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单词 rafter
释义

raftern.1

Brit. /ˈrɑːftə/, /ˈraftə/, U.S. /ˈræftər/
Forms:

α. Old English ræfter, Old English reafter (rare), Old English–early Middle English ræftr- (inflected form), Old English (Mercian)–Middle English reftr- (inflected form), Middle English raftere, Middle English raftir, Middle English raftre, Middle English raftur, Middle English raftyr, Middle English–1600s refter, Middle English– rafter, late Middle English restourez (plural, transmission error), 1500s raufter, 1600s rafture; Scottish pre-1700 raftar, pre-1700 raftre, pre-1700 ruftre, pre-1700 1700s– rafter.

β. northern 1500s raughter; Scottish pre-1700 rachtar, pre-1700 rachter, pre-1700 rachtir, pre-1700 rachtre, pre-1700 ragchtre, pre-1700 rather, pre-1700 raucher, pre-1700 rauchtair, pre-1700 rauchtar, pre-1700 rauchter, pre-1700 rauchtor, pre-1700 rauchtour, pre-1700 rauchtter, pre-1700 rautur, pre-1700 ravchtar, pre-1700 rawcheter, pre-1700 rawchtir, pre-1700 rawchtour, pre-1700 rawghter, pre-1700 raychter, 1800s– raghter.

