R and Dn.

Brit.

/ˌɑːr(ə)n(d)ˈdiː/, U.S.

/ˌɑr(ə)n(d)ˈdi/

Forms: 1900s– R and D, 1900s– R. and D., 1900s– R & D.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: research n.¹, and conj.¹, development n.

Etymology: < the initial letter of research n.¹ + and conj.¹ + the initial letter of development n.

Originally U.S.

Research and development; a part of a business organization engaged in this. Frequently attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > research > [noun] > research and development

research and development1892

R and D1952

blue-sky research1959

blue skies research1972

1952 F. Pohl & C. M. Kornbluth in Galaxy Aug. 129/1 ‘How's Research and Development doing on the Venus question?’.. ‘R. and D. is in there punching.’

1966 Inland (Inland Steel Co., Chicago) Autumn 5/1 The American iron and steel industry alone will spend $200 million on R & D this year.

1978 Nature 2 Mar. 2/2 A reprocessing plant..will cost in excess of £500 million, including radioactive waste storage, some R & D expenditure..and a decade of operating costs.

1990 E. Van Lustbader White Ninja ii. 308 The R and D department was moved from Nakanko Industries into a semidormant subsidiary not covered by the warrants.

2001 L. F. Punzo Cycles, Growth & Struct. Change 57 With the beginning of the process of labour shedding, capital formation comes to almost a halt, with some investment being diverted to R and D.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	r and d
释义	R and Dn. Brit. /ˌɑːr(ə)n(d)ˈdiː/, U.S. /ˌɑr(ə)n(d)ˈdi/ Forms: 1900s– R and D, 1900s– R. and D., 1900s– R & D. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: research n.¹, and conj.¹, development n. Etymology: < the initial letter of research n.¹ + and conj.¹ + the initial letter of development n. Originally U.S. Research and development; a part of a business organization engaged in this. Frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > research > [noun] > research and development research and development1892 R and D1952 blue-sky research1959 blue skies research1972 1952 F. Pohl & C. M. Kornbluth in Galaxy Aug. 129/1 ‘How's Research and Development doing on the Venus question?’.. ‘R. and D. is in there punching.’ 1966 Inland (Inland Steel Co., Chicago) Autumn 5/1 The American iron and steel industry alone will spend $200 million on R & D this year. 1978 Nature 2 Mar. 2/2 A reprocessing plant..will cost in excess of £500 million, including radioactive waste storage, some R & D expenditure..and a decade of operating costs. 1990 E. Van Lustbader White Ninja ii. 308 The R and D department was moved from Nakanko Industries into a semidormant subsidiary not covered by the warrants. 2001 L. F. Punzo Cycles, Growth & Struct. Change 57 With the beginning of the process of labour shedding, capital formation comes to almost a halt, with some investment being diverted to R and D. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1952
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