Crafty Courtier i. xiv. 57 Gods! quo' the buxom Partner of his Bed.a1774 R. Fergusson Poems (1785) ii. 172 Quo' he, ‘This bell o'mine's a trick.’1817 W. Scott Rob Roy II. xi. 236 Whae's Mr. Robert Campbell, quo' he?1862 A. Hislop Prov. Scotl. 142 ‘Mair whistle than woo,’ quo' the souter when he sheared the sow.1893 S. R. Crockett Stickit Minister 127 ‘Horse or mule,’ quo' she.1925 E. C. Smith Mang Howes 15 ‘Teedisome brae,’ quo A.2003 S. Blackhall Loon in H. MacDonald & S. Blackhall Double Heider 8 ‘Sae yon's yer Da, is't?’ quo he.ζ. 1787 F. Grose Provinc. Gloss. Kive I, quoth I. N.a1828 T. Bewick Howdy & Upgetting (1850) 9 Ae-hy, ae-hy, kih she.a1828 T. Bewick Howdy & Upgetting (1850) 15 Oh kiv aw, but aw was meanin your grandmuther.
†c. intransitive. Chiefly Scottish. Used at the end of a piece of text to introduce the name of the author or scribe: wrote (i.e. written by). Obsolete.In quot. 1584 humorously echoing this convention.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [adjective] > introducing a name
quothc1500
c1500 in Kingis Quair (1939) 48 Explicit, &c. Quod Jacobus Primus.
?1507 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 97 Quod Dunbar quhen he was sek.
?1550 R. Weaver Lusty Iuventus sig. E.iiv Finis. Quod R. Weuer.
1584 J. Maxwall Commonplace Bk. f. 1v Finis quod I ȝe watt quha.
?a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 390 Finis. Quod R. S.
1788 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 417 Quod, the Beadsman of Nith-side.]
†d. transitive. Used interrogatively with a pronoun of the second person, after repeating something said by the person addressed: said (you). Cf. quotha int. Obsolete.The form quothee may be a variant of quotha int.
ΚΠ
a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) i. ii. sig. B.j Enamoured, quod you?.. Enamoured ka?
1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. C3v Rich quoth you? They are rich indeede toward the deuill, and the world.
a1600 I. T. Grim the Collier (1662) ii. iv. 30 As it falls! quoth ye, marry a foul fall is it.
1681 Heraclitus Ridens 1 Mar. 2/1 Earn... And what Trade do they intend to drive? Jest. What Trade quothee!
1688 T. Shadwell Squire of Alsatia iv. i. 55 Your Son, quoth ye? He is like to make a fine Husband.
†e. transitive. figurative. With a thing as subject and a word denoting a sound or movement as object. Obsolete.In quot. 1568 expressed by the abbreviation q (cf. Q n. 16a).
ΚΠ
1568 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) III. 37 Snop q the telȝeor snap q the scheiris, Cokkis bownis q the lowiss I haif lost myne Eiris.
1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) II. xi. 1912/2 Crashe quoth the pulpit, downe commeth the dauncer.
1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. iii. 33 Shake quoth the Doue-house. View more context for this quotation
1613 F. Beaumont Knight of Burning Pestle v. ii. sig. I4 Sa, sa, sa, bounce quoth the guns.
a1687 C. Cotton Poems (1689) 174 'Twas I that..pull'd the Cork out. Bounce, quoth the Bottle, the work being done.
1773 E. de Franchetti Granny's Predict. 39 Suddenly shake quoth the crab-tree, down tumble the apples.
†2.
a. transitive. Declared. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xxxiv. 466 Þa on ðære ylcan tide neapolite..cwædon gefeoht togeanes þære burhware sepontiniscre ceastre.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Domitian A.viii) anno 1050 Þa gehet se cing ðæt man scolde habban eft ealra gewitena gemot on Lundene..and man cwæð Swegen eorl utlah.
b. transitive. Promised. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 755 God quad to abram al ðis lond Sal cumen in-to is kinnes hond.
†3.
a. transitive. Gave up, renounced. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) 48 (MED) Al ha icneowen ham crauant ant ouercumen, ant cweþen hire þe meistrie ant te meske al up.
b. transitive. Bequeathed. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 135 (MED) To Waltham ȝede þe kyng, his testament to make, & þus quathe he his þing for his soule sake.
II. Inferred present stem.
4. transitive. To say, to utter.In later use U.S., with allusion to Poe's poem The Raven (1845); cf. quot. 1845 at sense 1bβ. .
ΚΠ
a1861 F. Palgrave Hist. Normandy & Eng. (1864) III. 402 The owner had the power of transmitting the possession to an heir by bequest, by quothing or speaking forth the name of his intended successor to the lord.
1956 New Castle (Pa.) News 22 Mar. 4/6 Garbo is widely considered to have retired from her film career... To have writ finis on acting. But unlike the raven quothing ‘nevermore’ Miss Garbo she don't quoth word one [sic] on the subject.
1969 Winnipeg Free Press 26 July 27/3 Only the wheeling seabirds disturb the silence, and a gloomy raven quothing ‘Nevermore!’ from a rooftop.
1984 Washington Post (Nexis) 3 Aug. b7 Edgar Allan Poe's ‘The Raven’ is now ‘The Reagan’, quothing ‘cut some more’.
5. intransitive. To use the word quoth.
ΚΠ
1924 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 20 Dec. ‘You beautiful concoction’ quoth I—and then—I stopped quothing.
2002 Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) (Nexis) 25 Aug. (Arts section) j10 Everyone talks as if he belongs in Jane Austen's parlor...They're always ‘quothing’ at each other.

Derivatives

ˈquothing n. the action or an act of speaking; an utterance.
ΚΠ
1925 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 22 Oct. (heading) More quothing.
1999 W. L. Heat Moon River Horse vi. 189 I once heard the birds called river ravens, and assuredly the evening fit their dark plumes and mournful quothings.
2003 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 14 July 27 ‘The English novel simply would not be the great thing it is if Jane Austen had not existed,’ quoth—quothing is what she does—Ms Byatt.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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