Origin: Perhaps of multiple origins. Partly a word inherited from Germanic. Perhaps partly a borrowing from Dutch. Perhaps partly a borrowing from Middle Low German.
Etymology: In α. forms cognate with Middle Dutch rachter , rafter long piece of timber, plank, beam (Dutch rachter , rafter plank, beam, palisade for hedges, (with suffix substitution and loss of medial -t- ) rachel sloping beam in a roof), Middle Low German rafter , rachter , rechter long piece of timber, plank, beam < the same Germanic base as the Scandinavian words cited at raft n.1 + a suffix forming nouns of instrument also seen e.g. in bladder n., foster n.1, ladder n., rudder n. In β. forms probably < the Middle Dutch or Middle Low German forms with medial -ch- . Compare post-classical Latin raftera (mid 14th cent. in a British source). Compare later raft n.1In sense 3, the bird is so called on account of the site where it builds its nests (compare quot. 1885).
1. Any beam, plank, or pole, esp. a long one. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > roughly squared beam
beam978
balka1400
needle1428
joist1487
sill1488
rafter1553
timbera1575
bat1577
eOE Épinal Gloss. (1974) 3 Amites, reftras.
OE Ælfric Gloss. (St. John's Oxf.) 315 Tignum, ræfter [c1225 Worcester refter].
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 3904 Þa Bruttes..nomen longen ræftres [c1300 refteres]..& setten heom in Temese flod.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 3909 Þeos reftres stode, hi-hud in þan flode.
1356 in Pipe Roll 32 Edward III m.33/1 Dccciiij Ræftres emptis..pro factura de la Redecogge.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 217 For þe cedre dureþ alwey, þerof beþ raftres and oþer tymber y-made to palis of kynges.
1467 in N. S. B. Gras Early Eng. Customs Syst. (1918) 618 (MED) Item, pro ccc raftres de firre, val. xxxiii s. iiii d.
1553 J. Brende tr. Q. Curtius Rufus Hist. iv. f. 40v To the desturbovrs of the shippes that approched the wales, they deuised longe rafters.
1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 755 They left their rafters or great peeces of tymber pinned together whereuppon they had passed ouer the streame.
1652 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. Bentivoglio Hist. Relations Flanders 2 Rampires of Earth, built up with great Stones, Raftures of Wood [etc.].
1699 J. Potter Archæologiæ Græcæ II. iii. xv. 137 The..Sides of the Ship..were compos'd of large Rafters extended from Prow to Stern.
1722 W. Hamilton Life of Sir William Wallace v. 72 On the Top did frightful Fawdon stand With a prodigious Rafter in his Hand.
1793 H. Boyd Poems 233 On the city walls our rafters lean.
1831 G. Almar Pedlar's Acre i. v. 30 (stage direct.) Enter Gamiel Gander..with a long rafter of wood in his hand.
2.
a. Each of the sloping beams running from the top of the wall to the ridge, which form the internal framework of a roof and bear, directly or indirectly, the outer covering of slates, tiles, thatch, etc. Frequently in plural.principal rafter: see principal adj. 9.angle-, binding-, cushion-, hip-, jack-rafter, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > roof-beam > rafter
raftereOE
raft1820
α.
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. xiv. 202 He..micelne ad gesomnade on beamum & on ræftrum & on wagum & on watelum.
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) iii. i. 128 Þa syllan man fægere gefegð and þa beamas gelegð and þa ræftras to þære fyrste gefæstnað.
c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 132 He..rente adoun bothe wal and sparre and rafter [v.rr. raftir, raftur].
1438 in L. F. Salzman Building in Eng. (1992) App. B. 511 (MED) The rafteris shulle contayne in the foot viij enches or better and the top vj enchis and a half in brede and in thicknesse v enchis and iiij enchis.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vii. l. 449 Brundis fell off ruftreis thaim amang.
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. xi. f. 159 To lade his neighbours waules with rafters or beames.
1594 H. Plat Diuerse Sorts of Soyle 10 in Jewell House The principall postes, the Rafters, and the beames of any house.
1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor at Braces In building it signifieth the peeces of timber which bend forward on both sides and beare up the rafters.
?1677 S. Primatt City & Covntry Purchaser & Builder 86 Single Rafter being four foot long, and four and three and a half in thickness.
1726 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey V. xxii. 262 Perch'd like a swallow on a rafter's height.
1797 J. A. Graham Pres. State of Vt. 162 The rafters are then made for the roof.
1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 122 The rafters were the sides of an equilateral triangle, of which the spanning line was the base.
1865 G. MacDonald Alec Forbes I. viii. 43 Her eyes rested on nothing but bare rafters and boards.
1920 W. D. Howells Vacation of Kelwyns 101 He suspected that the small chirpings and squeakings from the rafters were the vigils of bats.
1960 W. Percy Moviegoer i. vii. 51 A yellow bulb hangs from the rafters but the service door is open and the areaway is filled with the darkness of the evening.
2005 Backwoods Home Mag. July–Aug. 89/3 Take your king beam and slide it from beneath between the rafters where they touch.
β. 1483 in G. Neilson & H. Paton Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes (1918) II. Introd. p. cxxvi That umquhile Archbald of Manderstoun was partisman with the saidis persons in the bying of the said rachteris.1496 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 282 To Hermyn, tymmyr man, Duchman, for vc and xij rachteris.a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Abbot of Tungland in Poems (1998) I. 57 His yrnis was rude as ony rawchtir.1551 Aberdeen Reg. V. 21 (Jam.) Ane schip laidnit with rachteris and dalis.1592 J. Lyly Gallathea i. iii. sig. B4 I wyll..hang my selfe on a raughter in the house.
b. figurative and in extended use. to the rafters: as full or as high as possible.
Π
a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 95 (MED) Cariteð..arist up anon to ðe roue, forðan to hire bieð ifastned alle ðe raftres of ðe hali mihtes.
a1592 R. Greene Frier Bacon (1594) sig. Gv The rafters of the earth rent from the poles..When Bacon red vpon his Magick booke.
1635 J. Swan Speculum Mundi iv. §2. 64 The heaven it self, whose beams or rafters are laid in the waters.
1685 S. Wesley Maggots 135 Huge Rafters of Ribs barricado my Heart.
1844 N. P. Willis Lady Jane ii. 150 ‘Fame's proud temple’, build it ne'er so proud, Finds notoriety a useful rafter.
1891 C. E. Norton tr. Dante Divine Comedy II. xxx. 193 Even as the snow, among the living rafters upon the back of Italy, is congealed.
1929 Ogden Standard-Examiner (Ogden City, Utah) 15 Feb. The Weber county gymnasium undoubtedly will be packed to the rafters for this battle.
1977 L. Murray Coll. Poems (1991) 159 My cousin had prised the last sheet iron off The rafters of our sleep.
1986 B. Fussell I hear Amer. Cooking v. xxii. 404 A baked white meringue, filled with raspberries in a berry sauce and heaped to the rafters with whipped cream.
2001 S. Crainer & D. Dearlove in Financial Times Handbk. Managem. (ed. 2) 473/2 There are few surfers who have not winced at a homepage piled to the rafters with affiliate links.
c. U.S. A transverse bar supporting the roof of a railway carriage. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1889 Cent. Dict. at Carline4 A transverse iron or wooden bar placed across the top of a railroad-car from side to side to support the roof-boards. Sometimes called a rafter.
3. British regional = rafter-bird n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > family Muscicapidae (thrushes, etc.) > [noun] > subfamily Muscicapinae > genus Muscicapa (fly-catcher) > muscicapa striata
white baker1441
bee-bird1771
rafter1802
rafter-bird1817
wall-plat1841
wall-bird1848
post bird1849
spider-catcher1854
cherry-chopper1888
1802 G. Montagu Ornithol. Dict. at Flycatcher—Spotted Provincial. Rafter. Bee-bird. Cherry-sucker. Chanchider.
1885 C. Swainson Provinc. Names Brit. Birds 48 From the site of its nest, which is generally placed..on a beam or rafter of an out-building, this bird is called..Rafter or Rafter-bird.

Compounds

C1.
rafter end n.
Π
1835 F. Goodwin Rural Archit. Add. 2 The Verge Boards to be cut out of 2½ inch Timber plank, well spiked to the rafter-ends of the Roof and Purlins.
1917 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 21 138 If the mutules are rafter ends, why should their under surfaces always be studded with eighteen pegs?
1990 D. Cruickshank & N. Burton Life in Georgian City III. iii. 169/2 Rafter ends..are symbolized by square mutules or modillions set below the soffit.
rafter foot n.
Π
1687 J. Browne in W. Fisher tr. V. Scamozzi Mirror Archit. (new ed.) ii. xix. 25 Then count from the Center the quantity of Feet and Inches you intend to make the Mortise-holes from the Rafter Foot.
1779 P. L. Hodgson Compl. Measurer (ed. 7) 2 Rafter Feet may be included in the Depth of the Roof.
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 567 Framing the rafter foot into the girder.
1975 Lincoln (Nebraska) Star 22 June 4 b/4 Rafter feet are decayed by water backup in clogged gutters.
2003 Perspectives in Vernacular Archit. 9 185 (caption) The top drawing..includes a heavy board false plate that was notched to catch the rafter feet.
rafter frame n.
Π
1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust II. iii. 226 The lofty beam, upholding rafter-frame and roof.
1900 Trenton (New Jersey) Times 24 Nov. 3/6 The heavy rafter frames have been put in place on the new bank building.
1988 College Eng. 50 515 A pile of rafter frames shows how fragile..all this is.
rafter log n.
Π
1448 Acct. in Berks, Bucks & Oxon Archæol. Jrnl. (1907) 13 51 (MED) Item, we have payde for Raftur loggys and a post vii d. ob.
1977 Gettysburg (Pa.) Times 12 Aug. 17/4 (advt.) Clearance sale. Barn siding, heavy timber, rafter logs.
rafter nail n.
Π
1731 Philos. Trans. 1729–30 (Royal Soc.) 36 296 The largest Sort of Rafter-Nails.
1979 Valley Independent (Monessen, Pa.) 10 Jan. 4/5 I hung the ring on a rafter nail in my basement.
2004 Independent (Nexis) 17 Sept. 41 Three medieval rafter nails found in the rubble of the devastated cathedral.
rafter-tree adj. Obsolete
Π
1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 210 Gazin' on sky and heevin's sheen, Throu' sky-lichts whair late nocht was seen But ceiling dark and rafter-treen.
C2.
rafter-bird n. British regional Obsolete the spotted flycatcher, Muscicapa striata (cf. beam-bird n. at beam n.1 Compounds 2).
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > family Muscicapidae (thrushes, etc.) > [noun] > subfamily Muscicapinae > genus Muscicapa (fly-catcher) > muscicapa striata
white baker1441
bee-bird1771
rafter1802
rafter-bird1817
wall-plat1841
wall-bird1848
post bird1849
spider-catcher1854
cherry-chopper1888
1817 E. Forster Catalogus Avium in Insulis Britannicis 17 Muscicapa grisola,..Rafterbird.
1885 C. Swainson Provinc. Names Brit. Birds 48 From the site of its nest, which is generally placed..on a beam or rafter of an out-building, this bird is called..Rafter or Rafter-bird.
rafter level n. U.S. (now historical) a levelling instrument consisting of an A-frame made of long spars of wood with a pendulum suspended from the apex, used to ascertain the differences of level in a piece of land.
ΚΠ
1786 G. Washington Diary 14 Aug. (1979) V. 27 After..levelling part of the ground (with a Rafter level) along which the Ditch was to be cut I intended to have run a course or two of Fencing.
1817 T. Jefferson Let. 2 May in Writings (1984) 1406 Our practice is when we first enter on this process [sc. horizontal ploughing], with a rafter level of 10 f. span, to lay off guide lines conducted horizontally around the hill or valley.
1939 H. H. Bennett Soil Conservation xl. 876 In laying off the furrows around the hill, the rafter level was used every 30 or 40 yards.
2003 L. Stanton in J. Hartz Siting Jefferson 35 One January day Jefferson observed a fourteen-year-old slave laying down the guidelines for a plowman with a rafter level.
rafter ridging n. Agriculture Obsolete rare = raftering n. 2.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > ploughing > [noun] > ploughing in ridges
ridging1499
balking1549
raftering1724
round ridging1756
upsetting1784
rafter ridging1838
1838 W. Holloway Gen. Dict. Provincialisms 137/1 Rafter-ridging, a mode of ploughing land, which is performed as follows, viz.: The ploughman strikes out a furrow, and then returns with his plough close to the back of it, forming it into a ridge... Hants.
rafter roof n. a roof constructed with rafters.
ΘΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > roof > [noun] > types of roof generally
vaulta1387
plat-roofa1425
pend1454
faunsere1460
compassed roofa1552
terrace1572
sotie1578
crown1588
arch-roof1594
arch1609
under-roof1611
concameration1644
voltoa1660
hip roof1663
French roof1669
oversail1673
jerkinhead1703
mansard1704
curb-roof1733
shed roof1736
gable roof1759
gambrel roof1761
living roof1792
pent roof1794
span-roof1823
wagon-head1823
azotea1824
rafter roof1825
rooflet1825
wagon-vault1835
bell-roof1842
spire-roof1842
cradle-roof1845
packsaddle roof1845
open roof1847
umbrella roof1847
gambrel1848
packsaddle1848
compass-roof1849
saddleback1849
saddle roof1850
curbed roof1866
wagon-roof1866
saw-tooth roof1900
trough roof1905
skillion roof1911
north-light roof1923
shell roof1954
green roof1984
knee-roof-
1825 T. Jefferson Let. 3 Dec. in F. R. Hassler Princ. Documents Relating to Surv. Coast (1834) 50 They never have leaked, cost less than a rafter roof, as needing no rafters, and admit repairs more easily than any others.
1913 Times 4 Mar. 5/3 Most of the old oak-trussed rafter roof over the nave still remains intact.
2006 Oxf. Mail (Nexis) 27 Sept. This very fine rafter-roof is the earliest visible in Oxford and is an excellent specimen of medieval oak carpentry.
rafter timbering n. now rare supporting timber in a mine or tunnel arranged like rafters in the roof of a house.
ΚΠ
1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 167 Rafter-timbering, timbering in which the pieces are arranged like the rafters of a house.
1907 M. M. Kirkman Building & Repairing Railways v. 114 in Sci. Railways (rev. ed.) The tunnel may be supported by rafter timbering, or..longitudinal bar timbering may be used.

Derivatives

ˈrafter-wise adv.
Π
1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire 251 Wheat..they shock it rafter-wise, ten sheaves in a shock.
1901 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 196 190 Two masses of natural rock are connected by a solid roof formed by large wrought stones placed rafterwise.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

raftern.2

Brit. /ˈrɑːftə/, /ˈraftə/, U.S. /ˈræftər/
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: raft n.1, raft v.1, -er suffix1.
Etymology: < either raft n.1 or raft v.1 + -er suffix1. With sense 1 compare later raftman n. at raft n.1 Compounds 1, raftsman n.
1. A person employed in rafting timber.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > forestry or arboriculture > lumbering > [noun] > transport of logs > one who
rafter1741
driver1825
river-driver1825
rear crew1851
loadera1862
skidder1870
floater1889
river hog1902
river rat1905
boom-man1908
river pig1908
rearing crew1944
1741 R. Pilgrim in W. Barr & G. Williams Voy. Hudson Bay (1994) I. iii. 119 20 hay makers and rafters.
1809 E. A. Kendall Trav. Northern Parts U.S. III. 305 That the rafters should relinquish..the earnings of their immediate hands.
1861 H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) III. 295/1 The labourers connected with this portion of the trade are rafters or raftsmen.
1891 C. Roberts Adrift in Amer. 206 The rafters were engaged in making the rafts up.
1936 ‘A’ in A. M. Rust Whangarei & Districts' Early Reminisc. 163 Hundreds of bushmen, loggers, jackers, bullock-drivers, cross-cutters and rafters were employed.
1962 P.L.A. Monthly June 162/2 The hitcher is like a long-handled boat hook and with it the rafter pokes, pulls and pushes logs into place.
2004 L. S. Earley Looking for Longleaf ix. 156 Rafters cut holes at either end of the ties, and a wooden peg slipped into this hole and through a matching hole on the first and last plank..gave the assembled raft..flexibility.
2. A person who travels on a raft; a person who engages in rafting, esp. as a sport or pastime.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > types of sailor > [noun] > sailor on raft
raftsman1776
rafter1954
1954 A. M. Bezanson Sodbusters invade Peace xxii. 160 Rafters kept coming quite a while. They all finally got tired waiting for God to freeze the rivers again, and came down on rafts.
1979 Sunset Apr. 38 (caption) Jagged, glacier-dotted Mount Moran hobnobs with the clouds as rafters laze along Jackson Lake towards shore for Teton camping.
2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 23 Apr. 29/2 By the turn of the twenty-first century, the Tsangpo Gorge had become an end in itself: kayakers, rafters and canyoneers jostled to become the first to ‘do’ the Tsangpo.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

rafterv.

Brit. /ˈrɑːftə/, /ˈraftə/, U.S. /ˈræftər/
Forms: see rafter n.1
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rafter n.1
Etymology: < rafter n.1 With sense 2 compare raftering n. 2.
1.
a. transitive. To build or provide with rafters. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > build or provide with specific parts [verb (transitive)] > roof > rafter
rafter1538
raft1706
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Contigno,..to raufter a house.
1611 Bible (King James) 2 Chron. xxxiv. 11 Timber for couplings and to floore [margin rafter] the houses. View more context for this quotation
1735 J. Atkins Voy. Guinea 76 His Town..as neatly raftered and built, as most of our North or West small Country Villages.
1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. v. 39 A square inclosure of stone or turf is raftered over with drift-wood or whalebones.
1869 D. Greenwell Carmina Crucis 36 Ivory palaces raftered with..cedar.
1935 C. Day Lewis Time to Dance & Other Poems 64 A hungry soul Urged them to try new air-routes, and their skill Raftered the sky with steel.
1995 V. Konrad in W. Wyckoff & L. M. Dilsaver Mountainous West vii. 207 Each was raftered with lodgepole pine and roofed with sawed Douglas fir.
b. transitive. To shape or cut (wood) into rafters. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1846 J. E. Worcester Universal Dict. Eng. Lang. Rafter, to form into rafters.
2. transitive. Agriculture. To plough (land) turning the ploughed earth on to narrow strips left undisturbed between the furrows, so as to form a series of ridges. Cf. raftering n. 2. Obsolete (English regional (south-western) in later use).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > ploughing > plough (land) [verb (transitive)] > rib
rest-balk?1523
rafter1724
rib1735
slob-furrow1796
1724 [implied in: W. Benson in tr. Virgil Husbandry: 2nd Bk. Pref. p. xvi I am certain the Husbandry of England in general is Virgilian. This is shewn..by the dry Fences, by Raftering or Cross-Ploughing, and innumerable other Instances. (at raftering n. 2)].
1794 A. Young in A. Driver & W. Driver Gen. View Agric. Hants 68 Raftering the land, which is a sort of rest baulk ploughing.
1844 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 5 i. 173 The land is raftered, and pared with the breast-plough; or raftered again in a cross-direction.
1846 J. Clarke in Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 7 ii. 511 To rafter or plough-rafter the land..is to plough only one-half of the land, turning the furrow ploughed upon the same breadth of land remaining unploughed throughout the field.
1893 G. E. Dartnell & E. H. Goddard Gloss. Words Wilts. 129 Rafter, to plough so as to leave a narrow strip of ground undisturbed, turning up a furrow on to it on each side, thus producing a succession of narrow ridges.
1903 R. M. Garnier Hist. Eng. Landed Interest I. xv. 205 Marshy ground was well ridged up, though we are not justified in concluding from this that there was any process similar to that of raftering by means of the modern double-breast plough.
3. intransitive and transitive. North American. = raft v.1 5. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > ice > body of ice > [verb (intransitive)] > pile up
rafter1792
1792 G. Cartwright Jrnl. II. p. vii Ice is said to rafter, when, by being stopped in its passage, one piece is forced under another, until the uppermost ones rise to a great height.
1861 L. De Boilieu Recoll. Labrador Life viii. 100 When the ice begins to rafter she [sc. a ship] is thrown up, falls over, and becomes like corn between two millstones, and is literally ground up.
1908 N. Duncan Every Man for Himself ii. 60 The ice begun t' drive an' grind an' rafter.
1924 R. J. Flaherty My Eskimo Friends iii. iii. 99 Miles and miles of ice, raftering and rearing and overriding us it fought its way to the sea.
1964 Newfoundland Q. Spring 16/3 Evidently, just like frozen masses of ice raftered, one layer rising above the other by pressure, the crust of the earth broke and travelled southward.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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